This document summarizes a new process for converting coal to ammonia using Kellogg Brown & Root's (KBR) Transport Reactor Integrated Gasifier (TRIG) technology. The process involves:
1. Gasifying coal using KBR's TRIG technology to produce syngas. The syngas is then purified through steps like acid gas removal.
2. Compressing the purified syngas and feeding it into an ammonia synthesis loop to produce ammonia using a conventional KBR ammonia process.
3. Recovering the ammonia produced and refrigerating it for storage or transport.
The paper provides details on the major unit operations in the coal gasification and ammonia
This document summarizes the theory and operation of methanol synthesis. It describes the typical methanol synthesis flowsheet that involves natural gas processing, reforming, and methanol production and purification steps. It also discusses the methanol synthesis reactions, catalysts used including their properties and deactivation mechanisms. Key factors that affect the equilibrium and kinetics of the synthesis reactions like temperature, pressure and catalyst activity are described. Methods to maximize the reaction rate within operational constraints are covered.
This presentation is about a common laboratory solvent namely Ethyl acetate. This presentation describes its properties, manufacturing methods and commercial application in a brief manner. This will be useful pharmacy and other chemical related studies.
07 - Structure and Synthesis of Alkenes - Wade 7thNattawut Huayyai
This chapter discusses alkenes, which are hydrocarbons containing carbon-carbon double bonds. It covers the structure and bonding of ethylene as well as the IUPAC nomenclature used for naming alkenes. The chapter also examines methods for synthesizing alkenes, including dehydrohalogenation reactions and dehydration of alcohols. It discusses substituent effects on the stability of double bonds and various physical properties of alkenes.
This document summarizes a new process for converting coal to ammonia using Kellogg Brown & Root's (KBR) Transport Reactor Integrated Gasifier (TRIG) technology. The process involves:
1. Gasifying coal using KBR's TRIG technology to produce syngas. The syngas is then purified through steps like acid gas removal.
2. Compressing the purified syngas and feeding it into an ammonia synthesis loop to produce ammonia using a conventional KBR ammonia process.
3. Recovering the ammonia produced and refrigerating it for storage or transport.
The paper provides details on the major unit operations in the coal gasification and ammonia
This document summarizes the theory and operation of methanol synthesis. It describes the typical methanol synthesis flowsheet that involves natural gas processing, reforming, and methanol production and purification steps. It also discusses the methanol synthesis reactions, catalysts used including their properties and deactivation mechanisms. Key factors that affect the equilibrium and kinetics of the synthesis reactions like temperature, pressure and catalyst activity are described. Methods to maximize the reaction rate within operational constraints are covered.
This presentation is about a common laboratory solvent namely Ethyl acetate. This presentation describes its properties, manufacturing methods and commercial application in a brief manner. This will be useful pharmacy and other chemical related studies.
07 - Structure and Synthesis of Alkenes - Wade 7thNattawut Huayyai
This chapter discusses alkenes, which are hydrocarbons containing carbon-carbon double bonds. It covers the structure and bonding of ethylene as well as the IUPAC nomenclature used for naming alkenes. The chapter also examines methods for synthesizing alkenes, including dehydrohalogenation reactions and dehydration of alcohols. It discusses substituent effects on the stability of double bonds and various physical properties of alkenes.
This document provides an overview of acetylene selective hydrogenation processes. It discusses how acetylene is extracted from hydrocarbon streams using solvent absorption or selective hydrogenation. The two main types of selective hydrogenation are front-end, which treats lighter feedstocks before fractionation, and tail-end, which treats C2 fractions after removal of lighter components. Tail-end hydrogenation is more common and uses palladium-based catalysts with high selectivity for acetylene. The document also reviews catalyst regeneration methods used to remove coke and restore activity.
Transport Processes and Unit Operation -SOLUTION MANUAL-GeankoplisRinka Meari
The document discusses the history and importance of chocolate in human civilization. It notes that chocolate originated in Mesoamerica over 3000 years ago and was prized by the Aztecs and Mayans for its taste. Cocoa beans were used as currency and their cultivation was tightly regulated. The Spanish brought cocoa beans back to Europe in the 16th century, starting chocolate's global spread and popularity as both a drink and confection.
