This article examines Andrew Marvell's less well-known roles as a traveling tutor in the 1640s and 1650s before his famous tutoring of Mary Fairfax. It establishes that as a traveling tutor, Marvell was responsible for educating young gentlemen on tours of Europe, exposing them to different cultures, languages, and practical disciplines. These roles offered tutors opportunities for advancement through their connections to powerful families. The article suggests Marvell's tutoring experience prepared him for a high-profile public career that did not ultimately materialize.
2004. Modernism And Its Metaphors Rereading The Voyage Out By Virginia Wo...Nicole Heredia
Ā
This document summarizes and analyzes passages from the novel The Voyage Out by Virginia Woolf. It discusses how Woolf uses metaphorical language to depict transitional moments, such as characters departing from London on a ship. Specifically, it analyzes Woolf's metaphor that compares London's buildings seen from the Thames to "a child's avenue of bricks." The summary argues this metaphor diminishes London's significance and helps explain the characters' desire to leave. It also discusses how Woolf's metaphor works as an "image metaphor" that prompts readers to map images between the source (toy blocks) and target (buildings) domains. In general, the document examines how Woolf and other modernist writers use metaphorical language in
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was an American poet born in 1807 in Portland, Maine. He graduated from Bowdoin College and traveled throughout Europe for three years, preparing himself for a career as a college professor in modern languages. Longfellow married twice and had several children. His first wife died tragically in a fire in 1861, which inspired his famous poem "The Cross of Snow." Longfellow was extremely popular during his lifetime and became the first American poet honored with a memorial in Westminster Abbey. Though his popularity declined after his death, he made poetry more accessible to the American public and exemplified graceful writing.
The poem criticizes human attempts to artificially manipulate and control nature through gardening practices. It describes how humans first enclosed gardens, changing the soil to feed plants in a way that "stupefied them." This led plants to take on strange new forms and scents not found in nature. The poem argues that humans have disrupted the natural order by grafting different plants together and causing plants to lose their original identities. It laments that humans have replaced the natural innocence of the fields with these artificial manipulations, prioritizing ornamentation over nature.
This document outlines the powerpoint presentation for the English department's even semester course from December 2018 to April 2019. The presentation contains 4 units that will cover various topics in English literature from the Romantic movement to 20th century novels. Unit 1 discusses the Romantic movement in phases, focusing on Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley and Keats. Unit 2 covers Lamb, Hazlitt, and Jane Austen. Unit 3 examines Carlyle, Ruskin, Newman, Tennyson, Browning and others. Unit 4 looks at the pre-Raphaelites, 20th century drama with Shaw and Ibsen, and 20th century novels including Joyce and Woolf.
ARTICLESAcknowledging Things of DarknessPostcolonial Cr.docxdavezstarr61655
Ā
ARTICLES
Acknowledging Things of Darkness:
Postcolonial Criticism of The Tempest
Duke Pesta
Published online: 31 July 2014
# Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014
Over the last forty years, postcolonial criticism has become a dominant
mode of critical discourse for the profession of literature and Renaissance
studies in particular, with The Tempest serving as terminus a quo for many
such discussions across historical periods and academic disciplines.1 During
this timeānot counting courses in Shakespeare, Renaissance drama, or early
modern literatureāThe Tempest has been taught in English departments at
the undergraduate or graduate level in freshman seminars; surveys of Great
Books; capstone courses; writing and composition courses; seminars on
literary theory, Marxism, postcolonialism, and race, gender, queer theory;
early American literature and transatlantic literature courses; surveys of
American literature; and courses on Romanticism, modernism, modern drama,
Third World literatures, postmodernism, Chicano/a literatures, Afro-Caribbean
literatures, and diaspora literatures. Outside English departments, the play has
been taught in such varied disciplines as African American studies, American
studies, anthropology, comparative literature, cultural studies, education,
environmental studies, film studies, history, linguistics, modern languages,
Native American studies, oppression studies, peace studies, philosophy,
Acad. Quest. (2014) 27:273ā285
DOI 10.1007/s12129-014-9433-4
1The tradition viewing The Tempest through colonialist lenses has a long history outside the West, dating to the
nineteenth century. Writers from the Caribbean, Africa, and Central and South America have associated the play with the
gamut of evils linked to colonialism. For a sampling of this criticism, see Emir RodrĆguez Monegal, āThe
Metamorphoses of Caliban,ā Diacritics 7, no. 3 (Fall 1977): 78ā83; Richard Rodriguez, Hunger of Memory: The
Education of Richard Rodriguez: An Autobiography (Boston: David R. Godine, 1982); Roberto FernƔndez Retamar,
Caliban and Other Essays, trans. Edward Baker (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989); Roberta FernƔndez,
ā(Re)vision of an American Journey,ā in In Other Words: Literature by Latinas of the United States, ed. Roberta
FernĆ”ndez (Houston, TX: Arte Publico Press, 1994), 282ā98; and Antonio C. MĆ”rquez, āVoices of Caliban: From Curse
to Discourse,ā Confluencia: Revista HispĆ”nica de Cultura y Literatura 13, no. 1 (1997): 158ā69.
Duke Pesta is associate professor of English at the University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI
54901; [emailĀ protected] He is associate editor of Milton Quarterly.
political science, psychology, religious studies, sociology, theater, and
womenās studies.
Surely no other work of literature has been as assigned, deconstructed,
interdisciplinized, revisioned, trivialized, and ventriloquized as The Tempest.
Overwhelmingly, those who have included a reading of .
Lighthouse Academy's Advance Diploma in Literature is a conduit both for transmission of the Universityās knowledge and research on the one hand and for enabling members of the public to access higher education courses, whether for personal interest or professional development, on the other. In these ways, it contributes significantly to the Universityās public engagement and widening participation commitments.
Professional Diploma for those who are interested in Literature.
2 semesters with a dissertation at the end of the diploma
Two options to study, either online or on the campus.
Literature of different ages is to be highlighted.
Theoretical and practical sessions.
Many lecturers are to be responsible for teaching this diploma.
For more info, visit us on:
http://www.lighthouseacademy.org/English%20literature%20Diploma%20ELD.html
In European history, the Middle age or Medieval period lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the collapse of western Roman empire and merged into
Renaissance and the age of discovery middle ages.The Middle English Literature means English Literature that developed during the period from
2004. Modernism And Its Metaphors Rereading The Voyage Out By Virginia Wo...Nicole Heredia
Ā
This document summarizes and analyzes passages from the novel The Voyage Out by Virginia Woolf. It discusses how Woolf uses metaphorical language to depict transitional moments, such as characters departing from London on a ship. Specifically, it analyzes Woolf's metaphor that compares London's buildings seen from the Thames to "a child's avenue of bricks." The summary argues this metaphor diminishes London's significance and helps explain the characters' desire to leave. It also discusses how Woolf's metaphor works as an "image metaphor" that prompts readers to map images between the source (toy blocks) and target (buildings) domains. In general, the document examines how Woolf and other modernist writers use metaphorical language in
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was an American poet born in 1807 in Portland, Maine. He graduated from Bowdoin College and traveled throughout Europe for three years, preparing himself for a career as a college professor in modern languages. Longfellow married twice and had several children. His first wife died tragically in a fire in 1861, which inspired his famous poem "The Cross of Snow." Longfellow was extremely popular during his lifetime and became the first American poet honored with a memorial in Westminster Abbey. Though his popularity declined after his death, he made poetry more accessible to the American public and exemplified graceful writing.
The poem criticizes human attempts to artificially manipulate and control nature through gardening practices. It describes how humans first enclosed gardens, changing the soil to feed plants in a way that "stupefied them." This led plants to take on strange new forms and scents not found in nature. The poem argues that humans have disrupted the natural order by grafting different plants together and causing plants to lose their original identities. It laments that humans have replaced the natural innocence of the fields with these artificial manipulations, prioritizing ornamentation over nature.
