This document summarizes and compares the mating habits of deuterostomes (bull sharks and octopuses) and protostomes (flatworms). It provides taxonomy and differences between male and female anatomy. For bull sharks, males bite females' heads to mate and transfer sperm via water-filled sacs. Flatworms engage in "penis fencing" to inject sperm while avoiding fertilization. Male octopuses attract females with skin patterns and may lose their sperm-bearing arm during mating, which can involve cannibalism.
This is the Powerpoint presentation that we use with the last chapter that we teach in our Biology B course. This chapter has to do with the history and development of the classification system as we know it. This presentation has been developed to cover all of the necessary content that the students will need to know in order to be successful on the Kentucky End of Course Assessment for Biology.
This is the Powerpoint presentation that we use with the last chapter that we teach in our Biology B course. This chapter has to do with the history and development of the classification system as we know it. This presentation has been developed to cover all of the necessary content that the students will need to know in order to be successful on the Kentucky End of Course Assessment for Biology.
The scientific name of Animals is “Animalia”. The animal kingdom is also called as “ Metazoa” or “fauna”.
For more Educational Needz Click here <> http://www.edubilla.com/
The scientific name of Animals is “Animalia”. The animal kingdom is also called as “ Metazoa” or “fauna”.
For more Educational Needz Click here <> http://www.edubilla.com/
PowerPoint Presentation for Great Smoky Mountain Institute at Tremont's Southern Appalachian Naturalist Certification program class on REPTILES and AMPHIBIANS
This describes about the patterns of organization of animals. which is based on the ways of animal organization: symmetry, tissue organization, embryological development, and body cavity development
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
3. Protostomes vs. Deuterostomes
• Differentiated By:
– Spiral vs. Radial Cleavage
– Mosaic vs. Regulative
Cleavage
– Embryonic Development
– Schizocoelous vs.
Enterocoelous Coelom
Formation
https://wikispaces.psu.edu/display/BIOL110F2013/Animals+T
wo++Animals+with+Body+Cavities%3A+Pseudocoelomates+a
nd+Protostome+Coelomates
4. Protostomes vs. Deuterostomes
• Differentiated By:
– Spiral vs. Radial
Cleavage
– Mosaic vs. Regulative
Cleavage
– Embryonic Development
– Schizocoelous vs.
Enterocoelous Coelom
Formation
https://wikispaces.psu.edu/display/BIOL110F2013/Animals+T
wo++Animals+with+Body+Cavities%3A+Pseudocoelomates+a
nd+Protostome+Coelomates
5. Embryonic Development
Protostomes
• “First mouth”.
• Blastopore becomes the
mouth.
– The second opening will
become the anus.
– Includes most invertebrates.
Deuterostomes
• “Second mouth”.
• The blastopore becomes the
anus first . Mouth develops
as the second opening.
• Includes Echinoderms and
Vertebrates
9. Bull Shark: Male vs. Female
• Female sharks are larger
• Male sharks have modified pelvic fins called claspers, which are used
during reproduction. Females do not possess claspers.
• Males insert the claspers into the female during intercourse and transfer
sperm into her reproductive tract.
• Males actually have a pair of sacs underneath their skin that they fill with
water prior to intercourse. These water-filled sacs are used as a hydraulic
system to propel the sperm as far up the female’s reproductive tract as
possible.
http://www.sharksider.com/shark-anatomy/
10. Bull Shark: ‘How to Woo your Mate’
• Male sharks have to bite the head, gill or pectoral
fin region of the female in order to mate. Not only
that, they also have to hold on for several minutes.
• Evolutionary defense mechanisms in Female
sharks:
- If you look at a cross section of a female shark’s
skin you will see that it is noticeably thicker than
that of a similar-sized male.
• Remarkable healing abilities: wounds heal up
within weeks
13. Flatworm: ‘Who’s the Daddy?’
• Hermaphrodites: possess both male and female
organs.
– Stylets: Male Organ
– Antrums: Female Organ
• The stronger ‘sex’ is the male.
14. Flatworms: ‘Penis Fencing’
• Two flatworms move toward each other with
their stylets protruding.
• The two partners attempt to stab the other.
• The successful animal attaches to the partner
with its stylet embedded in the skin in the
other for a few minutes.
• Sperm gets injected.
15. Flatworms: ‘Penis Fencing’
• Unique Quality: Flatworms can fertilize or be
fertilized. This can happen at the same time.
• Penis Fencing Goal: Impregnate the other
flatworm without having their own eggs
fertilized.
18. Octopus: Gender Differences
• Hectocotylus
- Usually the third right arm in males, contain
sperm.
- A little longer than the other arms.
- Suckers absent on tip.
• Females contain a reproductive mantle cavity.
19. Octopus: Mating Habits
• Flashing: Male flashes different patterns on skin to attract females.
• Male octopuses are attracted to larger females because they produce more
eggs, giving them a higher probability of gene transmittal.
• Cannibalism: intercourse is risky for the male as the female is known to
strangle her beau after/during copulation.
- This is why the male usually stays at an arms length during the process.
- Some octopuses detach their sperm-filled arm once inside the female
and escape.
• In some species, the female octopus can keep the sperm alive inside her for
weeks until her eggs are mature.
• Both male and female octopuses become weak after intercourse and end up
dying sooner or later.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4fkQZrfeYXQ