The alkylation process combines light iso-paraffins like isobutane with C3-C4 olefins in the presence of a strong acid catalyst like sulfuric or hydrofluoric acid. This produces a high-octane gasoline blending component called alkylate. Alkylation takes place at low temperatures and pressures and produces no aromatics or olefins. Key factors that affect the process include olefin type, isobutane concentration, acid strength, temperature, and space velocity. The goal is to maximize high-octane alkylate production while minimizing undesirable side products and acid consumption.
Equilibrium Effects
- Methane Steam
- Water Gas Shift
Relationship of Kp to Temperature
Relationship of WGS Kp to Temperature
Effect of Temperature on Methane Slip
Approach to Equilibrium
Reaction Path and Equilibrium
Effect of Pressure Increase
Operating Parameters
- Pressure
- Temperature
- Feed Rate
- Steam to Carbon
Effect of Exit Temperature Spread
Useful Tools
Calculating ATM
This document discusses enols and enolates. Enols are formed when a carbonyl compound loses its alpha proton, forming an anion called an enolate that is stabilized by delocalization. Keto-enol tautomerism allows easy interconversion between keto and enol forms using acid or base. Enolates such as lithium enolates and silyl enolates are stable equivalents that can undergo reactions like halogenation, the haloform reaction, malonic ester synthesis, and alkylation. Thermodynamic enolates predominate under equilibrium while kinetic enolates form fastest with hindered bases. Reactions of enolates include acid/base-catalyzed
Year 2 Organic Chemistry - Mechanism and Stereochemistry Lecture 2University of Warwick
1) The document discusses conformational analysis in organic chemistry, focusing on ethane, butane, and cyclic molecules.
2) In ethane, the staggered conformation is lowest in energy due to orbital overlap between filled and empty orbitals. Butane has several distinct conformations with varying energies.
3) Cyclohexane exhibits angle strain as the bond angles are further from 109 degrees than in a puckered structure. Acyclic molecules can have high energy due to 1,3-strain from consecutive gauche interactions.
This document discusses key topics related to optimizing ammonia plant performance:
1) Carbon formation in primary reformers can be minimized by maintaining proper steam-to-carbon ratios and avoiding temperature excursions. Tube wall temperatures, pressure drop, and methane approach to equilibrium should be monitored.
2) Flow distribution in catalytic reactors is important to ensure proper catalyst utilization. Poor distribution can increase costs by reducing conversion efficiency.
3) Operational upsets and transient conditions like startups and shutdowns can lead to carbon formation if not carefully controlled. Sulfur poisoning from even small amounts in feed can significantly impact temperatures.
This document outlines the design of a process to produce 50,000 metric tons per year of 99.5% dimethyl ether (DME) from methanol. Key aspects of the design include using 259.6 kmol/hr of 99% methanol feed, a single reactor with catalyst operating at 250°C and 80% conversion, and two distillation columns to separate DME and methanol. Economic analysis shows a negative net present value over 10 years, indicating the design is not financially viable based on the assumptions.
1) The document describes the multi-step synthesis of the dye para Red from aniline.
2) The first step is the preparation of acetanilide by acetylation of aniline using an acid catalyst.
3) Subsequent steps involve the diazotization of para-nitroaniline at ice-cold temperatures, followed by coupling with β-naphthol to form the azo dye para Red.
Glycerine distillation plant By Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14fahadansari131
This document describes the process for producing glycerine through saponification of fats and oils. It involves purifying the soap lye through chemical treatment and filtration before concentrating it in single and double effect evaporators. Salt is removed during evaporation. The crude glycerine is then refined through steam distillation and fractional condensation to separate glycerine from water and impurities, producing a 99.5% chemically pure grade through further carbon bleaching and deodorization.
This document presents information about osmium tetroxide (OsO4). It discusses the chemical structure and synthesis of OsO4, noting that it forms slowly when osmium powder reacts with oxygen at room temperature. The document also covers the physical properties of OsO4, such as its solubility in organic solvents and water, melting point, and boiling point. Finally, the main application discussed is OsO4's use in the oxidation of alkenes to form glycols through syn addition, with examples given of the Upjohn dihydroxylation, Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation, and use of OsO4 in antitumor drug synthesis.
Great opportunities in production of Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulphonic Acid (LABSA)Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Great opportunities in production of Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulphonic Acid (LABSA)
Inorganic chemistry's linear alkyl benzene sulfonate is a valuable commodity. Sulfonation of linear alkyl benzene yields alkyl benzene sulfonate, which is used to make detergents and surfactants for ore flotation. For penoizol, it's used as a foaming agent. Although the LABSA has been around for 75 years, its widespread use began in the 1960s due to its excellent primary biodegradability.