This document outlines the powerpoint presentation for the English department's even semester course from December 2018 to April 2019. The presentation contains 4 units that will cover various topics in English literature from the Romantic movement to 20th century novels. Unit 1 discusses the Romantic movement in phases, focusing on Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley and Keats. Unit 2 covers Lamb, Hazlitt, and Jane Austen. Unit 3 examines Carlyle, Ruskin, Newman, Tennyson, Browning and others. Unit 4 looks at the pre-Raphaelites, 20th century drama with Shaw and Ibsen, and 20th century novels including Joyce and Woolf.
ARTICLESAcknowledging Things of DarknessPostcolonial Cr.docxdavezstarr61655
Ā
ARTICLES
Acknowledging Things of Darkness:
Postcolonial Criticism of The Tempest
Duke Pesta
Published online: 31 July 2014
# Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014
Over the last forty years, postcolonial criticism has become a dominant
mode of critical discourse for the profession of literature and Renaissance
studies in particular, with The Tempest serving as terminus a quo for many
such discussions across historical periods and academic disciplines.1 During
this timeānot counting courses in Shakespeare, Renaissance drama, or early
modern literatureāThe Tempest has been taught in English departments at
the undergraduate or graduate level in freshman seminars; surveys of Great
Books; capstone courses; writing and composition courses; seminars on
literary theory, Marxism, postcolonialism, and race, gender, queer theory;
early American literature and transatlantic literature courses; surveys of
American literature; and courses on Romanticism, modernism, modern drama,
Third World literatures, postmodernism, Chicano/a literatures, Afro-Caribbean
literatures, and diaspora literatures. Outside English departments, the play has
been taught in such varied disciplines as African American studies, American
studies, anthropology, comparative literature, cultural studies, education,
environmental studies, film studies, history, linguistics, modern languages,
Native American studies, oppression studies, peace studies, philosophy,
Acad. Quest. (2014) 27:273ā285
DOI 10.1007/s12129-014-9433-4
1The tradition viewing The Tempest through colonialist lenses has a long history outside the West, dating to the
nineteenth century. Writers from the Caribbean, Africa, and Central and South America have associated the play with the
gamut of evils linked to colonialism. For a sampling of this criticism, see Emir RodrĆguez Monegal, āThe
Metamorphoses of Caliban,ā Diacritics 7, no. 3 (Fall 1977): 78ā83; Richard Rodriguez, Hunger of Memory: The
Education of Richard Rodriguez: An Autobiography (Boston: David R. Godine, 1982); Roberto FernƔndez Retamar,
Caliban and Other Essays, trans. Edward Baker (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989); Roberta FernƔndez,
ā(Re)vision of an American Journey,ā in In Other Words: Literature by Latinas of the United States, ed. Roberta
FernĆ”ndez (Houston, TX: Arte Publico Press, 1994), 282ā98; and Antonio C. MĆ”rquez, āVoices of Caliban: From Curse
to Discourse,ā Confluencia: Revista HispĆ”nica de Cultura y Literatura 13, no. 1 (1997): 158ā69.
Duke Pesta is associate professor of English at the University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI
54901; [emailĀ protected] He is associate editor of Milton Quarterly.
political science, psychology, religious studies, sociology, theater, and
womenās studies.
Surely no other work of literature has been as assigned, deconstructed,
interdisciplinized, revisioned, trivialized, and ventriloquized as The Tempest.
Overwhelmingly, those who have included a reading of .
Lighthouse Academy's Advance Diploma in Literature is a conduit both for transmission of the Universityās knowledge and research on the one hand and for enabling members of the public to access higher education courses, whether for personal interest or professional development, on the other. In these ways, it contributes significantly to the Universityās public engagement and widening participation commitments.
Professional Diploma for those who are interested in Literature.
2 semesters with a dissertation at the end of the diploma
Two options to study, either online or on the campus.
Literature of different ages is to be highlighted.
Theoretical and practical sessions.
Many lecturers are to be responsible for teaching this diploma.
For more info, visit us on:
http://www.lighthouseacademy.org/English%20literature%20Diploma%20ELD.html
In European history, the Middle age or Medieval period lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the collapse of western Roman empire and merged into
Renaissance and the age of discovery middle ages.The Middle English Literature means English Literature that developed during the period from
The document provides an overview of English literature from Old English to the 20th century. It begins with Old English literature including Anglo-Saxon poetry such as Beowulf, characterized by alliteration and metaphors. Next it discusses Medieval literature including Geoffrey Chaucer and his masterpiece Canterbury Tales. It then covers the Renaissance period highlighting plays by Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare. Finally, it briefly mentions 17th century English literature including the influential King James Bible.
1. The document summarizes Victorian literature from 1850-1901, highlighting several key poets and novelists of the era such as Tennyson, Browning, Dickens, Thackeray, and George Eliot.
2. It also briefly mentions essayists and historians like Macaulay, Carlyle, and Ruskin.
3. The summary identifies five major topics covered in the document: the two greatest poets, selected representative poets, the major novelists and their works, other notable novelists, and essayists and historians of the period.
The document provides an overview of 17th century English literature and the metaphysical poetry movement. It discusses the political and religious conflicts during this period, including the English Civil War and Oliver Cromwell's rise. It then examines metaphysical poetry, noting John Donne as the leading poet in this style, which uses intellectual concepts and surprising imagery. The document concludes by analyzing Donne's life, works, and some of his famous poems like "Death, be not proud" which explores religious themes through paradoxes.
This book is a companion to Renaissance drama edited by Arthur F. Kinney. It contains contributions from scholars on various topics related to Renaissance drama such as the political, religious, and social context of the period; aspects of the theatrical world such as playhouses, companies, and censorship; different dramatic genres including tragedy, comedy, and romance; influential dramatists; and the transmission of play texts. The companion aims to provide new perspectives on Renaissance drama and orient new students and scholars in this field of study.
Thorndike elementary and secondary education in the middle agesEmma Grice
Ā
This document discusses elementary and secondary education in medieval Europe based on historical evidence. It argues that:
1) Even in the early Middle Ages, there is scattered evidence that some elementary schools existed to teach basic literacy to children.
2) By the high Middle Ages, several sources indicate that elementary education was widespread, with laws requiring schools in every parish and records of thousands of children enrolled in schools in cities like Florence.
3) Secondary education in grammar, logic, and arithmetic also existed in the high Middle Ages, especially in cities, with hundreds of students enrolled in these schools.
The document provides information about English dissertation help services. It discusses the purpose of an English dissertation, which is to deeply analyze topics and concepts in English literature. It also discusses how to choose a topic, focusing on different eras of English literature. Finally, it outlines the structure of a dissertation and provides tips for writing a strong English dissertation.
John Milton was an English poet, prose writer, and civil servant born in 1608 in London. He is best known for his epic poems Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained. Milton was a prolific writer who produced works in several genres including epic and lyric poetry, as well as theological, philosophical and political treatises. He was a staunch supporter of Oliver Cromwell and republicanism. Milton went blind in 1652 and continued writing until his death in 1674.
Rise of the English Novel
Periods of English Literature
Essay on 20th Century English Literature
English Major Essay
Defining Literature Essay
What Is Literature Essay
The document is a magazine from the School of History at the University of St Andrews that profiles two historians, Diarmaid MacCulloch and Natalie Zemon Davis, who were recently awarded honorary degrees from the university. It provides brief biographies of each historian, summarizing their extensive scholarly works and accomplishments. It also discusses television programming related to history and an new Institute of Intellectual History recently founded at St Andrews.
This document provides a summary of titles that have been published or represented by Princeton International Agency for the Arts over the past 15 years. It includes over 70 titles in various subjects such as history, literature, art and ecology that have been published with presses in several countries. The document then lists selected history titles from 2011-2015 as well as earlier translated, edited and authored works covering topics like World War II, memoirs, literary criticism and the environment.
