The document analyzes whether physically inactive citizens cost governments more than active citizens through healthcare expenditures. It finds that physical inactivity is linked to increased risk of diseases like diabetes, cancer and heart disease. Healthcare costs associated with treating diseases caused by inactivity account for billions spent annually in countries studied. The document recommends governments implement policies and programs to encourage physical activity, and allocate funding to build recreation facilities. Increased physical activity could save governments over three times the costs of implementing initiatives to promote activity.
Arthur Marshall research for Public health issue. The WHO (World Health Organization) is the worldwide agency that coordinates and acts on global public health issues.
This Policy Framework is intended to inform
discussion and the formulation of action plans
that promote healthy and active ageing.(World Health Organization)
Arthur Marshall research for Public health issue. The WHO (World Health Organization) is the worldwide agency that coordinates and acts on global public health issues.
This Policy Framework is intended to inform
discussion and the formulation of action plans
that promote healthy and active ageing.(World Health Organization)
Phyisicans, health reform, and health equity: When we fight, we win!Jim Bloyd
Invited presentation at the Health Advocacy and Policy Forum, Urban Medical Program, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, February 15, 2016. Chicago, Illinois (USA)
The value of health to an economy is hard to quantify, but its importance is undeniable. A population’s health plays a key role in economic progress, and in coming years healthcare will be a key area of focus for policymakers, payers,providers and the public alike. Financing the future: Choices and challenges in global health studies the role of healthcare against a backdrop of changing demographic patterns, rising healthcare costs and technological innovation.
Israel National Strategy for Dementia October 2013mjbinstitute
As populations age, the prevalence of chronic diseases and related disabilities rises significantly. Thus, caring for the elderly, which entails coping with chronic diseases and disabilities, promoting prevention, and helping with end-of-life decisions, is a major challenge for the health and social services today. Dementia is one of the “geriatric giants” – a term coined by the late Prof. Bernard Isaacs to highlight the major illnesses associated with aging.
Dementia is one of the main causes of disability among the elderly (OECD, 2012), and is viewed as one of the most distressing and devastating of conditions that has great impact on those who suffer from it, and on the family members who care for them. Dementia also has a significant financial impact on society and poses a challenge for the health and social service systems. As a result, there is a broad worldwide consensus that there is a need for a systemic response to the implications of the aging of the population, in general, and to the rise in dementia, in particular.
Many countries, including the UK, France, Scotland, Norway, Ireland, Switzerland, Australia, Japan, Canada and the US have developed national strategic plans and other countries are in the process of doing so. Recently, Israel has joined these countries by developing a national strategic plan for dealing with the challenges posed by the disease, as presented in this document. The plan was formulated by an interdisciplinary group composed of experts from government ministries (health, social affairs and services, national insurance, and senior citizens), health plans, hospitals, JDC-Eshel, non-profit organizations (Emda and Melabev), and leading academics. The process was headed by the Center for Research on Aging at the Myers-JDC Brookdale Institute (MJB) and the National Geriatric Council, with the support of the Helen Bader Foundation.
The vision of the strategic plan is to enable people with dementia and their families - through a broad array of easily accessible, high-standard supports and services - to live as full, independent and dignified lives as possible. The plan recognizes the need to address dementia from the stages of prevention of risk factors and early detection, to diagnosis and patient care, and through assurance of quality of end of life. It proposes to do so by implementing interdisciplinary work principles and care, and boosting the coordination and cooperation of all the parties involved.
For more information, visit the Myers-JDC-Brookdale website at www.jdc.org.il/brookdale or contact us at brook@jdc.org.
Public health systems and the health of the public (full)John Middleton
A combined slideshow comprising two presentations made by John Middleton, President of the Uk Faculty of Public Health, at the 2nd Arab Public Health Conference , Casablanca, April4-6th 2019. this includes the short plenary presentation on the future role of public health and slides of the role of the UK faculty of public Health from a lunchtime workshop, April 4th 2019.190405 ar pha middletonj vr 3 full final
Protection Of Women’s Economic, Social Rights Linked To Healthier PopulationsΔρ. Γιώργος K. Κασάπης
A study in the BMJ Open journal found that protecting women’s rights leads to faster development and better health outcomes for men and women in both developing and developed countries. The study, based on data from 162 countries between 2004 and 2010, found that vaccination rates, reproductive health, death rates, life expectancy, and disease prevention rates were consistently better than average in countries where women’s rights were highly respected.
What does the right to health entail?
When we talk about the right to health we are not just talking about the physical or mental well-being of a person. The right to health involves many other things without which you cannot enjoy good health. The most authoritative interpretation of the right to health is outlined in Article 12 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social & Cultural Rights (ICESCR) and has been ratified by Namibia and many other countries.
Provided and made available by the Legal Assistance Centre of Namibia
Older adults and physical activity outdoors: National policy in contextUniversity of Bath
Presentation by Nuzhat Ali for the ESRC Seminar Series on Ageing and Physical Activity - "Outdoor natural environments: An active space for the older adult?"