Contact us
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Mall ST,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886
Mobile: +91-9097075054, 8800733955
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
The Schmidt reaction involves reacting an azide with a carbonyl compound like an aldehyde, ketone, or carboxylic acid under acidic conditions. This results in the formation of an amine or amide with the expulsion of nitrogen. The reaction was first reported in 1924 by Karl Friedrich Schmidt and involves the migration of a carbonyl substituent to the nitrogen atom of the azide. The Schmidt reaction is useful for synthesizing amines, amides, nitriles, and lactams and has been applied to natural product synthesis. It can proceed intramolecularly and variants have been developed to achieve enantioselectivity.
This document describes a laboratory experiment on Cannizzaro's reaction of benzaldehyde. Benzaldehyde undergoes a solvent-free disproportionation reaction in the presence of sodium hydroxide to produce benzoic acid and benzyl alcohol. The reaction is carried out by grinding benzaldehyde and sodium hydroxide together for 30 minutes. Benzoic acid precipitates out and is collected by filtration. Benzyl alcohol is extracted from the filtrate using ethyl acetate. The yields of benzoic acid and benzyl alcohol are calculated and their melting points determined and compared to theoretical values.
Grignard reagents are organometallic compounds that function as strong nucleophiles. They can react with organic halides under anhydrous conditions to form new carbon-carbon bonds. In the lab experiment, phenylmagnesium bromide reacted with methyl benzoate to produce triphenylmethanol. Precautions were taken to remove water since Grignard reagents react strongly with Lewis acids like water. The product was analyzed using melting point and IR spectroscopy to evaluate purity and identify functional groups. The absence of water allowed the Grignard reaction to successfully synthesize triphenylmethanol.
Catalytic Reactions in Catalytic Reforming
Catalytic Reforming Reactions
Sulfur Related Problems
Effects of Sulfur in Catalytic Reforming
Reactions in Catalytic Reforming
Catalytic Reforming Catalysts
Effect of Sulfur on Catalytic Reforming Catalysts
Catalytic Reformer Efficiency
VULCAN Sulfur Guards
VULCAN Sulfur Guards for Catalytic Reformers
VULCAN Guard Installation Protects Isomerization Catalysts
Liquid Phase vs Gas Phase: Relative Advantages
Liquid Phase Treating
Which active metal is best?
Thiophenes and Nickel Sulfur Guards
Sulfiding mechanisms with reduced metals
Thiophene adsorption on nickel
Advantages of Cu/Zn Over Nickel Sulfur Guards
Copper oxide vs Nickel
Nickel Sulfur Guards
Manganese Sulfur Guards
The key process variables in an alkylation unit are reaction temperature, acid strength, isobutane concentration, and olefin space velocity. Reaction temperature and acid strength affect product quality, with lower temperatures and appropriate acid strengths producing higher quality alkylate. Isobutane concentration is generally expressed as the isobutane to olefin ratio, with higher ratios increasing octane number and yield. Olefin space velocity also affects product quality, with lower velocities increasing octane number. Sulfuric acid and hydrofluoric acid are the primary catalysts used. Olefins and isobutane are the main feedstocks.
Final Year Project - Production of Aniline from Ammonolysis of Phenol Ismail Zahoor
A process for preparing aniline by direct amination of phenol with ammonia in the vapor phase in the presence of a solid, heterogeneous catalyst. It has been discovered that significant process improvement are obtained if the phenol feed to the reaction is vaporized in the absence of substantial amounts of ammonia.
This document provides an overview of acetylene selective hydrogenation processes. It discusses how acetylene is extracted from hydrocarbon streams using solvent absorption or selective hydrogenation. The two main types of selective hydrogenation are front-end, which treats lighter feedstocks before fractionation, and tail-end, which treats C2 fractions after removal of lighter components. Tail-end hydrogenation is more common and uses palladium-based catalysts with high selectivity for acetylene. The document also reviews catalyst regeneration methods used to remove coke and restore activity.
Transport Processes and Unit Operation -SOLUTION MANUAL-GeankoplisRinka Meari
The document discusses the history and importance of chocolate in human civilization. It notes that chocolate originated in Mesoamerica over 3000 years ago and was prized by the Aztecs and Mayans for its taste. Cocoa beans were used as currency and their cultivation was tightly regulated. The Spanish brought cocoa beans back to Europe in the 16th century, starting chocolate's global spread and popularity as both a drink and confection.