During the High Middle Ages, trade and contact with Byzantine and Muslim civilizations revived learning in Western Europe. Universities developed to meet the growing demand for educated professionals as towns and commerce grew. Religion heavily influenced medieval thinking, with scholars studying the Bible and church teachings. Figures like Thomas Aquinas sought to reconcile religion and philosophy using logic and reason. While most focused on religion, some like Roger Bacon and Albertus Magnus studied science, conducting experiments in optics and natural sciences. The late Middle Ages saw famine, plague, and the Hundred Years' War between England and France, bringing widespread suffering.
During the High Middle Ages, trade and contact with Byzantine and Muslim civilizations revived learning in Western Europe. Universities developed to meet the growing demand for educated professionals as towns and commerce grew. Religion heavily influenced medieval thinking, with scholars studying the Bible and church teachings. Figures like Thomas Aquinas sought to integrate faith and reason. While most focused on religion, some like Roger Bacon and Albertus Magnus made early scientific advances. The late Middle Ages saw famine, plague, and the Hundred Years' War between England and France devastate the population.
This document provides an overview of the key periods in English literature, including the Old English period, Middle Ages, Renaissance, Elizabethan era, 17th century, Restoration period, 18th century, Romantic period, Victorian era, and Modern period. It summarizes some of the defining features of each period as well as influential authors such as Geoffrey Chaucer, William Shakespeare, John Milton, and William Wordsworth. The document is intended to help readers understand the development of English literature across different historical ages.
Christopher Marlowe's Contribution to English DramaAnjali Rathod
Ā
Christopher Marlowe was one of the most influential figures of the English Renaissance and a key predecessor to William Shakespeare. He introduced new styles and conventions to English drama. Marlowe was the first to popularize blank verse in his plays and helped establish the tragic hero as the protagonist of serious drama. Some of his most famous and influential works include Tamburlaine, Doctor Faustus, The Jew of Malta, and Edward II. These plays helped revolutionize English drama and paved the way for Shakespeare's later masterpieces by bringing new levels of passion, vehemence, and poetic grandeur to the stage. Marlowe is thus considered the father of modern English drama.
Matthew Arnold was a 19th century British poet and inspector of schools who is considered one of the major Victorian poets. He wrote the poem "Dover Beach" in 1851, either during or shortly after a visit to Dover, England with his new wife. The poem reflects on the loss of religious faith and certainty in a changing world, comparing faith to a sea that is now retreated. It uses imagery of the coast and sea at Dover to express these themes of doubt and uncertainty in a world without clear religious truths.
1) The Victorian era saw a large amount of literary work produced but less innovation in forms except for the novel. Writers tended to work within established models.
2) In poetry, there was greater variety in subjects and methods compared to previous eras, though Tennyson and others still followed the styles of Romantic poets like Keats. The Pre-Raphaelite movement combined medieval themes with rich imagery. Descriptive poetry was especially strong.
3) The novel became the dominant literary form, with works from Dickens, the Brontƫs, Eliot, and others advancing the genres of domestic, romantic, psychological and historical novels. New styles also emerged in essays, lectures, histories and scientific treat
On histories and stories selected essays by A.S. Byatt (farijulbari@gmail.com)Farijul Bari
Ā
This document is the introduction to a collection of essays by A.S. Byatt titled "On Histories and Stories". Byatt discusses how the essays explore the complicated relationships between reading, writing, and the academic study of literature. She describes how she has always seen herself primarily as a writer though she has taught literature. The introduction provides context for the essays, which examine British novels about history and the intersections between fiction and history. Byatt reflects on changes in how contemporary literature is studied and hopes the essays will help broaden discussions of modern writing.
The document provides instructions for submitting a paper writing request to the website HelpWriting.net in 5 steps:
1. Create an account with a password and email.
2. Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, deadline, and attach a sample work.
3. Writers will bid on the request and the customer will choose a writer based on qualifications.
4. The customer will receive the paper and authorize payment if satisfied or request revisions.
5. HelpWriting.net guarantees original, high-quality content and full refunds for plagiarism.
13 Original Colonies Essay. Online assignment writing service.Darian Pruitt
Ā
The document provides instructions for using a writing assistance website to have papers written. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a form with assignment details and attach samples. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied with the work. The purpose is to outline the process for having assignments written by third parties on the site.
The document provides instructions for requesting writing help from the website HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with the option of a full refund for plagiarized work.
4 Year Old Observation Essays. Online assignment writing service.Darian Pruitt
Ā
John Stuart Mill was a British philosopher born in 1806 in London. He was educated from a very young age by his father James Mill, a noted philosopher and economist who introduced him to the school of thought known as Utilitarianism. John Stuart studied languages, mathematics, science, and history extensively as a child, often tutoring his younger siblings as well. He was heavily influenced by his father's philosophies of scientific foundation for philosophy and humanist approach to politics and economics.
The document provides an overview of English literature from Old English to the 20th century. It begins with Old English literature including Anglo-Saxon poetry such as Beowulf, characterized by alliteration and metaphors. Next it discusses Medieval literature including Geoffrey Chaucer and his masterpiece Canterbury Tales. It then covers the Renaissance period highlighting plays by Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare. Finally, it briefly mentions 17th century English literature including the influential King James Bible.
1. The document summarizes Victorian literature from 1850-1901, highlighting several key poets and novelists of the era such as Tennyson, Browning, Dickens, Thackeray, and George Eliot.
2. It also briefly mentions essayists and historians like Macaulay, Carlyle, and Ruskin.
3. The summary identifies five major topics covered in the document: the two greatest poets, selected representative poets, the major novelists and their works, other notable novelists, and essayists and historians of the period.
The document provides an overview of 17th century English literature and the metaphysical poetry movement. It discusses the political and religious conflicts during this period, including the English Civil War and Oliver Cromwell's rise. It then examines metaphysical poetry, noting John Donne as the leading poet in this style, which uses intellectual concepts and surprising imagery. The document concludes by analyzing Donne's life, works, and some of his famous poems like "Death, be not proud" which explores religious themes through paradoxes.
This book is a companion to Renaissance drama edited by Arthur F. Kinney. It contains contributions from scholars on various topics related to Renaissance drama such as the political, religious, and social context of the period; aspects of the theatrical world such as playhouses, companies, and censorship; different dramatic genres including tragedy, comedy, and romance; influential dramatists; and the transmission of play texts. The companion aims to provide new perspectives on Renaissance drama and orient new students and scholars in this field of study.
Thorndike elementary and secondary education in the middle agesEmma Grice
Ā
This document discusses elementary and secondary education in medieval Europe based on historical evidence. It argues that:
1) Even in the early Middle Ages, there is scattered evidence that some elementary schools existed to teach basic literacy to children.
2) By the high Middle Ages, several sources indicate that elementary education was widespread, with laws requiring schools in every parish and records of thousands of children enrolled in schools in cities like Florence.
3) Secondary education in grammar, logic, and arithmetic also existed in the high Middle Ages, especially in cities, with hundreds of students enrolled in these schools.
The document provides information about English dissertation help services. It discusses the purpose of an English dissertation, which is to deeply analyze topics and concepts in English literature. It also discusses how to choose a topic, focusing on different eras of English literature. Finally, it outlines the structure of a dissertation and provides tips for writing a strong English dissertation.
John Milton was an English poet, prose writer, and civil servant born in 1608 in London. He is best known for his epic poems Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained. Milton was a prolific writer who produced works in several genres including epic and lyric poetry, as well as theological, philosophical and political treatises. He was a staunch supporter of Oliver Cromwell and republicanism. Milton went blind in 1652 and continued writing until his death in 1674.
