This document discusses different techniques for preserving animal cadavers for use in surgical training. It begins by outlining the importance of using well-preserved cadavers that closely resemble live animals. Various preservation methods are then described, including embalming, fixation, dehydration and storage. Specific preservation solutions and techniques evaluated include Thiel embalming, formaldehyde-free solutions using ethanol and glycerine, modified Larssen's solution, and the use of phenoxyethanol as a formaldehyde substitute. Advantages and disadvantages of each method are provided. The goal is to identify a suitable preservation technique that maintains organoleptic characteristics and remains safe for student and farmer training.

1. VETERINARY COLLEGE
SHIVAMOGGA
VINOBA NAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY
ANATOMY
PRESENTED TO
DR.LAKSHMISHREE K .T.
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR & HOD
DEPT. OF VAN
VETERINARY COLLEGE
SHIVAMOGGA
PRESENTED BY
DR.UMESH.K. HONNATTI
ID NO. MVSK2009
PG SCHOLOR
DEPT OF VAN
ANIMAL CADAVER PRESERVATION
FOR SURGICAL TOOL

2. In many veterinary collages fresh/preserved cadavers are used
for surgical training.
In teaching surgical techniques satisfactorily preserved
cadavers that most closely resemble living animals in their
physical characterstics provide greater acceptance and
improved learning.
INTRODUCTION
Main objective of this seminar is Evaluating suitable technique
for Cadaver preservation that could be used for surgical and
hands on training to students and farmers. That would remain
organoleptic characterization of live animals.

3. DIFFERENT STEPS IN PRESERVATION
1)EMBALMING
2)FIXATION
3)DEHYDRATION
4)PRESERVATION

4. EMBALMING
 Embalming originated in Egypt 3200BC and continued on until AD 650.
 Second period of Embalming history extends from AD650 to1861.this era
termed as the period of Anatomists. Geographical area of practice and
growth was in Europe.
 The third or modern period of Embalming history extends from 1861 to the
present day,which had been transferring from Europe to America and
continued arround the world.

6. Basic composition of
injection of
embalming solution
• Injection Solution
Solution A--14.3ltr
Solution B--500ml
• Formaldehyde--300ml
• Sodium sulfate--700gm
Solution A
Boric acid 3gm
Ethyle glycol 30ml
Ammonium nitrate 20g
Pottassium nitrate 5gm
Hot water 100ml
Solution B
Ethylene glycol 10 ml
4-Chloro -3-Methyle phenol 1ml
THIEL EMBALMING TECHNIQUE

7. Thiel Embalming immersion Solution
Ethylene glycol 10ml
Formaldehyde 2ml
Solution B 2ml
Boric acid 3gm
Ammonium Nitrate 1ogm
Pottassium nitrate 10gm
Sodium sulfate 7gm
Hot water 100ml
Thiel immersion tank

8. Formaldehyde-free solution preservation of
Cadaver
Use of formaldehyde in Anatomy laboratories leads to fallowing health hazards
High toxicity-carcinogenecity
Irritating properties on mucus membrane
Neuropsychological effects
potential for pulmonary impairment
Extrensic asthama
Skin irritation
Ingestion of 30ml of 37% formaldehyde solution is enough to kill adult.
Swedon and Japan countries banned formaldehyde usage in cosmetics.

9. Industrial ethanol --85 %
Glycerin-- 10%
Benzalkonium Chloride --5%
Latex dyes for colouration of tissue
(blue for vein,red for arteries)
Ethanol
Glycerine
Benzalkonium chloride
Formalin
Glycerine
Methanol
Phenol
Water

11. Another soft preservation Technique is the mixture of Ethanol with
glycerine and Thymol with no addition of Formaldehyde.
Concentration of Ethanol in air are very low .Threshold limit value
short term exposure limit(TLV--STEL)
Risk index is very low (0.00 to 0.1ppm)
Ethanol glycerine fixation is well suited for dissection workshops held
in rooms with poor ventilation.
Cost analysis reported in present study ethanol-glycerine-
benzalkonium chloride solution was 65.5% cheaper than fomalin-
phenol-methanol-glycerine solution.traditionally used in many
laborateries.

12. ORIGINAL LARSSEN SOLUTION
500 gm sodium chloride
900gm sodium bicarbonate
1000gm Chloral hydrate
1100gm Sodium sulfate
500ml 10% formalin
1ltr Distilled water
1part soln 5part DW
MODIFIED LARSSEN SOLUTION
• 100ML 10%formalin
• 400ml glycerol
• 200g choral hydrate
• 200g sodium sulfate
• 200g sodium bicarbonate
• 180g sodium chloride
• 2 ltr distilled water
• 1 part soln 3part DW

13. Modified larssen soln mixed at room temperature and stored in container.
Larssen solution contains substances of sodium sulfate and chloral hydrate that are capable of dissolving &
removing blood coagulates it is effective in clearing debris from vessels.
Inclusion of Glycerol for joint flexibility.Formalin allows cadavers for extended time without deterioration.
Embalmed cadavers can be stored at room temperature but last longer when refrigerated(<4’c).
Vascular perfusion of Modified Larssen soln were able to achieve more rapid preservation than can be
achieved by immersion.