The alkylation process combines light iso-paraffins like isobutane with C3-C4 olefins in the presence of a strong acid catalyst like sulfuric or hydrofluoric acid. This produces a high-octane gasoline blending component called alkylate. Alkylation takes place at low temperatures and pressures and produces no aromatics or olefins. Key factors that affect the process include olefin type, isobutane concentration, acid strength, temperature, and space velocity. The goal is to maximize high-octane alkylate production while minimizing undesirable side products and acid consumption.
Equilibrium Effects
- Methane Steam
- Water Gas Shift
Relationship of Kp to Temperature
Relationship of WGS Kp to Temperature
Effect of Temperature on Methane Slip
Approach to Equilibrium
Reaction Path and Equilibrium
Effect of Pressure Increase
Operating Parameters
- Pressure
- Temperature
- Feed Rate
- Steam to Carbon
Effect of Exit Temperature Spread
Useful Tools
Calculating ATM
This document discusses enols and enolates. Enols are formed when a carbonyl compound loses its alpha proton, forming an anion called an enolate that is stabilized by delocalization. Keto-enol tautomerism allows easy interconversion between keto and enol forms using acid or base. Enolates such as lithium enolates and silyl enolates are stable equivalents that can undergo reactions like halogenation, the haloform reaction, malonic ester synthesis, and alkylation. Thermodynamic enolates predominate under equilibrium while kinetic enolates form fastest with hindered bases. Reactions of enolates include acid/base-catalyzed
Year 2 Organic Chemistry - Mechanism and Stereochemistry Lecture 2University of Warwick
1) The document discusses conformational analysis in organic chemistry, focusing on ethane, butane, and cyclic molecules.
2) In ethane, the staggered conformation is lowest in energy due to orbital overlap between filled and empty orbitals. Butane has several distinct conformations with varying energies.
3) Cyclohexane exhibits angle strain as the bond angles are further from 109 degrees than in a puckered structure. Acyclic molecules can have high energy due to 1,3-strain from consecutive gauche interactions.
This document discusses key topics related to optimizing ammonia plant performance:
1) Carbon formation in primary reformers can be minimized by maintaining proper steam-to-carbon ratios and avoiding temperature excursions. Tube wall temperatures, pressure drop, and methane approach to equilibrium should be monitored.
2) Flow distribution in catalytic reactors is important to ensure proper catalyst utilization. Poor distribution can increase costs by reducing conversion efficiency.
3) Operational upsets and transient conditions like startups and shutdowns can lead to carbon formation if not carefully controlled. Sulfur poisoning from even small amounts in feed can significantly impact temperatures.
This document outlines the design of a process to produce 50,000 metric tons per year of 99.5% dimethyl ether (DME) from methanol. Key aspects of the design include using 259.6 kmol/hr of 99% methanol feed, a single reactor with catalyst operating at 250°C and 80% conversion, and two distillation columns to separate DME and methanol. Economic analysis shows a negative net present value over 10 years, indicating the design is not financially viable based on the assumptions.
1) The document describes the multi-step synthesis of the dye para Red from aniline.
2) The first step is the preparation of acetanilide by acetylation of aniline using an acid catalyst.
3) Subsequent steps involve the diazotization of para-nitroaniline at ice-cold temperatures, followed by coupling with β-naphthol to form the azo dye para Red.
Glycerine distillation plant By Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14fahadansari131
This document describes the process for producing glycerine through saponification of fats and oils. It involves purifying the soap lye through chemical treatment and filtration before concentrating it in single and double effect evaporators. Salt is removed during evaporation. The crude glycerine is then refined through steam distillation and fractional condensation to separate glycerine from water and impurities, producing a 99.5% chemically pure grade through further carbon bleaching and deodorization.
This document presents information about osmium tetroxide (OsO4). It discusses the chemical structure and synthesis of OsO4, noting that it forms slowly when osmium powder reacts with oxygen at room temperature. The document also covers the physical properties of OsO4, such as its solubility in organic solvents and water, melting point, and boiling point. Finally, the main application discussed is OsO4's use in the oxidation of alkenes to form glycols through syn addition, with examples given of the Upjohn dihydroxylation, Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation, and use of OsO4 in antitumor drug synthesis.
