Animal phisiology assignment...
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The document compares the heart structures of fish, reptiles, and humans. Fish hearts have 4 chambers arranged in series with 2 atria and 2 ventricles. Reptile hearts are 5-chambered with 2 atria and 3 interconnected ventricles. Human hearts have the standard 4 chambers with 2 atria and 2 ventricles separated by a septum. All three types of hearts are myogenic, have cardiomyocytes coupled by gap junctions, and contain a pacemaker cell that initiates rhythmic contractions.
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~For one to one online classes JOIN @ www.medbeginner.com
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ORIGIN OF THE HEARTBEAT & THE ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY OF THE HEART.pptx
The heartbeat originates in the sinoatrial (SA) node, which acts as the heart's natural pacemaker. Impulses from the SA node spread through the conduction system to the atria and ventricles. The SA node discharges spontaneously at the fastest rate, setting the heartbeat. Impulses pass from the SA node through the atria to the atrioventricular (AV) node and bundle of His, then via Purkinje fibers to ventricular muscle. Vagal stimulation slows the heartbeat by inhibiting the SA and AV nodes, while sympathetic stimulation increases the heart rate by facilitating impulse propagation. Digitalis depresses the conduction system like vagal stimulation and is used clinically to improve heart function and control
NORMAL Electrocardiogram, ECK/EKG PPT....
The document summarizes the electrical conduction system of the heart and electrocardiography. It describes the key components of the cardiac conduction system including the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers. It explains the phases of the cardiac action potential and how electrocardiography is used to record and assess the heart's electrical activity through the placement of electrodes on the skin and analysis of waves in the electrocardiogram.
Chapter19 heartmarieb
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the heart, including:
1) A description of the internal and external structures of the heart, including the chambers, valves, conduction system, and blood flow pathway.
2) An explanation of how the heart's valves function to direct blood flow and relate to heart sounds.
3) A discussion of the heart's conductive pathway and how it is assessed clinically using electrocardiography.
Blood supply of heart (1)
The document describes the blood supply and conduction system of the heart. It discusses the right and left coronary arteries, which are the main arteries that supply blood to the heart. It details the branches and territories supplied by each artery. It also describes the conduction system of the heart, including the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers. It provides an overview of how electrical impulses are conducted through the heart to trigger contractions.
Cardiology (ecg)
The document summarizes cardiovascular physiology and the anatomy of the heart. It describes that the heart is composed of three layers and two main cell types: autorhythmic cells and contractile cardiac muscle cells. Autorhythmic cells form the intrinsic conductive system and initiate electrical impulses, while contractile cells contract in response to electrical signals. Gap junctions electrically couple the cells so that the myocardium contracts in a coordinated manner. Other topics covered include the cardiac cycle, factors regulating heart rate and stroke volume, and how cardiac output is calculated.
Human heart
The document discusses the structure and function of the human heart. It describes how the heart is made up of four chambers - two atria and two ventricles separated by valves. The cardiac cycle involves coordinated contractions of the atria and ventricles along with opening and closing of valves to ensure one-way blood flow. The heart rate is controlled by a natural pacemaker and nerves from the brain that can increase or decrease the rate.
Neurogenic and myogenic hearts
The document discusses the structure and function of different types of hearts. It explains that in animals with open circulatory systems, the heart is usually sac-like or tubular with openings that close during contraction and open during relaxation, causing blood to be sucked into the heart. These hearts are known as suction pumps. In higher animals with closed circulatory systems, the heart has 2-4 chambers with muscular ventricles that pump blood under pressure, making them pressure pumps. The document then focuses on pacemaker cells that set the rhythm of myogenic hearts in vertebrates and some invertebrates.
27 - Cardiology.pdf
The avian heart has four chambers and is located midway in the thoracic cavity. Key differences from mammalian hearts include a simpler right atrioventricular valve and thicker left ventricle wall. Diagnostic tools for evaluating avian heart disease include auscultation, radiography, electrocardiography, and echocardiography. The avian electrocardiogram differs from mammals due to the direction depolarization waves spread through the ventricles.
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ORIGIN OF THE HEARTBEAT & THE ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY OF THE HEART.pptx
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Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
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- 1. FISH HEART
- 3. HUMAN HEART
- 4. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE HEART STRUCTURE OF FISH, REPTILE, AND HUMAN FISH 4 chambers arrange in series - 2 primary and 2 auxillary - 1 atria / 1 ventricle REPTILE 5 chambered heart - 2 atria and 3 interconnected ventricular compartments. - cavum venosum -leads to systemic aortas - contract in sequence - cavum pulmonale -leads to pulmonary artery -cavum arteriosum -cavity at base of pulmonary vein HUMAN 4 chambers - 2 atria and 2 ventricles separated by intraventricular septum.
- 5. SIMILARITIES BETWEEN HEART OF FISH, REPTILE, AND HUMAN Myogenic -cardiomyocytes produce spontaneous rhytmic depolarizations -do not require nerve signal Cardiomyocytes are electrically coupled via gap junctions to ensure coordinated contractions -action potential passes directly from cell to cell
- 6. Pacemaker -characterized by a lack of a resting membrane potential -cell with fastest intrinsic rhythm -in the sinus venosus in fish -in the right atrium of the vertebrates -sinoatrial (SA) node
- 7. FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD CELLS (HEMATOCYTE) Transport oxygen bound to hemoglobin molecules and also transport small amount of carbon dioxide. Form a protective, movable army that help defend the body against damage by bacteria, viruses, parasites, and tumor cells. Allergic response and attack parasites. -Kill parasitic warms. -Increase during allergy attacks (might phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and inactivate some inflammatory chemicals
- 8. Needed for normal blood clotting -initiate clotting cascade by clinging to broken area (help to control blood loss from broken blood vessels). Attack infections, virus, and early stage cancer -part of immune system (B lymphocytes : produce antibodies) (T lymphocytes : involved in graph rejection, fighting tumors and viruses, and activating B lymphocytes)