An Appraisal of the Impact of the Dearth of Pre-Hospital Emergency Medical Se...inventionjournals
The significant role of pre-hospital emergency medical services (EMS) cannot be over emphasized as it encompasses minimizing the consequences of accidents and provides rapid response and relieve materials to victims of road traffic accidents at the scene of the crash. The paper therefore tries to analytically x-ray the relationship between income GDP per capital and the rate of road traffic death to determine the effect of absences of pre-hospital emergency medical services to road traffic victims in Nigeria. The paper makes use of regression as a tool of analysis, with the aid of variables such as record of road traffic accident death and indices on income GDP per capita of the country in focus to draw conclusion or the relationship or otherwise of the argument above. the correlation between the calculated data on death rate from road traffic accident per 10000 population and GDP per capita resulted in a negative strong significant relationship as, r (19) = –0.79,P = < 0.0001, ß= 0.79. The coefficient of the predictor GDP per capita is Significant. (P=0.0001<p>< 0.05). Hence rejecting the null hypotheses and accepting the alternative hypotheses. There is a negative significant correlation between income GNI and Road Traffic rate. The paper concludes that there is a significant correlation between the country’s income GDP per capita and the rate of death in road traffic accident due to the absences of pre-emergency medical services at the accident scene. It there recommends amongst others that; government must take pro-active measures to abate the occurrences of road crashes and equip the agency responsible for meting out pre-hospital emergency medical services with the requisite tools to function.
Phyisicans, health reform, and health equity: When we fight, we win!Jim Bloyd
Invited presentation at the Health Advocacy and Policy Forum, Urban Medical Program, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, February 15, 2016. Chicago, Illinois (USA)
The value of health to an economy is hard to quantify, but its importance is undeniable. A population’s health plays a key role in economic progress, and in coming years healthcare will be a key area of focus for policymakers, payers,providers and the public alike. Financing the future: Choices and challenges in global health studies the role of healthcare against a backdrop of changing demographic patterns, rising healthcare costs and technological innovation.
Israel National Strategy for Dementia October 2013mjbinstitute
As populations age, the prevalence of chronic diseases and related disabilities rises significantly. Thus, caring for the elderly, which entails coping with chronic diseases and disabilities, promoting prevention, and helping with end-of-life decisions, is a major challenge for the health and social services today. Dementia is one of the “geriatric giants” – a term coined by the late Prof. Bernard Isaacs to highlight the major illnesses associated with aging.
Dementia is one of the main causes of disability among the elderly (OECD, 2012), and is viewed as one of the most distressing and devastating of conditions that has great impact on those who suffer from it, and on the family members who care for them. Dementia also has a significant financial impact on society and poses a challenge for the health and social service systems. As a result, there is a broad worldwide consensus that there is a need for a systemic response to the implications of the aging of the population, in general, and to the rise in dementia, in particular.
Many countries, including the UK, France, Scotland, Norway, Ireland, Switzerland, Australia, Japan, Canada and the US have developed national strategic plans and other countries are in the process of doing so. Recently, Israel has joined these countries by developing a national strategic plan for dealing with the challenges posed by the disease, as presented in this document. The plan was formulated by an interdisciplinary group composed of experts from government ministries (health, social affairs and services, national insurance, and senior citizens), health plans, hospitals, JDC-Eshel, non-profit organizations (Emda and Melabev), and leading academics. The process was headed by the Center for Research on Aging at the Myers-JDC Brookdale Institute (MJB) and the National Geriatric Council, with the support of the Helen Bader Foundation.
The vision of the strategic plan is to enable people with dementia and their families - through a broad array of easily accessible, high-standard supports and services - to live as full, independent and dignified lives as possible. The plan recognizes the need to address dementia from the stages of prevention of risk factors and early detection, to diagnosis and patient care, and through assurance of quality of end of life. It proposes to do so by implementing interdisciplinary work principles and care, and boosting the coordination and cooperation of all the parties involved.
For more information, visit the Myers-JDC-Brookdale website at www.jdc.org.il/brookdale or contact us at brook@jdc.org.
Public health systems and the health of the public (full)John Middleton
A combined slideshow comprising two presentations made by John Middleton, President of the Uk Faculty of Public Health, at the 2nd Arab Public Health Conference , Casablanca, April4-6th 2019. this includes the short plenary presentation on the future role of public health and slides of the role of the UK faculty of public Health from a lunchtime workshop, April 4th 2019.190405 ar pha middletonj vr 3 full final
Protection Of Women’s Economic, Social Rights Linked To Healthier PopulationsΔρ. Γιώργος K. Κασάπης
A study in the BMJ Open journal found that protecting women’s rights leads to faster development and better health outcomes for men and women in both developing and developed countries. The study, based on data from 162 countries between 2004 and 2010, found that vaccination rates, reproductive health, death rates, life expectancy, and disease prevention rates were consistently better than average in countries where women’s rights were highly respected.
What does the right to health entail?
When we talk about the right to health we are not just talking about the physical or mental well-being of a person. The right to health involves many other things without which you cannot enjoy good health. The most authoritative interpretation of the right to health is outlined in Article 12 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social & Cultural Rights (ICESCR) and has been ratified by Namibia and many other countries.
Provided and made available by the Legal Assistance Centre of Namibia
Older adults and physical activity outdoors: National policy in contextUniversity of Bath
Presentation by Nuzhat Ali for the ESRC Seminar Series on Ageing and Physical Activity - "Outdoor natural environments: An active space for the older adult?"