Great opportunities in production of Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulphonic Acid (LABSA)Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Great opportunities in production of Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulphonic Acid (LABSA)
Inorganic chemistry's linear alkyl benzene sulfonate is a valuable commodity. Sulfonation of linear alkyl benzene yields alkyl benzene sulfonate, which is used to make detergents and surfactants for ore flotation. For penoizol, it's used as a foaming agent. Although the LABSA has been around for 75 years, its widespread use began in the 1960s due to its excellent primary biodegradability.
Contact us
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Mall ST,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886
Mobile: +91-9097075054, 8800733955
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
The Schmidt reaction involves reacting an azide with a carbonyl compound like an aldehyde, ketone, or carboxylic acid under acidic conditions. This results in the formation of an amine or amide with the expulsion of nitrogen. The reaction was first reported in 1924 by Karl Friedrich Schmidt and involves the migration of a carbonyl substituent to the nitrogen atom of the azide. The Schmidt reaction is useful for synthesizing amines, amides, nitriles, and lactams and has been applied to natural product synthesis. It can proceed intramolecularly and variants have been developed to achieve enantioselectivity.
This document describes a laboratory experiment on Cannizzaro's reaction of benzaldehyde. Benzaldehyde undergoes a solvent-free disproportionation reaction in the presence of sodium hydroxide to produce benzoic acid and benzyl alcohol. The reaction is carried out by grinding benzaldehyde and sodium hydroxide together for 30 minutes. Benzoic acid precipitates out and is collected by filtration. Benzyl alcohol is extracted from the filtrate using ethyl acetate. The yields of benzoic acid and benzyl alcohol are calculated and their melting points determined and compared to theoretical values.
Grignard reagents are organometallic compounds that function as strong nucleophiles. They can react with organic halides under anhydrous conditions to form new carbon-carbon bonds. In the lab experiment, phenylmagnesium bromide reacted with methyl benzoate to produce triphenylmethanol. Precautions were taken to remove water since Grignard reagents react strongly with Lewis acids like water. The product was analyzed using melting point and IR spectroscopy to evaluate purity and identify functional groups. The absence of water allowed the Grignard reaction to successfully synthesize triphenylmethanol.
Catalytic Reactions in Catalytic Reforming
Catalytic Reforming Reactions
Sulfur Related Problems
Effects of Sulfur in Catalytic Reforming
Reactions in Catalytic Reforming
Catalytic Reforming Catalysts
Effect of Sulfur on Catalytic Reforming Catalysts
Catalytic Reformer Efficiency
VULCAN Sulfur Guards
VULCAN Sulfur Guards for Catalytic Reformers
VULCAN Guard Installation Protects Isomerization Catalysts
Liquid Phase vs Gas Phase: Relative Advantages
Liquid Phase Treating
Which active metal is best?
Thiophenes and Nickel Sulfur Guards
Sulfiding mechanisms with reduced metals
Thiophene adsorption on nickel
Advantages of Cu/Zn Over Nickel Sulfur Guards
Copper oxide vs Nickel
Nickel Sulfur Guards
Manganese Sulfur Guards
The key process variables in an alkylation unit are reaction temperature, acid strength, isobutane concentration, and olefin space velocity. Reaction temperature and acid strength affect product quality, with lower temperatures and appropriate acid strengths producing higher quality alkylate. Isobutane concentration is generally expressed as the isobutane to olefin ratio, with higher ratios increasing octane number and yield. Olefin space velocity also affects product quality, with lower velocities increasing octane number. Sulfuric acid and hydrofluoric acid are the primary catalysts used. Olefins and isobutane are the main feedstocks.
Final Year Project - Production of Aniline from Ammonolysis of Phenol Ismail Zahoor
A process for preparing aniline by direct amination of phenol with ammonia in the vapor phase in the presence of a solid, heterogeneous catalyst. It has been discovered that significant process improvement are obtained if the phenol feed to the reaction is vaporized in the absence of substantial amounts of ammonia.
Haiku Deck is a presentation tool that allows users to create Haiku style slideshows. The tool encourages users to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentations which can be shared on SlideShare. In just a few clicks, users can design beautiful, minimalist slideshows.
Makalah ini membahas tentang sintesis asetanilida dari anilin dan asam asetat glasial melalui reaksi substitusi nukleofilik. Reaksi ini melibatkan anilin sebagai nukleofil dan asam asetat glasial sebagai elektrofil. Mekanisme reaksinya terdiri atas dua tahap yaitu adisi nukleofil pada gugus asam karboksilat dan terbentuknya keadaan zat antara.