Rise of the English Novel
Periods of English Literature
Essay on 20th Century English Literature
English Major Essay
Defining Literature Essay
What Is Literature Essay
The document is a magazine from the School of History at the University of St Andrews that profiles two historians, Diarmaid MacCulloch and Natalie Zemon Davis, who were recently awarded honorary degrees from the university. It provides brief biographies of each historian, summarizing their extensive scholarly works and accomplishments. It also discusses television programming related to history and an new Institute of Intellectual History recently founded at St Andrews.
This document provides a summary of titles that have been published or represented by Princeton International Agency for the Arts over the past 15 years. It includes over 70 titles in various subjects such as history, literature, art and ecology that have been published with presses in several countries. The document then lists selected history titles from 2011-2015 as well as earlier translated, edited and authored works covering topics like World War II, memoirs, literary criticism and the environment.
During the High Middle Ages, trade and contact with Byzantine and Muslim civilizations revived learning in Western Europe. Universities developed to meet the growing demand for educated professionals as towns and commerce grew. Religion heavily influenced medieval thinking, with scholars studying the Bible and church teachings. Figures like Thomas Aquinas sought to reconcile religion and philosophy using logic and reason. While most focused on religion, some like Roger Bacon and Albertus Magnus studied science, conducting experiments in optics and natural sciences. The late Middle Ages saw famine, plague, and the Hundred Years' War between England and France, bringing widespread suffering.
During the High Middle Ages, trade and contact with Byzantine and Muslim civilizations revived learning in Western Europe. Universities developed to meet the growing demand for educated professionals as towns and commerce grew. Religion heavily influenced medieval thinking, with scholars studying the Bible and church teachings. Figures like Thomas Aquinas sought to integrate faith and reason. While most focused on religion, some like Roger Bacon and Albertus Magnus made early scientific advances. The late Middle Ages saw famine, plague, and the Hundred Years' War between England and France devastate the population.
This document provides an overview of the key periods in English literature, including the Old English period, Middle Ages, Renaissance, Elizabethan era, 17th century, Restoration period, 18th century, Romantic period, Victorian era, and Modern period. It summarizes some of the defining features of each period as well as influential authors such as Geoffrey Chaucer, William Shakespeare, John Milton, and William Wordsworth. The document is intended to help readers understand the development of English literature across different historical ages.
Christopher Marlowe's Contribution to English DramaAnjali Rathod
Ā
Christopher Marlowe was one of the most influential figures of the English Renaissance and a key predecessor to William Shakespeare. He introduced new styles and conventions to English drama. Marlowe was the first to popularize blank verse in his plays and helped establish the tragic hero as the protagonist of serious drama. Some of his most famous and influential works include Tamburlaine, Doctor Faustus, The Jew of Malta, and Edward II. These plays helped revolutionize English drama and paved the way for Shakespeare's later masterpieces by bringing new levels of passion, vehemence, and poetic grandeur to the stage. Marlowe is thus considered the father of modern English drama.
Matthew Arnold was a 19th century British poet and inspector of schools who is considered one of the major Victorian poets. He wrote the poem "Dover Beach" in 1851, either during or shortly after a visit to Dover, England with his new wife. The poem reflects on the loss of religious faith and certainty in a changing world, comparing faith to a sea that is now retreated. It uses imagery of the coast and sea at Dover to express these themes of doubt and uncertainty in a world without clear religious truths.
1) The Victorian era saw a large amount of literary work produced but less innovation in forms except for the novel. Writers tended to work within established models.
2) In poetry, there was greater variety in subjects and methods compared to previous eras, though Tennyson and others still followed the styles of Romantic poets like Keats. The Pre-Raphaelite movement combined medieval themes with rich imagery. Descriptive poetry was especially strong.
3) The novel became the dominant literary form, with works from Dickens, the Brontƫs, Eliot, and others advancing the genres of domestic, romantic, psychological and historical novels. New styles also emerged in essays, lectures, histories and scientific treat
On histories and stories selected essays by A.S. Byatt (farijulbari@gmail.com)Farijul Bari
Ā
This document is the introduction to a collection of essays by A.S. Byatt titled "On Histories and Stories". Byatt discusses how the essays explore the complicated relationships between reading, writing, and the academic study of literature. She describes how she has always seen herself primarily as a writer though she has taught literature. The introduction provides context for the essays, which examine British novels about history and the intersections between fiction and history. Byatt reflects on changes in how contemporary literature is studied and hopes the essays will help broaden discussions of modern writing.
The document provides instructions for submitting a paper writing request to the website HelpWriting.net in 5 steps:
1. Create an account with a password and email.
2. Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, deadline, and attach a sample work.
3. Writers will bid on the request and the customer will choose a writer based on qualifications.
4. The customer will receive the paper and authorize payment if satisfied or request revisions.
5. HelpWriting.net guarantees original, high-quality content and full refunds for plagiarism.
13 Original Colonies Essay. Online assignment writing service.Darian Pruitt
Ā
The document provides instructions for using a writing assistance website to have papers written. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a form with assignment details and attach samples. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied with the work. The purpose is to outline the process for having assignments written by third parties on the site.
The document provides instructions for requesting writing help from the website HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with the option of a full refund for plagiarized work.
4 Year Old Observation Essays. Online assignment writing service.Darian Pruitt
Ā
John Stuart Mill was a British philosopher born in 1806 in London. He was educated from a very young age by his father James Mill, a noted philosopher and economist who introduced him to the school of thought known as Utilitarianism. John Stuart studied languages, mathematics, science, and history extensively as a child, often tutoring his younger siblings as well. He was heavily influenced by his father's philosophies of scientific foundation for philosophy and humanist approach to politics and economics.
10 Lines Essay On Mahatma Gandhi In EnglishDarian Pruitt
Ā
This document provides instructions for requesting an assignment writing service from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if pleased. 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, with a refund option for plagiarized content.
The document provides instructions for how to request and receive writing assistance from the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Receive the paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with the option of a full refund for plagiarized work.
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2. Timothy Raylor, āAndrew Marvell: Traveling Tutorā (2017)
2(1): 2 Marvell Studies, DOI: https:/
/doi.org/10.16995/ms.7
ESSAY
Andrew Marvell: Traveling Tutor
Timothy Raylor
Carleton College, US
traylor@carleton.edu
It is well known that Marvell tutored the daughter of Thomas, Lord Fairfax,
at Nun Appleton at the start of the 1650s. This article attempts to shed
light on his less well-known stints of tutoring young gentlemen in the late
1640s and mid-1650s. It establishes the distinctive characteristics of the
traveling tutor, responsible for the education and governance of a young
gentleman on the tour. And it considers the opportunities for advancement,
in both private and public service, presented by such responsibilities, briefly
examining the successful careers of other such tutors. Curricular traces of
Marvellās tutoring are found in his poetry and prose, and the suggestion is
advanced that Marvellās experience was thought to have prepared him for,
and may have led him to expect, a high-profile public career: a career which
did not, in the end, materialize.
Keywords: Marvell; tutor; education; travel; tour; service
3. Raylor: Andrew Marvell
2
Of the several roles played by Andrew Marvell ā poet, pamphleteer, civil servant,
politician, businessman, tolerationist ā one of the most familiar but least glamorous
is that of tutor. It is a role immortalized in one of his greatest poems, āUpon Appleton
Houseā, with its elaborate, witty, and self-deprecating celebration of the beauty and
virtue of Mary Fairfax, the young girl he was employed, for two years, on the family
estate just outside of York, to teach. The fame and importance of that poem makes
the Nun Appleton period the most iconic of Marvellās tutoring engagements. And
yet because of this its importance is in danger of over-emphasis. And such danger
is intensified by an historically questionable tendency to romanticize the relation-
ship between tutor and charge. The fact is that Marvellās tutoring of Mary was an
interlude in what was a longer, less romantic, and less clearly visible career as a tutor
to young gentlemen.