An Appraisal of the Impact of the Dearth of Pre-Hospital Emergency Medical Se...inventionjournals
The significant role of pre-hospital emergency medical services (EMS) cannot be over emphasized as it encompasses minimizing the consequences of accidents and provides rapid response and relieve materials to victims of road traffic accidents at the scene of the crash. The paper therefore tries to analytically x-ray the relationship between income GDP per capital and the rate of road traffic death to determine the effect of absences of pre-hospital emergency medical services to road traffic victims in Nigeria. The paper makes use of regression as a tool of analysis, with the aid of variables such as record of road traffic accident death and indices on income GDP per capita of the country in focus to draw conclusion or the relationship or otherwise of the argument above. the correlation between the calculated data on death rate from road traffic accident per 10000 population and GDP per capita resulted in a negative strong significant relationship as, r (19) = –0.79,P = < 0.0001, ß= 0.79. The coefficient of the predictor GDP per capita is Significant. (P=0.0001<p>< 0.05). Hence rejecting the null hypotheses and accepting the alternative hypotheses. There is a negative significant correlation between income GNI and Road Traffic rate. The paper concludes that there is a significant correlation between the country’s income GDP per capita and the rate of death in road traffic accident due to the absences of pre-emergency medical services at the accident scene. It there recommends amongst others that; government must take pro-active measures to abate the occurrences of road crashes and equip the agency responsible for meting out pre-hospital emergency medical services with the requisite tools to function.
Series294 www.thelancet.com Vol 380 July 21, 2012L.docxklinda1
Series
294 www.thelancet.com Vol 380 July 21, 2012
Lancet 2012; 380: 294–305
Published Online
July 18, 2012
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/
S0140-6736(12)60898-8
This is the fi fth in a Series of
fi ve papers about physical activity
*Members listed at end of paper
University of Texas Health
Science Center, Houston School
of Public Health, and University
of Texas at Austin Department
of Kinesiology and Health
Education, Austin, TX, USA
(Prof H W Kohl 3rd PhD);
Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle
Research Institute, Ottawa, ON,
Canada, and School of Public
Health, University of Sydney,
Sydney, NSW, Australia
(C L Craig MSc); UCT/MRC
Research Unit for Exercise
Science and Sports Medicine,
Department of Human Biology,
Faculty of Health Sciences,
University of Cape Town, Cape
Town, South Africa
(Prof E V Lambert PhD); Tokyo
Medical University, Department
of Preventive Medicine and
Physical Activity 5
The pandemic of physical inactivity: global action for
public health
Harold W Kohl 3rd, Cora Lynn Craig, Estelle Victoria Lambert, Shigeru Inoue, Jasem Ramadan Alkandari, Grit Leetongin, Sonja Kahlmeier, for the
Lancet Physical Activity Series Working Group*
Physical inactivity is the fourth leading cause of death worldwide. We summarise present global eff orts to counteract
this problem and point the way forward to address the pandemic of physical inactivity. Although evidence for the
benefi ts of physical activity for health has been available since the 1950s, promotion to improve the health of populations
has lagged in relation to the available evidence and has only recently developed an identifi able infrastructure, including
eff orts in planning, policy, leadership and advocacy, workforce training and development, and monitoring and
surveillance. The reasons for this late start are myriad, multifactorial, and complex. This infrastructure should continue
to be formed, intersectoral approaches are essential to advance, and advocacy remains a key pillar. Although there is a
need to build global capacity based on the present foundations, a systems approach that focuses on populations and
the complex interactions among the correlates of physical inactivity, rather than solely a behavioural science approach
focusing on individuals, is the way forward to increase physical activity worldwide.
The pandemic of physical inactivity should be a
public health priority
Theoretically, prioritisation for public health action is
informed largely by three factors: the prevalence and
trends of a health disorder; the magnitude of the risk
associated with exposure to that disorder; and evidence
for eff ective prevention and control. A practice or
behaviour that is clearly related to a health disorder, is
prevalent, and is static or increasing in its prevalence
should be a primary target for public health policy for
disease prevention and health promotion. Too often,
however, the inertia of tradition, pressure .
The contribution of Sport and Physical activity towards the achievement of co...IOSR Journals
Abstract: In the last two decades Zimbabwe suffered severe socioeconomic and political crisis. The crisis was
characterised by unprecedented rates of inflation which were exacerbated by political instability and economic
sanctions. The economic challenges led to severe brain drain of Zimbabwe health professionals. The elements of
a previously well maintained health care system severely deteriorated. Community health was therefore
seriously compromised. Now that Zimbabwe seem to be on the recovery path this article critiques, reviews and
justifies the potential contribution which sport and physical activity can make towards the achievement of
community healthy objectives in Zimbabwe in line with millennium development goal number six. The content
analysis and review identified that sport and physical activity can play a significant role in improving the health
of members of the Zimbabwean community. It is apparent from the review that Sport and physical activity can
help reduce the incidence of obesity, cardiovascular diseases, HIV/AIDS, diabetes, hypertension and many other
health problems bedevilling the Zimbabwean society today and hence contribute towards the achievement of
Millennium Development Goal number six.
Keywords: Community health, Physical activity, Sport, MDGs, Zimbabwe
Barriers and facilitators for regular physical exercise among adult females n...Dr. Anees Alyafei
What stimulates and prevents females from regular physical exercise. Updated Comprehensive narrative review.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341220204_Citation_AlYafei_A_Albaker_W_2020_Barriers_and_Facilitators_for_Regular_Physical_Exercise_among_Adult_Females_Narrative_Review_2020
Sport and physical activity has long been used as a tool to improve mental, physical and social wellbeing.