Aniline is a benzene derivative with an amino group substituted in place of one hydrogen atom. It undergoes various reactions due to both its amino and benzene functional groups. Reactions of the amino group include salt formation, alkylation, acylation, reaction with acetaldehyde, and the carbylamine reaction. Reactions of the benzene ring include oxidation, halogenation, sulfonation, nitration, and the Hofmann Martius rearrangement. Aniline and its derivatives have many pharmaceutical applications as intermediates for drugs like sulfonamides, paracetamol, and herbicides. It is also used to synthesize polymers with interesting redox and acid-base properties.
2. Havada kahverengiye dönüşen,
renksiz, yağımsı, zehirli, tadı acı,
kokusu hoş bir sıvıdır.
184,4 °C’ de kaynar ve -6 °C’ de
donar.
Suda az, organik çözücülerde iyi
çözünür.
Kauçuk, boya, ecza, patlayıcı madde
yapımında ve daha birçok endüstride
geniş ölçüde kullanılan organik bir
maddedir.
3. BULUNUŞU
Anilin 1826’da Otto Unverdorben tarafından İndigo
denilen kimyevi maddenin bozunma ürünleri arasında
keşfedildi.
Çivit Ağacı (İndigofera
tictoria)
4. 1856 yılında William Henry Perkin ham anilinin kromik
asitle reaksiyonundan kinin elde etmek isterken leylak
renginde ilk sentetik boyayı elde etti ve böylece anilin, ilk
defa ticari maksatla kullanılmaya başlandı.
Anilin boyanın renklendirme gücü çok fazladır. Fakat
pahalıdır.
5. KULLANIM ALANLARI
Anilin üretiminin yaklaşık % 65’i kauçuk
veya lastik üretiminde (işlemi
hızlandırmak, lastiğe uzun bir ömür ve iyi
bir kalite vermek için) kullanılır.
Diğer kullanma sahaları ise değişik
renklerde boya (anilin boyalar), vernik,
mürekkep ve fotoğraf malzemesi
yapımıdır.
Anilin bütün sülfo ve diğer bazı ilaçların
temel maddesi olup aynı zamanda birçok
roket yakıtının bileşenlerinden biridir.
6. ÜRETİMİ
Anilinin ticari üretimi hemen hemen tamamen
benzenden yapılır.
Hala kullanılan orijinal bir üretim metodunda önce
nitrobenzen (C6H5NO2) elde edilir ve bu bileşik
indirgenerek aniline dönüştürülür.
7. Bir diğer yöntem ise klor benzenin otoklavlarda
amonyakla ısıtılması sonucu olan üretimidir.
8. Anilinin verdiği reaksiyonlardan en önemlisi, nitröz asitle
olan reaksiyondur.
Benzendiazonyum klorür tuzu, başka reaktiflerle azot
gazı çıkışı ile birlikte kolayca yer değiştirme reaksiyonu
vererek diğer birçok benzen türevinin oluşması
bakımından önemlidir. (Sandmayer reaksiyonları)
9. Benzendiazonyum klorür tuzunun önemli reaksiyonlarından
bir diğeri de kenetlenme reaksiyonlarıdır.
Benzendiazonyum klorür tuzu amin ve fenoller gibi
reaktifliği yüksek aromatik bileşiklerle kenetlenme
reaksiyonuna girerek, renkleri açık sarıdan koyu kırmızıya
kadar değişen azo bileşiklerini oluştururlar.
Renkli azo bileşikleri boyar maddeler olup başta tekstil
sanayisi olmak üzere birçok alanda yaygın olarak kullanılır.
10. Sıçanlarda ağız yoluyla LD50: 250 mg/kg
Tavşanlarda deri yoluyla LD50: 820 mg/kg
Farelerde solunum yoluyla LC50: 175 ppm (7 saatte)
Tavşanlarda ciltte tahriş: 20 mg/24 s;
Tavşanlarda gözde tahriş 102 mg
11. KANSER ETKİSİ
Uluslararası Kanser Araştırma Ajansı (IARC - The
International Agency for Research on Cancer) anilini 3.
kategoriye dahil etmiştir.
KATEGORİ 1 : İnsan için kanserojen
olduğu bilinen maddeler.
KATEGORİ 2 : İnsan için kanserojen
sayılabilen maddeler.