Marvell undertook two such stints of tutoring: the first, in the mid-to-late-1640s,
during which time, according to the intelligencer Samuel Hartlib, he traveled āabroad
with Noblemens Sonesā; we have it on the authority of Milton that during this period
he visited Holland, France, Italy, and Spain.1
On that trip we glimpse him as he
encounters Flecknoe in Rome and the Villiers brothers somewhere along the way.2
But exactly whom he was tutoring on this tour remains a mystery. The second stint
of tutoring took place a decade later, in 1656, when Marvell traveled with William
Dutton, ward of the Protector, to spend time at the Protestant academy of Saumur.3
Such stints of European travel with young men from powerful families presented the
tutor with valuable opportunities, both personal and professional.
There were significant differences between tutoring boys and teaching girls:
differences curricular and pastoral. Although some early modern educational
theorists recommended educating young women ā and some parents provided for
1
Hartlib, āEphemeridesā (Sheffield University Library, Hartlib Papers, 29/5/50A), information from
Worthington, [Oct. 1655]; Milton to Bradshaw, 21 Feb. 1653 (TNA SP 18/33/152), both quoted in
Nicholas von Maltzahn, An Andrew Marvell Chronology (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2005), 43, 38.
2
von Maltzahn, Marvell Chronology, 30ā31; Nigel Smith, ed., The Poems of Andrew Marvell, rev. ed.
(Harlow: Longman, 2007), 166; Chaney Edward and Timothy Wilks, The Jacobean Grand Tour: Early
Stuart Travellers in Europe (London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 2014), 347ā50.
3
von Maltzahn, Marvell Chronology, 42ā4.
4. Raylor: Andrew Marvell 3
their daughters a serious academic education ā it remains generally true that in the
middle of the seventeenth century the education of elite women focused almost
entirely on the development of a range of social accomplishments.4
These included
modern languages (French and Italian, perhaps Spanish), dancing, singing, and the
learning of an instrument. For gentlewomen such instruction was generally provided
within the household, or within the household of a relative. And several tutors were
usually required. When Marvell took over the education of Mary Fairfax, she was
around twelve years old, and if (as seems likely) she is the āCeliaā of his commenda-
tory poem to the Hull physician, Robert Witty, Marvell taught her French and Italian.5
There is no evidence (and it is inherently unlikely) that he took her into the advanced
academic disciplines.
The avenues for self-advertisement and advancement afforded by teaching
modern European languages to a barely teenaged girl within her own household
were limited. As such, it is reasonable for J. P. Kenyon to opine, in reflecting on
Marvellās tutoring assignments in the 1650s, that the role of tutor was āa lowly oneā,
equivalent to that of a Victorian governess.6
But the role of tutor to a young noble
or gentleman might involve some significant variations. In serving as traveling com-
panion to noblemenās sons during the 1640s, and in taking young William Dutton
to Saumur in the late 1650s, Marvell was playing a somewhat more substantial role
than Kenyonās characterization allows, that of traveling tutor.
4
Among leading theorists of womenās academic education in the mid-seventeenth century was the
Frenchman, Jacques du Bosc: see The Compleat Woman (London, 1639), especially 23ā30. At the
height of sixteenth-century humanism there was a fashion among intellectuals and statesmen for
furnishing their daughters with an academic education; but even this remained primarily ornamental
in character: see Helen M. Jewell, Education in Early Modern England (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998),
58ā60; Rosemary OāDay, Education and Society 1500ā1800: The Social Foundations of Education in
Early-Modern Britain (Harlow: Longman, 1982), 183ā5; Kenneth Charlton, Education in Renaissance
England (London: Routledge & K. Paul, 1968), 204ā13.
5
Smith, Poems, 178, and l. 20.
6
J. P. Kenyon, āAndrew Marvell: Life and Timesā, in R. L. Brett, ed., Andrew Marvell: Essays on the
Tercentenary of his Death (Oxford: University of Hull/Oxford University Press, 1979), 12ā3. I am
grateful to Ann Huse for drawing my attention to Kenyonās remark.
5. Raylor: Andrew Marvell
4
The traveling tutor was typically engaged after a boy had completed his formal
schooling ā after, that is, a spell at one of the universities, and perhaps even an
Inn of Court. His role was not to cover the standard grammar school or university
disciplines; it was to bring book-learning to life: to orchestrate what we might, in
modern curricular parlance, term āa capstone experienceā, by way of a European tour.
By exposing a young man to a range of cultures and languages, the tour cemented
by lived experience and practice the merely theoretical knowledge he had previ-
ously garnered of languages, history, moral and political philosophy.7
During the
tour some new, and practical, disciplines were typically introduced: fortification,
for instance, studied by way of applied geometry as a branch of mathematics.
Such studies were supplemented by the actual observation of the fortified towns
through which the travelers passed. The student was expected to study and take
notes on the lands he visited, noting geographical and architectural features, dif-
fering forms of government, military and naval dispositions, commerce, industries,
and natural resources.8
In his essay āOf Travaileā (1625) Francis Bacon offers a pithy,
comprehensive list of desiderata to be noticed, and noted by the traveler in his diary:
The Courts of Princes, specially when they give Audience to Ambassadours:
The Courts of Justice, while they sit and heare Causes; And so of Consistories
Ecclesiasticke: The Churches, and Monasteries, with the Monuments which
are therein extant: The Wals and Fortifications of Cities and Townes; And
7
On the rise of educational tourism during the early modern period there is some excellent recent
work. Particularly important are: John Lough, France Observed in the Seventeenth Century by British
Travellers (Stocksfield: Oriel Press, 1984); John Stoye, English Travellers Abroad 1604ā1667: Their
Ā
InfluenceĀinĀEnglishĀSocietyĀandĀPolitics, rev. ed. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1989);
Edward Chaney, The Grand Tour and the Great Rebellion: Richard Lassels and āThe Voyage of Italyā in the
Seventeenth Century (Geneva: Slatkine; Moncalieri: Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerche sul āViaggio
in Italiaā, 1985); Sara Warneke, Images of the Educational Traveller in Early Modern England (Leiden,
New York, Kƶln: Brill, 1993); Michael G Brennan, ed., The Origins of the Grand Tour: The Travels of
Robert Montagu, Lord Mandeville (1649ā1654), William Hammond (1655ā1658), Banaster Maynard
(1660ā1663), 3rd ser., xiv (London, Hakluyt Society, 2004); Chaney and Wilks, The Jacobean Grand
Tour. Still apt and insightful is the brief summary in Charlton, Education in Renaissance England,
215ā26.
8
Stoye, English Travellers, 43; Brennan, Origins of the Grand Tour, 61ā9.
6. Raylor: Andrew Marvell 5
so the Havens and Harbours: Antiquities, and Ruines: Libraries; Colledges,
Disputations, and Lectures, where any are: Shipping and Navies: Houses,
and Gardens of State, and Pleasure, neare great Cities: Armories: Arsenals:
Magazens: Exchanges: Burses; Ware-houses: Exercises of Horseman-ship;
Fencing; Trayning of Souldiers; and the like: Comedies; Such whereunto the
better Sort of persons doe resort; Treasuries of Jewels, and Robes; Cabinets,
and Rarities: And to conclude, whatsoever is memorable in the Places; where
they goe.9
If Baconās tourist had any time left, he might also master the masculine equivalents
of the young girlās social accomplishments: for boys as for girls, dancing; but also
martial exercises: fencing and the manĆØge of great horses, perhaps in one of the
academies which sprang up in and around Paris in the early seventeenth century.10
As a preparation for a life in public service and training for a life at court, the tour
was, as James Cleland put it in his Institution of a Young Noble Man (1607), āthe true
Science of Pollicie, and the School of al gouernme[n]teā, āthe principal & best meanes,
whereby a young Noble man, or anie other maie profit his Prince, his Countrie, and
himselfeā.11
The tour thus conceived was a significant undertaking, and the traveling tutor
a position of trust and responsibility. The tutor was in charge of the young manās
intellectual development. He provided linguistic tutelage as he and his charge
encountered different tongues; he drew attention to features of geographical or archi-
tectural interest and offered insight into local social and political institutions; and
he furnished counsel in intercourse with ambassadors or other great men and their
employees.12
The tutor was responsible also for domestic arrangements: for renting
lodgings, hiring horses, retaining guides; he managed the young manās finances, and
9
Francis Bacon, The Essayes or Counsels, Civill and Morall, ed. M. Kiernan (Oxford: Clarendon Press,
1985), 56ā7.