Physical inactivity is a major risk factor associated with a large number of lifestyle diseases such
as cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes and obesity. Sport projects that specifically focus on health
outcomes generally emphasise There is a widespread consensus about the general links between physical
activity and health. It is accepted that regular physical activity can contribute to a reduction in the
incidence of the following:
511vol. 14 • no. 5 American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine.docxstandfordabbot
511
vol. 14 • no. 5 American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine
AnAlytic
Abstract: There is overwhelming
evidence in the scientific and medical
literature that physical inactivity is a
major public health problem with a
wide array of harmful effects. Over 50%
of health status can be attributed to
unhealthy behaviors with smoking, diet,
and physical inactivity as the main
contributors. Exercise has been used
in both the treatment and prevention
of a variety of chronic conditions such
as heart disease, pulmonary disease,
diabetes, and obesity. While the
negative effects of physical inactivity
are widely known, there is a gap
between what physicians tell their
patients and exercise compliance.
Exercise is Medicine was established
in 2007 by the American College of
Sports Medicine to inform and educate
physicians and other health care
providers about exercise as well as
bridge the widening gap between health
care and health fitness. Physicians have
many competing demands at the point
of care, which often translates into
limited time spent counseling patients.
The consistent message from all health
care providers to their patients should
be to start or to continue a regular
exercise program. Exercise is Medicine
is a solution that enables physicians to
support their patients in implementing
exercise as part of their disease
prevention and treatment strategies.
Keywords: inactivity; exercise; vitals;
behaviors; referral
Physical inactivity underlies many
of the chronic conditions that
affect people worldwide, has an
astonishing array of harmful health
effects, and is associated with escalating
health care costs. For example, 7 cancers
have been linked to a physically inactive
lifestyle.1 Depression affects 17 million
Americans2 and has been directly linked
to insufficient physical activity.3
Alzheimer’s disease and related
dementias are increasing at a frightening
rate. By 2025, the number of people
aged 65 years and older with Alzheimer’s
disease is expected to reach 7.1 million
people. In the United States alone, more
than 30 million adults are estimated to
have diabetes,4 95% of whom have type
2 diabetes (T2DM). Considering that a
new case of diabetes is diagnosed every
21 seconds, it is no surprise that diabetes
is the most expensive disease in America,
coming in at a price tag of $327 billion
annually.5 Underlying the vast majority of
T2DM are unhealthy lifestyle behaviors
(poor nutrition and insufficient physical
activity leading to overweight and
obesity). In addition to T2DM, an
unhealthy lifestyle (including tobacco
use, excessive alcohol intake, poor sleep,
and stress) underlies prevalent and costly
chronic diseases (eg, heart disease and
cancer) leading to premature morbidity
and mortality.
While other determinants of health
(genetics, environment, and medical
care) influence health outcomes, by far
the most important factor contributing to
health outcomes is in.
Sedentary lifestyle is an issue of great concern because of its deleterious health implications in
developed and developing countries. It is associated with limited physical activity, prolonged sitting at work, in
cars, communities, work sites, schools, homes and public places have been restricted in ways that minimize
human movement and muscular activities. People sit more and move less. This shift from a physically
demanding life to reduced physical activities have exposed people to high risk of developing various health
conditions such as obesity, hypertension, cardiac disorders, vitamin deficiencies, cancers to mention but a few.
They are associated with unhealthy lifestyles which are preventable. This paper therefore discussed the concept
of sedentary lifestyle, factors that enhance it and the various health implications associated with this unhealthy
behaviour. The paper concluded that individuals, groups and communities should make concerted efforts to
engage in physical activities, modify their dietary habits and avoid other risky behaviours that affect their health
negatively. Suggestions made by the paper include among others that work/public places should be structured in
a way that enhance active movement and recreational activities
American Heart Association Lifestyle Recommendations to Redu.docxSusanaFurman449
American Heart Association Lifestyle Recommendations to Reduce Obesity
Yuritza Medina
Chamberlain College of Nursing
NR709 Project and Practicum IV
Summer 2022
Abstract Past tense
The prevalence of obesity and sedentary lifestyle complications are increasing at alarming rates, representing a common but preventable cause of severe medical complications like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and early mortality. This common but chronic condition has been for a long time a public health concern and social determinant. The integrative review focused on how the American Heart Association (AHA) Diet and Lifestyle recommendations and the Fitbit app are used as innovative solutions to reduce obesity in adult patients. The Fitbit app offers a unique opportunity to enhance the efficacy of weight loss plans, as it is used to track activity, monitor steps, heart rate, energy expenditure, sleep, and sedentary behavior.
Research Methodology: A systematic review was conducted to identify research articles completed in the preceding 4-5 years centered on obesity care, diet, physical activity, activity trackers, and lifestyle implications. The databases searched were Chamberlain Library, PubMed, and CINHAL.
Results and Discussion: Initial searches yielded over 2000 articles, of which 45 were chosen and examined because they fit the integrative review's theme. The 15 papers most relevant to the PICOT question were studied in further detail and appraised using the Johns Hopkins Evidence Appraisal table. The studies reported positive physical activity outcomes. What were the key themes?
Conclusions and Further Recommendations:This systematic review supported the effectiveness of the AHA Diet and Lifestyle recommendations to prevent and reduce obesity, and clinical use is recommended. Fitbit app provides new ways to improve physical activity habits, and the easy availability of electronic devices may enhance their generalizability use.
Keywords: Obesity care; Obesity complications; Lifestyle recommendations; Obesity management; Physical activity intervention using Fitbit activity trackers.