KATEGORİ 3 : İnsanda kanserojenik etki
potansiyeli olan fakat verilerin yetersiz olduğu maddeler.
12. Anilin buharlarının teneffüs edilmesi veya deriye teması
ile kronik (sürekli) zehirlenme durumu ortaya çıkar.
Burada kanda alyuvarların oksijen taşıyan maddesi
hemoglobinin yapısı değişir. Dudak, kulak, burun gibi uç
noktalar morarır.
Yürüyüş bozuklukları (sarhoş gibi yürüme), yüzde
solukluk ve başağrısı gibi belirtiler görülür.
Daha çok anilin fabrikaları işçilerinde rastlanır. Koma
durumu olursa, açık havaya çıkartılmalı, oksijen
koklatılmalı ve suni solunum yaptırılmalıdır.
13. Anilin ve bazı türevleri Methemoglobinemi yapanlar
sınıfına girer ve hemoglobin yapısında (hem deki) Fe2+
(ferro)yi, Fe3+ (ferri)ye oksitleyerek toksik etki gösterirler.
Çünkü oksitlenme sonucu 6. bağa O2 yerine H2O bağlar.
Methemoglobin normalde kanda %1’ den az bulunur ve
bu oran hemoglobinin otooksidasyonu sonucu oluşur.
H2O2 ve diğer serbest radikallerin oluşumu oksidasyon
nedenidir. Oluşan methemoglobin indirgenir.
Methemoglobin miktarı toplam hemoglobin miktarının
%10’unu aşarsa kanın oksijene doyma gücü azalır.
%35’ini aşarsa siyanoz başlar.
%70’ini aşarsa ölüm oluşur.
15. Bazı anilin türevleri özellikle sulfanilamid bazı ender
hallerde sulfhemoglobinemi yapabilir.
Sulfanilamidler bakterilere karşı yapılan tedavilerde
kullanılır. p-amino-benzoik asit (PABA) esansiyel bir
metabolittir ve bakteriler bu maddeyi folik asit sentezinde
kullanırlar. Sulfanilamid bu sentezi bozar ve bakterilerin
yaşaması durur.
Sulfhemoglobin (HbH2S) hemoglobinin H2S ile
oluşturduğu bileşiktir. Bu durumda kükürt demire bağlanır.
Ağız yoluyla sıçanlarda LD50 : 3900 mg/kg
16. İLAÇ OLARAK ANİLİN
Anilin antipiretik (ateş düşürücü), tesir göstermekle
beraber şiddetli toksik olduğundan kullanılmamaktadır.
Organizmada hemoglobini dönüşümsüz olarak okside
ederek zehirlenmeye sebep olur. Anilinin antipiretik
tesirlerinden faydalanmak için toksik tesirleri daha az
olan türevleri yapılmıştır.
Fenasetin
Toksik tesiri çok az olan, çabuk tesir eden iyi bir
antipiretiktir. Analjezik (ağrı kesici) etki de gösterir.
Ağız yoluyla sıçanlarda LD50 : 3600mg/kg
17. Bu gruptaki ilaçların ilk üyesi çok toksik bir madde olan
asetaniliddir. Daha sonra fenasetin bulunmuş, ancak
methemoglobini ve analjezik nefropatisine neden
olduğundan yerini parasetamol (asetaminofen)’e
bırakmıştır. Parasetamol, asetanilid ve fenasetinin ortak
metabolitidir ve esas olarak analjezik ve antipiretik etkiye
sahiptir.
19. Bu boyalar, görüldüğü gibi anilin ve toluidin yapılarının bir
karışımı şeklindedir.
Tükenmez ve çeşitli mürekkepler toksik maddeler içerir.
Metilviyole tükenmez kalemler içinde çözünebilen bir anilin
boyası ile birlikte bulunmaktadır.
Mürekkepte de anilin boyaları bulunur. Bu tip mürekkeple
elbise, iç çamaşırı, spor gömlekleri ve yatakların
resimlendirilmesi zararlı olmaktadır. Bu nedenle gerek
hastahanelerdeki bebeklerde ve gerekse kolej öğrencileri
arasında methemoglobinemi görülmüştür (Dubois ve Geiling).
Mum boyaları (turuncu, kırmızı - turuncu olanlar) bir anilin
boyası olan p-nitranilin benzidin içerir. Bu da toksik bir
maddedir.