10
Stoye, English Travellers Abroad, 31, 35ā41.
11
James Cleland, The Institution of a Young Noble Man, intr. Max Molyneux (New York: Scholarsā
Facsimiles & Reprints, 1948), 251.
12
Bacon, Essayes, 56ā7.
7. Raylor: Andrew Marvell
6
ensured that his charge received instruction in exercises and disciplines along the
way, according to local expertise. Finally, and most importantly, the tutor was respon-
sible for the pastoral care of his charge, who was often on the cusp of adulthood.
This was an absolutely crucial responsibility, given both the perennial tendency of
the young to cut loose on leaving home and the manifold temptations that cities
like Paris or Venice had to offer, along with the ideological dangers presented to
English Protestant travelers by Rome or Madrid. In addition to the dangers of moral
or religious corruption, an additional fear troubled Englishmen as their sons headed
off to the continent: fear of identity loss. Youth was of course regarded as naturally
fickle; but added to this concern was the belief that the English character was pecu-
liarly shallow, unstable, and easily overwritten by the stronger impressions of strange
lands and more vibrant cultures, such as those of southern Europe.13
It is this fear
that gives us those stock figures of the age: the affected traveler, the Italianate or
Frenchified Englishman.
The role of traveling tutor was therefore one of great responsibility and it
demanded a distinctive set of skills: a set of skills more practical than narrowly
academic. It required someone who could demonstrate more than a mere scholarās
understanding of the world: someone with a sense of how to get things done; a man
who could mingle comfortably with ambassadors and princes, or at least with their
secretaries. Bacon, in his letter of educational advice to the Earl of Rutland, suggested
that the tutor need not be an expert in a particular region, but āsome good generall
schollerā.14
To find a tutor who was, as he put it, āconversant with the world, not
locked vp in a studieā, better stocked with āMother witā than with āSchole-learningā,
Cleland recommended looking outside the universities to find someone comfortable
in society, with an easy civility and modest discourse.15
For such a role a younger
man ā more companion than schoolmaster ā was usually preferred.
13
Warneke, Images of the Educational Traveller, 60ā1, 79.
14
Francis Bacon, Early Writings 1584ā1596, ed. Alan Stewart with Harriet Knight, The Oxford Francis
Bacon (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2012), 646.
15
Cleland, Institution of a Young Noble Man, 26ā7.
8. Raylor: Andrew Marvell 7
And here we need to depart from Kenyonās characterization of the tutor as a
closeted, pathetic, Jane Eyre-like figure. While Marvell in the mid-1650s may reason-
ably be characterized as āa man in his thirties ā¦ with no futureā, the role of traveling
tutor was one that might be hoped to lead to a future for a young man of ambition,
learning, and worldly know-how.16
The skills demanded of the traveling tutor were
such as might allow someone of low or middling station both to demonstrate his suit-
ability for a position of consequence in the world, and to make the contacts ā with
noblemen, ambassadors, and secretaries ā that might open the doors to advance-
ment. For such a man, the tour could serve as both training ground and audition for
greater things. It was, for instance, common practice for traveling tutors to send back
regular intelligence reports to their patrons, and government officials. Some were
clearly acting as spies.
While some tutors made their way down familiar academic pathways into college
fellowships and then the church, the path was open for those who succeeded in
impressing their patrons by their worldly know-how to become courtiers or secretaries,
in private households, or within the corridors of government.17
Of those who secured
private secretarial positions one of the best known examples is Thomas Hobbes, who,
after taking the future second Earl of Devonshire on tour in the 1610s became his sec-
retary, and played very much the same role for the next generation: taking the future
third earl on tour in the mid-1630s, and serving him as secretary in the 1650s and
after. In this latter role he served the family until his death, running the family library
and preparing position papers on matters of domestic and national import.18
Tutors who found positions at court include Robert Dallington, who began
his career as a Norfolk schoolmaster, but after traveling in Italy with members
of the Manners family secured the patronage first of Prince Henry and then
16
Kenyon, āAndrew Marvellā, 13.
17
For some examples and discussion, see Stoye, English Travellers Abroad, 47ā67, 87.
18
For Hobbesās biography, see Noel Malcolm, Aspects of Hobbes (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2002), 8ā25;
for his late position paper, see Hobbesās essay, Questions Relative to Hereditary Right, ed. Quentin
Skinner, in Writings on Common Law and Hereditary Right, The Clarendon Edition of the Works of
Thomas Hobbes, vol. 12 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2005), 153ā80.
9. Raylor: Andrew Marvell
8
Prince Charles, and ended up with a knighthood and the mastership of the
Charterhouse.19
John Finet came from obscure Kentish origins to serve in the sec-
retariat of the Earl of Salisbury, traveled with his son, Lord Cranborne, and became
Master of Ceremonies to Charles I.20
Aurelian Townshend traveled with Edward, Lord
Herbert of Cherbury, and thrived at the court of Charles I, emerging after the fall-
ing out of Ben Jonson and Inigo Jones as one of the principal librettists of the later
Caroline court masques.21
A suggestive illustration of the kind of public career Marvell might have hoped
to enjoy is provided by the life of a near contemporary, Sir Joseph Williamson. Like
Marvell, Williamson was a northerner and the son of a clergyman. He proceeded BA
from The Queenās College, Oxford in 1654, and within a year was leading the son
of a Cumbrian gentleman, Sir Richard Lowther, on the tour. On this occasion, at
the Protestant academy of Saumur, in the spring of 1656, Williamson would have
encountered Marvell in the company of William Dutton. Williamson spent a few
years as a fellow of Queenās before being picked out for his āknowledge of worldly
affairsā and appointed under-secretary to the secretary of state for the south. His abil-
ities ensured a rapid rise: through the clerkship of the Privy Council, a knighthood,
the presidency of the Royal Society, and eventually the Secretaryship of State itself.
Although his public career was ended by his involvement in the fiasco of the Popish
Plot, he remained a valued advisor to successive governments and died a wealthy
man, worth almost Ā£19,000.22
Such were two possible career paths for the ambitious and talented traveling
tutor. And it was to such paths that John Milton and Samuel Hartlib gestured when,
in the mid-1650s they reflected on Marvellās career options. In February 1653 Milton
proposed Marvell for an assistant secretaryship in the Office of Foreign Tongues as āa
man whom both by report, and the converse I have had with him, of singular desert
19
C. S. Knighton, āDallington, Sir Robert (1561ā1636x8), author and courtierā, ODNB.
20
Roderick Clayton, āFinet [Finett], Sir John (1570/71ā1641), courtier and writerā, ODNB.
21
Peter Beal, āTownshend [Townsend], Aurelian (fl. 1583ā1649?), poetā, ODNB.
22
Alan Marshall, āWilliamson, Sir Joseph (1633ā1701), government officialā, ODNB.
10. Raylor: Andrew Marvell 9
for the state to make use ofā.23
In so doing he drew attention to his āfour yeares abroad
in Holland, France, Italy, and Spaine, to very good purposeā; to his linguistic expertise
ā his knowledge of French, Dutch, Italian, and Spanish; and to his conversance with
the classics. He noticed also his potential value to the state, comparing him to the
recently murdered diplomat and political theorist, Anthony Ascham. Some two years
later, in 1655, Hartlib noted that, having āspent all his time in travelling abroad with
Noblemens Sonesā, Marvell had once again contracted to travel with the son of an
unidentified nobleman. He worried that Marvell was too old for such a position, but
concluded that he would be prudent to take it, despite being āfitter to bee a Secretary
of State etc.ā24
Both Milton and Hartlib see Marvellās tutoring as an apprenticeship for
service to the state.