Dedication
In dedication to my family for their steadfast support of this project; their cooperation means a lot to me. To my husband Armando, thank you for your love, understanding, and patience during this time. I credit my achievement to all of you for your unwavering love and belief in me.
Acknowledgments
First, I must acknowledge the help of all my professors from Chamberlain University, who inspired, encouraged, and supported me throughout the DNP program. My heartfelt thanks to my teammates, without whom I would never have completed this phase in my life. Their encouragement has had a significant influence on my strong determination during this trip.
Contents
American Heart Association Lifestyle Recommendations to Reduce Obesity 1
Abstract 2
Dedication 3
Acknowledgments 4
Introductio.
American Heart Association Lifestyle Recommendations to Reduce.docxjesuslightbody
American Heart Association Lifestyle Recommendations to Reduce Obesity
Jane Doe
University
Project and Practicum
Summer 2022
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity and sedentary lifestyle complications are increasing at alarming rates, representing a common but preventable cause of severe medical complications like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and early mortality. This chronic condition has been for a long time a public health concern and social determinant. The Fitbit app offers a unique opportunity to enhance the efficacy of weight loss plans as it is used to track activity, monitor steps, heart rate, energy expenditure, sleep, and sedentary behavior. The integrative review focused on how the American Heart Association (AHA) Diet and Lifestyle recommendations and the Fitbit app are used as innovative solutions to reduce obesity in adult patients.
Research Methodology: A systematic review was conducted to identify research articles completed in the preceding 4-5 years centered on obesity care, diet, physical activity, activity trackers, and lifestyle implications.
Results and Discussion: The databases searched were Chamberlain Library, PubMed, and CINHAL. Initial searches yielded over 2000 articles, of which 45 were chosen and examined because they fit the integrative review's theme. The 15 papers most relevant to the PICOT question were studied in further detail and appraised using the Johns Hopkins Evidence Appraisal table. The studies reported positive physical activity outcomes.
Conclusions and Further Recommendations:This systematic review supported the effectiveness of the AHA Diet and Lifestyle recommendations to reduce obesity, and clinical use generalization is recommended. Fitbit app provides new ways to improve physical activity habits, and the easy availability of electronic devices may enhance their generalizability use.
Keywords: Obesity care; Obesity complications; Lifestyle recommendations; Obesity management; Physical activity intervention using Fitbit activity trackers.
Dedication
Thanks to my family for their unwavering support of this project; their cooperation means a lot to me. To my husband Armando, thank you for your love, understanding, and patience during this time. I credit my achievement to all of you for your unwavering love and belief in me.
Acknowledgments
First, I must acknowledge the help of all my professors who inspired, encouraged, and supported me throughout the DNP program. My heartfelt thanks to my teammates, without whom I would never have completed this phase in my life. Their encouragement has had a significant influence on my strong determination during this trip.
Contents
American Heart Association Lifestyle Recommendations to Reduce Obesity 1
Abstract 2
Introduction Error! Bookmark not defined.
Dedication 3
Acknowledgments 4
American Heart Association Lifestyle Recommendations to Reduce Obesity 6
Problem Statement 6
S.
Physical Activity and Self-Efficacy on Exercise among Elderly Retired Philipp...AI Publications
This study aimed to investigate the physical activity and the level of self-efficacy in relation to exercise among the retired Philippine Army based in the province of Zamboanga del Norte, Philippines during the months of May and June 2023. A quantitative descriptive-correlational design was utilized in the study. Data were gathered from 19 retired Philippine Army personnel during the Armed Forces Veteran Association- Zamboanga del Norte’s monthly meeting. Frequency count, weighted mean and Pearson Correlation was used to analyze the collected data. The study found out that there was no significant relationship between physical activity on age, gender and length of service. It was also noted that there was a positive correlation between the variables age, gender and length of service this suggests that if there were changes in the variable physical activity, all other variables would change on the same direction. Moreover, Results showed that age and gender had a significant relationship as well as age and self-efficacy as both relationships showed a positive correlation. However, length of service and self-efficacy does not show significant relationship because of its negative correlation. Furthermore, results show no significant relationship between physical activity and the level of self-efficacy among Armed Forces veterans in Zamboanga del Norte. The results revealed a positive correlation which indicates that when the variable self-efficacy changes, the variable physical activity also changes on the same direction.
Running Head ADULT OBESITY LITERATURE REVIEW 1ADULT OBE.docxSUBHI7
Running Head: ADULT OBESITY LITERATURE REVIEW
1
ADULT OBESITY LITERATURE REVIEW
2
Adult Obesity Literature Review
Lola Olubiyi
NRS 490
Heather Ziemianski
January 22, 2017
Introduction
Obesity is a health situation whereby the affected person(s) has fats in excessive level in the body. Some individuals are unaware of the growing incidences or number of cases related to the obesity. In the United States, there are more than 70 percent of men and 60 percent women in adult population that are overweight. The risks that are associated with obesity include the development of life-threatening diseases like heart failure, cancer, hypertension gall bladder, osteoarthritis, and the category II of diabetes (Zhao, 2013).
This paper, therefore, aims at looking at the literature review of the past studies on adult obesity. In this study, data is collected from different previous studies that have discussed adult obesity. Areas of the present research and coming research on adult obesity and its complications are also addressed in this paper.