14. Formaldehyde has recently been declared a potential carcinogen. Occupational health authorities
throughout the world are therefore likely to put stricter regulations to its use also within anatomical
disciplines.
We have been able to reduce the atmospheric concentration of formaldehyde in our dissection
rooms to below the detection limit of a conventional Dräger tube multigas analyzer (i.e., below 0.5
ppm or 0.6 mg formaldehyde/m3 air).
1% Phenoxy ethanol In this fluid our material has remained soft and flexible with a consistency and
colour retention suitable for dissection and demonstration purposes for up to 10 years.
Fungal attacks are rare and we have been unable to raise bacteria from such specimens.
Even the microscopical structure of most tissues remains satisfactory after 5 years in 1%
phenoxyethanol. The unpleasant and irritating smell traditionally felt in dissection rooms is almost
absent

15. Drager multi gas detectur

16. Phenoxy ethanol is Germicidal and Germistatic.Effective against
Yeast,Candid albicans.
Phenoxy ethanol naturally found in Green tea,Chicory plant.
Phenoxy ethanol boiling point 247’c,chemical formula---C8H8O2.
Phenoxy ethanol >90% purity 1L cost--190.Phenoxy ethanol is
Glycol ether.
Phenoxy ethanol soluble in Acetone,Chloroform,Diethyle-ether.
Phenoxy ethanol-”Nature identical” means chemically identical to
natural flavorings but are synthetically created.

17. Aminolipine: formaldehyde-free substitute
for preserving biological tissues
For almost 125 years, undertakers as well as physicians in the fields of anatomy and pathology have used
formaldehyde to preserve biological tissue and whole cadavers.
Yet, formaldehyde is highly toxic and linked to cancer. A team led by Prof. Dr. Bernhard Hirt from the
Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis at the University Hospital in Tübingen has developed a
formaldehyde-free replacement substance. The researchers are now planning to market this substance.
Human cadaver after 2 months in
farmaldehyde preservation
Human cadaver after 2 months in
Aminolipine preservation

18. Ethanol--99% purity ,nothing but Beverage Alcohol.50 rupees per ltr
Methanol--99% purity .28 rupees per ltr.Also called Wood alcohol.
Acetone --95% purity.558 rupees per 500ml.
Methyle Ethyle Ketone--98% purity.150 rupees per ltr
Ethyle acetate--98% purity.140 rupeer per ltr.

20. specification Formaldehyde method Phenoxy-ethanol method
Developed by & year German chemist August wilelm,1867 Spence,1967
Natural availability Apple,pear,onion,marine fishes Green tea, Chicory plant
Composition Generally 37% formaldehyde used 1% phenoxyethanol for tissue fixn
6% phenoxyethanol for cadaver fixn
Chemical formula CH2O C8H8O2
Actions Bactericidal ,Fungistatic Bactericidal,Fungicidal
Boiling point -21”C 247”C
Melting point -92”C -2”C
Comparison of two different cadaver preservative methods

21. Specification Formaldehyde Method Phenoxy ethanol method
Solubility Soluble in water&acetone Soluble in water&acetone
Odour Pungent ,Suffocating,Very irritating in
dissection hall
Pleasant smell in dissection hall
Lethality Ingetion 30ml of 37% of
formaldehyde in adult leads to death
No such records found in this case
PEL(permissible exposure limit) 0.5 to 2.00PPM 0.5 to 0.6 PPM
Life span of specimen Up to 5 years Up to 10 yrs Cadaver preservation
Up to 5 yrs Histology specimens
Cost efficasy 92rs/kg 95% purity 190rs/ltr 98% purity
Health hazards Potent
carcinogen,Nuerotoxic,Asthama
Very less carcinogenecity,less
nuerotoxic
Contd…

22. Advantages Disadvantages
Thiel embalming technique
 Percentage of formaldehyde
&quantity of formaldehyde used very
less.
 Multiple research & training procedure
done on Arteries research.
 Ventilation Research.
 Orthopedic studies done bcoz of
joint mobility without stiffness.
 Oral surgery done.
 High cost and laborious.
 Thiel embalmed tendons didn’t faithfully
represent the Biomechanical
characterization of fresh frozen tendons.
 Collagen denaturation occurs due to high
concentration of Boric acid.
 Thiel technique not widely known among
anatomists arround the world& little
used.
 Health hazards is their.