But not all saw it in such positive terms. When James Scudamore encountered
Marvell at Saumur in the summer of 1656 he wrote to Sir Richard Browne at Paris
describing the tutor as āa notable English Italo-Machavillianā.25
It is hard to know
exactly how to take this. It is certainly possible that it implies approval of the tutor
as an urbane and sophisticated man of the world ā one who understands the hidden
operations of power. But it seems more likely (given the generally negative asso-
ciations of Machiavelli at this time) that it implies a judgement of Marvell as a pre-
tentious booby: a figure straight from the comic stage. While it may then be that
Scudamore sees Marvell as Milton or Hartlib saw him ā as a diplomat in waiting,
another Anthony Ascham; it seems more likely that he sees him as Ben Jonson might
have seen him ā or, for that matter, as Marvell in one of his Jonsonian moments
might have seen himself: a Sir Politick Would-Be.
If Marvellās traveling tutoring represents a potential step on the road to advance-
ment, what light might it shed on our understanding of his career, and on his literary
and intellectual development? The first area in which to assess its impact is to trace
the cultural influences of the places he visited in his writings. This has been very
23
Milton to Bradshaw, 21 Feb. 1653; quoted in von Maltzahn, Marvell Chronology, 38.
24
Hartlib, āEphemeridesā, 1655; quoted in von Maltzahn, Marvell Chronology, 43.
25
von Maltzahn, Marvell Chronology, 44.
11. Raylor: Andrew Marvell
10
effectively undertaken by Nigel Smith in his recent biography, which points up the
European, baroque contexts of Marvellās verse.26
The second, I think, is to look at the
impact of the curricular responsibilities of the traveling tutor on Marvellās writings.
One area worth investigation is Marvellās evident familiarity with the arts of indi-
vidual combat. Several of his works display knowledge of the art of fencing, claiming
or implying his knowledge of the European aristocratic academies in and tutors by
which it was taught. One such reference ā an aside in a late letter (1671) to the East
India Company merchant, Thomas Rolt ā shows that he himself studied with a mas-
ter of the art while in Spain:
My Fencing-master in Spain, after he had instructed me all he could, told me,
I remember, there was yet one Secret, against which there was no Defence,
and that was, to give the first Blow.27
This is a revealing and justly famous comment from a man given ā or judged to be given
ā to sudden bursts of violence. Marvell clearly knew something about physical combat.
In āThe Unfortunate Loverā he makes unobtrusive use of the technical terminology of
wrestling (ālockā, āgrappleā), describing the lover āCuffing the thunder with one hand; /
While with the other he does lock, / And grapple, with the stubborn rockā (ll. 50ā2).28
Nor was the violence imaginary only. We recall Marvellās altercation with Thomas Clif-
ford in the Commons in 1662, and another in the same place some fifteen years later
when, stumbling on his way to his seat, Marvell cuffed, or appeared to cuff, Sir Philip
Harcourt and was immediately accused of giving him āa box on the earā ā despite Mar-
vellās (and Harcourtās) protests to the contrary.29
The āboxā may have been in jest ā that,
at least, is the interpretation of events that Marvell was keen to press. But the blow
appeared to have been a strong one. Had Marvell been playing the wag, and been mis-
understood by stodgier Members, or willfully misconstrued by opponents? Or had he
26
Nigel Smith, Andrew Marvell: The Chameleon (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2010),
especially 45ā63.
27
The Poems and Letters of Andrew Marvell, 3rd
ed., ed. H. M. Margoliouth, rev. Pierre Legouis and E. E.
Duncan-Jones, 2 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971), 2:324 (9 Aug. 1671).
28
OED, ālockā, v.1 II.8.c; āgrappleā, v. 5.
29
Smith, Andrew Marvell, 169ā70, 317; von Maltzahn, Marvell Chronology, 69, 185ā6.
12. Raylor: Andrew Marvell 11
tried his hand at a bit of physical comedy and failed? It is hard to know. What we can
say is that Marvellās tendencies toward violence have been brought sharply into focus
in recent years, and his recounting of his fencing masterās Machiavellian advice has
been aptly read in that light.30
What has not, I think, been noted is the way in which the
comment registers Marvellās social unease and desire for status.31
For by silently eliding
the tutees ā the āNoblemens Sonesā with whom, according to Hartlib, he had spent āall
his timeā traveling ā and who were undoubtedly the focus of such instruction, Marvell
quietly casts himself in the leading role of gentleman tourist, rather than in the sup-
porting role of tutor. Even in addressing one with whom he was on terms of unusual
intimacy, Marvell cannot resist self-dramatization and unobtrusive social climbing.32
Another trace of Marvellās exposure to training in fencing during the years
of the tour appears in his elegy on Lord Francis Villiers, son of the first Duke of
Buckingham, who was killed in a skirmish at Kingston-upon-Thames in the summer
of 1648.33
This functions in a similar manner to the allusion in his letter to Rolt,
establishing his social credentials. It seems likely (though it remains uncertain) that
Marvell encountered the Villiers brothers as they toured under the guardianship of
Sir William Aylesbury in 1645ā7, either in Rome or in Paris.34
Marvell registers first-
hand knowledge of the young manās prowess with the sword, as demonstrated in
staged combats ā that presumably took place at one of the Parisian academies, where
fencing was a major activity of visiting noblemen:
I know how well he did, with what delight
Those serious imitations of fight.
Still in the trials of strong exercise
His was the first, and his the second prize.
(ll. 55ā8)
30
Derek Hirst and Steven N. Zwicker, Andrew Marvell: Orphan of the Hurricane (Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 2012), 122ā3.
31
On this aspect of Marvellās personality, see Smith, Andrew Marvell, 9ā10, 339ā40.
32
On the evident intimacy between the two men, see Smith, Andrew Marvell, 245.
33
Smith, Poems, 11.
34
von Maltzahn, Marvell Chronology, 30ā1; Chaney, Grand Tour and the Great Rebellion, 312ā4, 347ā50;
Stoye, English Travellers Abroad, 15ā7.
13. Raylor: Andrew Marvell
12
The verb āknowā (rather than āsawā) keeps the poet one step away from the claim to
have eye-witnessed Villiersās exercises, and this may imply a modest deference about
Marvellās proximity to the young man; but it nonetheless places the poet within the
frame, once again quietly implying Marvellās place in the rarified world of aristocratic
tourism.35
A second area of curricular responsibility for the traveling tutor of which we
find traces in Marvellās writings is the science of fortification, which was taught
by way both of applied geometry and site visits. A sense of what this involved can
be gleaned from the manuscript and printed sheet prepared at Paris in 1645 by
Hobbesās friend Gilles Personne de Roberval for teaching fortification to the Duke
of Buckingham.36
The manuscript includes elementary treatises on geometry, trig-
onometry, the use of the geographic and proportional compasses, and accounts
of regular and irregular fortifications. It seems likely that Hobbes taught ā or, as
he later recalled to John Aubrey, attempted to teach ā the Duke geometry, while
Roberval ā an expert in military engineering ā focused on the more advanced
aspects of fortification.37
In referring to geometry, Marvell tends to recur to a few
favored topoi: the squaring of the circle (a fashionable problem in the mid-century)
in both āUpon Appleton Houseā and The Rehearsal Transprosād; parallel lines stretch-
ing out to infinity, and perhaps becoming circular in both āThe Definition of Loveā
and The Rehearsal Transprosād.38
References to fortifications are prominent also in
both āUpon Appleton Houseā and The Rehearsal Transprosād. The presence of such
35
On the verb, see Michael Craze, The Life and Lyrics of Andrew Marvell (Basingstoke: Macmillan,
1979), 59.