Literature Reviews
According to the study by Goededcke and his colleague, in 7786 sampled women of ages between nineteen to ninety-five years in South Africa, the black females recorded a higher prevalent of obesity and overweight.Females of different ancestry were at 52 percent, females with the white complex at 49.2 percent while the women of Indian origin were at 42.8 percent. There was higher Body Mass Index among the women residing in the towns as compared to the women living in rural places. It was noted that the Body Mass Index increased as one age. The overall rate of obesity was higher in men (29 percent) and women (56 percent) (Goededcke, 2010).
This prevalence is higher as compared to other nations in Africa especially females because 30 percent of women in South Africa of age 30 to 59 have cases of obesity. North Africa also has a higher prevalence of obesity as South Africa
.
In his cross sectional study using 1430 rural and urban individuals from Luo, Maasai, and Kamba females of ages 17 to 68 years, Christensen and his colleagues found out that there was an increase in the inside and under skin fats, fat in the area of the arms and the waist circumference as one gets older. This was common among the Maasai females as well as in individuals in the urban areas. The incidence of the overweight BMI (≥ 25) and obesity BMI (≥ 30) was greater among people dwelling in town as compared to those in villages. The rate of the overweight was at 39.8 and 15.8 percent of the city and community areas respectively. Residents from cities recorded a higher rate of abdominal viscera and under skin fat thickness. High prevalence of overweight was due to the accumulation of fats among the Maasai (Christensen, 2011).
Report from the World Health Organization indicates that China, Asia, Indonesia, Japan, as well as Bangladesh have higher obesity prevalence. The pathological obesity in India is at five
percent of ...
The Physical Activity Guidelines for AmericansKatrina L. Pie.docxarnoldmeredith47041
The Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans
Katrina L. Piercy, PhD, RD; Richard P. Troiano, PhD; Rachel M. Ballard, MD, MPH; Susan A. Carlson, PhD, MPH; Janet E. Fulton, PhD;
Deborah A. Galuska, PhD, MPH; Stephanie M. George, PhD, MPH; Richard D. Olson, MD, MPH
IMPORTANCE Approximately 80% of US adults and adolescents are insufficiently active.
Physical activity fosters normal growth and development and can make people feel, function,
and sleep better and reduce risk of many chronic diseases.
OBJECTIVE To summarize key guidelines in the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans,
2nd edition (PAG).
PROCESS AND EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS The 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory
Committee conducted a systematic review of the science supporting physical activity and
health. The committee addressed 38 questions and 104 subquestions and graded the
evidence based on consistency and quality of the research. Evidence graded as strong or
moderate was the basis of the key guidelines. The Department of Health and Human
Services (HHS) based the PAG on the 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee
Scientific Report.
RECOMMENDATIONS The PAG provides information and guidance on the types and
amounts of physical activity to improve a variety of health outcomes for multiple population
groups. Preschool-aged children (3 through 5 years) should be physically active throughout
the day to enhance growth and development. Children and adolescents aged 6 through 17
years should do 60 minutes or more of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity daily.
Adults should do at least 150 minutes to 300 minutes a week of moderate-intensity,
or 75 minutes to 150 minutes a week of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity, or an
equivalent combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity aerobic activity. They should
also do muscle-strengthening activities on 2 or more days a week. Older adults should do
multicomponent physical activity that includes balance training as well as aerobic and
muscle-strengthening activities. Pregnant and postpartum women should do at least
150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity a week. Adults with chronic conditions
or disabilities, who are able, should follow the key guidelines for adults and do both aerobic
and muscle-strengthening activities. Recommendations emphasize that moving more and
sitting less will benefit nearly everyone. Individuals performing the least physical activity
benefit most by even modest increases in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Additional
benefits occur with more physical activity. Both aerobic and muscle-strengthening physical
activity are beneficial.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, 2nd edition,
provides information and guidance on the types and amounts of physical activity that provide
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Physical Activity Costs to Government
1. UNITED STATES SPORTS ACADEMY
Do Physically Inactive Citizens Cost A Government More Money Than Active Citizens?
A Class Paper Submitted for
SAB 561
Contemporary Issues in Sport
Professor: Dr. Michael Culpepper
by:
Collin Anglin
Cayman Islands
June 18th, 2010
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2. Table of Contents
Introduction
What is Physical Activity?
What are the Causes of Physical Inactivity?
What are the Consequences of Physical Inactivity?
What are the Costs of Physical Inactivity?
What is needed to Increase Physical Activity in a Country?
What is the Cost to Implement/Facilitate what is Needed?
Conclusion
References
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3. Introduction
During such dire economic times, the struggles that various Government departments
face for allocated funds are fiercely competitive. However, one of the highest areas of
expenditure is Health Care Services that are provided to the people and I believe that a
correlation must be shown between physical inactivity and health care service costs, to
prove to a government that a greater emphasis should be placed on facilitating and
encouraging physical activity in order to decrease health care costs.
What is Physical Activity/Inactivity?
Physical activity refers to energy expenditure that results from any bodily movement by
the skeletal/muscular systems (www.who.org). Physical inactivity, (a lack of the required
amount of physical activity) is a major, independent risk factor for many chronic diseases
such as type 2 diabetes, breast/colon cancer and stroke to name a few (www.hhs.gov).
More specifically, it is recommended that adults (aged 19-65) engage in at least 30
minutes of physical activity at moderate-intensity, five days per week or 20 minutes of
physical activity at vigorous intensity, three days per week (www.who.org). Children
aged 5-18 are recommended to engage in at least 60 minutes of physical activity at
moderate-vigorous intensity, every day (www.who.org, www.cdc.gov, Medibank Private
(2008), www.hhs.gov, www.heart.org).
The Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, released by the U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services, describes an inactive person as anyone who participates in
what is known as baseline activity or the routine, low-intensity activities most people take
part in daily such as walking slowly, standing, lifting lightweight objects etc. (2008).
Physical activity in children is especially important for their development and growth and
studies show that as much as 40 percent of bone mass is developed in four years of
adolescence (www.phac-aspc.gc.ca).
From this we can derive that someone who is considered to be physically inactive is
someone that engages in less than the recommended moderate physical activity per week.
The people that fall in this category therefore place themselves at higher risk of
cardiovascular disease, diabetes and osteoporosis to name a few. It is therefore important
to identify the main causes of physical inactivity.
3
4. What are Causes of Physical Inactivity?
Rates of physically active citizens around the world have dropped significantly due to a
number of reasons. The WHO identifies some major contributors to the physical
inactivity crisis: high density traffic, population overcrowding, increased poverty, low
air-quality and a lack of parks/sports and recreational facilities (www.who.org).
In addition to these factors some other factors should also be considered. Firstly, our
primary methods of transportation have changed; before the technological innovations of
the past century and a half, transportation between destinations primarily consisted of
walking, running, horseback riding and canoeing. All of these methods involved a
certain degree of physical effort from the individual engaging in that mode of
transportation; most modern forms of transportation today however require little to no
effort from the person being transported (trains, automobiles, busses etc). Information
from a national travel survey indicated that the proportion of primary school children that
walk to school decreased from 63% by 12 % in 10 years (NICE, 2008).
Secondly, advances in technology are not only allowing the world to become more
connected, but they are also inadvertently causing more sedentary lifestyles. Inventions
such as the television and satellites provide an enticing opportunity for young and old to
sit down and be entertained for hours. Unfortunately, the conventional past times that
involved being outside, playing and interacting with other people have been for the most
part replaced by the television and computer which cause their users to sit obediently
before them for a large portion of their leisure time.
What are the consequences of Physical Inactivity?
As early as 2002, the World Health Organization (WHO) described physical inactivity as
one of the top ten major causes of disease and disability in the world and also estimated
that as many as 2 million people per year (in 2002) died as a result of physical inactivity
(WHO, 2002).
Careful attention must therefore be placed on what many have coined as a major growing
global health issue. According to the WHO, it is estimated that anywhere from 60 – 85%
of people in the world are leading sedentary lifestyles (WHO, 2002). People who lead
such lifestyles place themselves at risk for developing numerous diseases and therefore
physical inactivity appears to be one of the largest issues of our time that doesn’t get the
adequate amount of attention it deserves.
Physical inactivity increases all causes of mortality; risks of cardiovascular disease,
diabetes and obesity are doubled by physical inactivity. Risks of colon cancer, angina,
high blood pressure and disorders such as depression and anxiety are all increased by a
sedentary lifestyle (www.who.org). In addition to all of this, physical inactivity also
reduces the functional ability of individuals (www.hhs.org). Functional Ability refers to
a person’s ability to perform everyday tasks or activities such as walking and climbing
stairs and research has also shown that people who are physically active have lower rates
of breast cancer (www.hhs.org).
4
5. Heart Disease and stroke are two of the leading causes of pre-mature death in the United
States (www.hhs.org) and people who do a certain amount of moderate-vigorous
intensity aerobic activity are significantly less likely to prematurely die (Figure 1.1).
FIGURE 1.1 – Risk of Premature Death based on Physical Activity Rates (Physical
Activity Guidelines for Americans, 2008)
The World Health Organization estimates that one in three adults around the world is
overweight and that one in ten are obese (WHO, 2006). People who are overweight
and/or obese also have a much higher risk of cardiovascular disease and other disabilities;
one of the key ingredients to preventing obesity is by moderate physical activity (WHO,
2006).
What are the costs of Physical Inactivity?
Research was conducted in Australia and it was found that physical inactivity was costing
the Australian Economy 1.5 Billion dollars in direct health care costs for several
particular diseases: Stroke, Coronary Heart Disease, Type 2 Diabetes, Breast Cancer,
Colon Cancer, Depression and Falls (Medibank, 2008), as indicated in figure 1.2.
Physical Inactivity (PI) is also estimated to cost the UK over 8 Billion pounds annually
which would include treatment of illnesses and absenteeism from work etc due to PI
(NICE, 2008).
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6. FIGURE 1.2 – Estimated costs associated with various diseases/illnesses caused by
inactivity in Australia (Medibank Private, 2008).
Information gathered from various developed countries has indicated just how huge the
costs of physical inactivity are: it is estimated that for every dollar that is spent on PA
(either for time or equipment), results in a savings of more than three times the
investment (WHO, 2003). Health care costs that are associated with illnesses such as
cardiovascular disease and obesity account for 9.4 % of U.S. national health expenditure
in 1995 and over 6% of total health care costs in Canada (WHO, 2003).
A study of over 25000 people in Sao Paulo, Brazil, revealed that the leading risk factor
for cardiovascular disease was physical inactivity (60%) (Matsudo et al. 2002).
Cardiovascular Diseases are responsible for over 300,000 deaths in Sao Paulo each year
and it is estimated that sedentarianism costs $330.00 per person per year (Matsudo et al.
2002).
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7. What is needed to Increase PA in a Country?