36
The manuscript and printed sheet are BibliothĆØque Sainte-GeneviĆØve, Paris, MS 1060. For discussion,
see Malcolm, Aspects of Hobbes, 161ā2.
37
On Hobbesās efforts to teach the Duke, see John Aubrey, Aubrey on Education, ed. J. E. Stephens
(London: Routledge & K. Paul, 1972), 160; and on Robervalās military expertise, see Pierre Costabel,
āGilles Personne de Robervalā, Cahiers dāHistoire et de Philosophie des Sciences, New Series, 14 (1986),
28ā9 n. 3 (both cit. Malcolm, Aspects of Hobbes, 161 n. 23).
38
āUpon Appleton Houseā, ll. 45ā6; Rehearsal Transprosād, in The Prose Works of Andrew Marvell, ed.
Annabel Patterson, Martin Dzelzainis, N. H. Keeble, and Nicholas von Maltzahn (New Haven and
London: Yale University Press, 2003), 1:75; āThe Definition of Loveā, ll. 25ā8; Rehearsal Transprosād, in
Prose Works, 1:146).
14. Raylor: Andrew Marvell 13
references in āUpon Appleton Houseā can be accounted for by reference to the
military expertise and interests of the houseās owner, and to the likely presence
there of garden fortifications. Julianne Werlin has carefully investigated this aspect
of the poem, pointing to Marvellās precise and up-to-the minute understanding of
the principles and vocabulary of continental (especially French) techniques of for-
tification.39
But while she is right to suggest that conversations with Lord Fairfax
underlie these aspects of the poem, I cannot agree with her that Marvell owed his
knowledge of such techniques to such conversations.40
Ensuring engagement with
the study of fortifications ā if not actually teaching it ā was one of the key tasks
of the traveling tutor. And Marvell is no doubt demonstrating for his patron his
competency of understanding, to show what his teaching of French grammar to
Fairfaxās daughter would not allow him so easily to illustrate: his suitability for more
serious, public employments.
We may admire the way in which Marvell uses āUpon Appleton Houseā to
demonstrate his secretarial talents to his patron. But it would be wrong to see his
interest in fortification as the exclusive product of a desire to please a retired general,
reduced to playing war-games in his Yorkshire garden. Displays of such expertise
appear elsewhere in the corpus, appearing in a particularly insistent manner in the
first part of The Rehearsal Transprosād. Such references there form part of a compre-
hensive rhetorical strategy, aimed at discomposing his adversary, the cleric Samuel
Parker, and establishing his own ethical credentials. It does not take a Marvellian
partisan to find Parkerās self-presentation in the Discourse of Ecclesiastical Politie
and the Preface to Bishop Bramhallās Vindication self-regarding in stance and sty-
listically absurd. Parker attempts to ingratiate himself with fashionable society in
order to demonstrate that, contrary to the mockery of the wits, who misrepresent it
āin false and uncouth Disguisesā, āthere is nothing more noble and generous, more
chearful and sprightly, more courteous and affable, more free and ingenuous, more
39
Julianne Werlin, āMarvell and the Strategic Imagination: Fortification in Upon Appleton Houseā, Review
of English Studies, New Series, 63 (2012): 379ā81. See also K. O Acheson., āMilitary Illustration, Garden
Design, and Marvellās āUpon Appleton Houseāā, English Literary Renaissance 41 (2011): 180.
40
Werlin, āMarvell and the Strategic Imaginationā, 378.
15. Raylor: Andrew Marvell
14
sober and rational, than the Spirit and Genius of true Religion.ā41
To demonstrate
that courteousness, that ingenuousness, Parker adopts a gentlemanly, even rakish
stance, salting his discourse with allusions implying his casual intimacy with the
ways of court and town. European travel is one such marker. Early in the Preface to
the Discourse, he quotes an Italian proverb, which he introduces by lightly implying
the familiarity of experience, rather than mere book-learning: āAnd I remember the
Italian Proverb ā¦.ā42
Another such marker is Parkerās reference to the conventions of
dueling. In his Preface to Bramhallās Vindication he suggests that the combatants in
this duel may forgo the elaborate social niceties and ceremonies observed by āyoung
Gentlemenā, which he briefly elaborates, and may fall straight to violence.43
The
language of violence, in fact, permeates Parkerās prose, as for instance in his treat-
ment of nonconformity as a dangerous fifth column, threatening to āblow up the
very Foundations of Governmentā.44
Such allusions are not prominent, but Marvell
seizes on and highlights them as part of devastating ethical and stylistic attack.
Marvell exposes Parkerās stance as socially and stylistically indecorous ā absurdly,
comically so.45
As early as the second page of The Rehearsal Transprosād he seizes on
Parkerās Italian proverb, exposing and literalizing the social pretension involved in
his introduction of it: āI perceive the Gentleman hath travelled by his remembering
Chi lava la testa al asino perde il saponeā.46
Having exposed Parkerās implicit claim
to the status of gentleman traveler, Marvell will not let go of it ā wondering, for
instance, about the oddity of Parkerās locating Geneva on the south shore of Lac
Leman: āNow it is strange that he having travellād so well, should not have observād
that the Lake lies East and West, and that Geneva is built at the West end of itā.47
Not
41
Samuel Parker, A Discourse of Ecclesiastical Politie (London, 1669), xxxviii.
42
Parker, Discourse, xii.
43
Samuel Parker, Bishop Bramhallās Vindication of Himself and the Episcopal Clergy (London, 1670), a8r.
44
Parker, Discourse, xxii.
45
See Prose Works, 1:85; and discussion of Marvellās strategy by Nicholas von Maltzahn, āAdversarial
Marvellā, in Derek Hirst and Steven N. Zwicker, eds., The Cambridge Companion to Andrew Marvell
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 184ā7.
46
Prose Works, 1:43.
47
Prose Works, 1:69.
17. Raylor: Andrew Marvell
16
it is not reading Histories, or Plays, or Gazets, nor going a Pilgrimage to
Geneva, nor learning French and Italian, nor passing the Alps, nor being a
cunning Gamester that can qualifie a man to discourse of Conscience and
Ecclesiastical Policy.52
His own play for gentlemanly credibility having been exposed and bested, Parker
dismisses such qualities as trivial irrelevances and shifts his defense to the safer
ground of clerical authority ā before launching upon an ill-advised attempt to beat
Marvell at his own game.
We can, in sum, detect the impact of Marvellās experience as a traveling tutor
in several aspects of his writing. But it is not in such textual traces that I believe
its greatest impact should be identified. An understanding of the role of traveling
tutor and the opportunities it presented allows us to envisage an alternate path for
Marvell: a path that he might, looking around and watching others make their way
in the world, have envisaged for himself. It allows us to imagine him as the successful
public figure he never quite became: a high-powered diplomat, a leading minister
of state; an Ascham or a Williamson. As the approval of Milton and Hartlib suggests,
this was no idle fantasy. And to see Marvellās career against this background may help
account for the acute frustration and resentment that so marks his later state satires
ā a sense of rancor and bitterness that seems to exceed the reprimand and correction
of malfeasance in court and state, and which may have animated Marvellās late pre-
occupation with stoic retirement.53
Such understanding perhaps also encourages us
to discern in the career of the parliamentary Marvell the prototype of that familiar
modern figure: the disgruntled back-bencher, hopes dashed on some private indis-
cretion or political misstep, whiling away his days in the house, seething with griev-
ance, an inexhaustible fount of malicious gossip and damaging leaks.
Competing Interests
The author has no competing interests to declare.
52
Samuel Parker, A Reproof of the Rehearsal Transprosād (London, 1673). A2r.
53
See, for example, his translation from Senecaās Thyestes, and commentary in Smith, Poems, 190ā1.
18. Raylor: Andrew Marvell 17
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