Based on the barriers or limiting factors of PA, some common themes arise in terms of
what elements/strategies are needed to increase physical activity in a country.
Among most strategies are the need for a multi-agency public policy, a nation based
advocacy program that highlights the economic benefits of physical activity, the
promotion of physical activity programs for communities and families (such as Hoops for
health), as well as the formulation of programs that are easy to access and require little
time to participate (WHO 2003).
Governments should also allocate a certain portion of its budget for the promotion of
physical activity, there should be an ease of access for the public to exercise in sports/
recreational facilities or open spaces. As stated earlier, it is estimated that for every US
dollar spent on equipment or time engaging in PA, a savings of $3.2 dollars was achieved
(Matsudo et al. 2002). In the Cayman Islands, where the population has doubled in the
past ten years (www.eso.ky), there is now a shortage of recreational facilities because
investment has been made in the refurbishment of the facilities. But whilst the population
was growing, the number of recreational facilities/open areas for physical activity did not
increase proportionately. England and Wales have an estimated population of 53 million
people and have over 27000 national parks (NICE, 2008), an average of 1 national park
per 2000 persons. In Grand Cayman, (Cayman Islands) there are 16 parks
(www.rpcu.gov.ky) for a population of over 50,000 people, an average of 1 park (which
is much smaller than a typical national park) per 3125 people.
Open public spaces should also always be maintained to a very high standard and made
to be attractive and easily accessible by various forms of active transport (cycling,
walking etc) to encourage maximum usage (NICE, 2008).
Transportation systems should be designed in such a way as to encourage PA (NICE,
2008). In Finland, most cities are designed in such as way that they encourage walking
and cycling; perhaps this is why the Finnish people are rated as some of the healthiest in
the world (www.who.org). By organizing a transportation system with careful thought, a
country can country can subconsciously cause its citizens to choose methods of transport
(commuting etc) that are better for their health.
Participation in global physical activity events, such as world walking day and world
challenge day (www.tafisa.net), are also great ways to raise the consciousness of a
country and to encourage the society to be physically active when they realize how
involved so many other countries are in doing the same.
Schools should play a primary role in ensuring children get the recommended amount of
physical activity through their classes. Schools normally occupy the vast majority of
children in any society and therefore have control over how much physical activity they
engage in through PE classes. Schools recreational areas should therefore be built in
such a way as to encourage varied activities and should mandate children to have the
sufficient amount of physical activity each week (NICE, 2008). Active children are
7
8. much more likely to become active adults and one of the many benefits of PA is that is
improves cognitive function and academic performance (NICE, 2008).
What does it cost to implement/facilitate what is needed?
It is extremely difficult to put an exact cost on implementing the strategies recommended
by the various health authorities due to the differences in service costs in various
countries (NICE,2008); for example, the cost of constructing a walking outdoor track in
Florida versus the Cayman islands. However, the evidence is overwhelming that
supports implementing strategies or developing infrastructure to encourage PA versus not
doing so and paying for health care to treat the illnesses and other symptoms related to
PI.
Conclusion
There is overwhelming evidence that supports the rising concern of physical inactivity
throughout the world and with an estimated average of 60% of people in the world not
receiving the recommended amounts of physical activity (WHO, 2003). PI increases the
risks of almost every major disease and is responsible for as many as 2 million deaths per
year (NICE, 2008). To combat this, Governments must allocate sufficient funding,
implement/enforce policies, and maintain sufficient open public spaces to tackle the
global inactivity phenomenon and if successful, will simultaneously eliminate or
drastically reduce the money that is spent on direct and indirect costs of health care as a
result of PI. It is in every Government’s best interest to pay more attention to the issue of
physical inactivity and with an estimated savings of 3 times the amount of money
invested in PA (Matsudo, et al.2002), it is clear that inactive citizens certainly cost a
government more money than active citizens.
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9. References:
The World Health Organization http://www.who.org
United States Department of Health and Human Services, 2008: Physical activity
guidelines for Americans. Retrieved from http://www.hhs.gov
MediBank Private, 2008. The cost of physical inactivity: What is the lack of participation
in physical activity costing Australia? Retrieved from http://www.medibank.com.au
Australian Government: Department of Health and Ageing: Retrieved from
http://www.health.gov.au
Canadian Public Health Association. Retrieved from http://www.cpha.ca/
American Public Health Association. Retrieved from http:// www.apha.org
Public Health Agency of Canada. Retrieved from http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca
East Carolina University – Department of Health Education and Promotion (Cost
calculator). Retrieved from http://www.ecu.edu/picostcalc/
World Health Organization, 2003. Health and development through physical activity and
sport. WHO Document Production Services, Geneva, Switzerland.
The Center for Disease Control. Retrieved from http:// www.cdc.gov
Matsudo V, Matsudo S, Andrade D, Araujo T, Andrade E, de Oliveira LC, Braggion G,
2002. Promotion of physical activity in a developing country: The Agita São Paulo
experience. Public Health Nutr. Feb; 5(1A):253-61.
Cayman Islands Government. Retrieved from http://www.gov.ky
Cayman Islands Economics and Statistics Office. Retrieved from http://www.eso.ky
The Association for International Sport for All. Retrieved from http:// www.tafisa.net
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 2008. Physical activity and the
environment: Costing report implementing NICE guidelines. Retrieved from
http://www.nice.org.uk/PH008
Recreation, Parks and Cemeteries Unit, Cayman Islands. Retrieved from
http://www.rpcu.gov.ky
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