This document discusses water availability and productivity in the Andes region. It provides context on the challenges of water resources in the mountainous, transnational Andes. It then presents various methods and results of analyzing water availability and productivity at different spatial scales. Key findings include high water availability in the northern and eastern Andes, areas of current water deficit, the influence of dams on water storage and use, impacts of climate variability and change on hydrology, and relationships between water availability/climate factors and agricultural productivity. Uncertainties in data and models are also discussed. The document advocates for more hydrological data and modeling to better understand the complex water systems in the Andes under a changing climate and increasing human impacts.
This document discusses water availability and productivity in the Andes region. It provides context on the heterogeneous nature of the Andes basin and competing demands on land and water resources. It then summarizes baseline data on land use, GDP, irrigation and protected areas. Several key methods are discussed for analyzing water availability, including rainfall and evapotranspiration modeling. Results show areas of water deficit and surplus. Methods for analyzing water productivity through dry matter production are also summarized. The impacts of climate change, land use change, and protected areas on water resources are assessed through modeling.
The document discusses the human impacts on water quality globally and in the Andean region from agricultural, industrial, and urban activities. It notes that land use change affects hydrological processes and downstream water users. Payment for ecosystem services schemes are one way upstream land managers can be paid to provide hydrological services like water quantity, flow regulation, and quality to downstream beneficiaries. However, spatial water quality data and models are less developed than those for water quantity and flow regulation. The document then provides methods to quantify the hydrological value of protected areas and model the human footprint on water supplies to urban areas.
Drought is characterized by a deficit in moisture supply over a period of time, resulting in less than normal availability of water. It can be classified as meteorological, hydrological, or agricultural drought depending on whether it is defined based on rainfall, streamflow and reservoir levels, or soil moisture and crop impacts. Some consequences of drought include reduced agricultural production, impacts on hydropower generation and regional economies, and reduced water quality. Drought management strategies include early warning systems, monitoring, assessment, proper soil and water conservation practices, irrigation scheduling, cropping pattern changes, inter-basin water transfers, groundwater development, and water harvesting techniques.
- Seven of nine watersheds studied in the Peruvian Andes have crossed a critical threshold where dry season river discharge is decreasing due to diminished glacier meltwater.
- Households near glacial rivers have reported negative impacts on their livelihoods from climate change effects like more extreme weather, shifting water variability, and declining water supplies in the dry season.
- As glaciers recede in the region, political and resource conflicts are emerging around competing demands for scarce water between urban, agricultural, hydroelectric, and local uses - tensions that are expected to increase as environmental and social impacts intensify over coming decades.
This document summarizes a conference on the topic of "Rainbow water: rainfall, the water cycle, forests and trees". It includes the conference schedule with different blocks and presentations on topics like precipitation patterns, the role of trees in climate variability and change, climate policy, and linking emerging science to policy actions. It also includes diagrams on topics like the holistic forest and tree view of the world, vegetation effects on rainfall, and the relationship between global climate models and local hydrology models.
This document discusses water issues in Mexico. It summarizes that water supply and demand are uneven across regions, with the north experiencing high population and economic growth but lower renewable water. Climate change is projected to increase temperatures and decrease rainfall, exacerbating water stresses. The document outlines Mexico's commitments to climate change and identifies 10 critical topics for effective water sector adaptation to climate change impacts, including improving irrigation, sanitation, and adopting more water-efficient agricultural crops.
Water is essential for human survival and well-being and important to many sectors of the economy. However, resources are irregularly distributed in space and time, and they are under pressure due to human activity.
How can water resources be managed sustainably while meeting an ever increasing demand?
This document summarizes a study on the impacts of agricultural activities on water quality in the Dufuya wetlands in Zimbabwe. Samples of groundwater, surface runoff water, and fertilizers were collected and analyzed for pH, conductivity, calcium, nitrates, and phosphates. The results showed that pH, conductivity, calcium, nitrates and phosphates levels in water samples were within WHO guidelines. Nitrate and phosphate concentrations were low and not significantly different between water sources. While fertilizer application rates were high at 30-60 tons/hectare per year, the study found fertilizer use had no negative effects on water quality in the wetlands.
This document discusses water availability and productivity in the Andes region. It provides context on the heterogeneous nature of the Andes basin and competing demands on land and water resources. It then summarizes baseline data on land use, GDP, irrigation and protected areas. Several key methods are discussed for analyzing water availability, including rainfall and evapotranspiration modeling. Results show areas of water deficit and surplus. Methods for analyzing water productivity through dry matter production are also summarized. The impacts of climate change, land use change, and protected areas on water resources are assessed through modeling.
The document discusses the human impacts on water quality globally and in the Andean region from agricultural, industrial, and urban activities. It notes that land use change affects hydrological processes and downstream water users. Payment for ecosystem services schemes are one way upstream land managers can be paid to provide hydrological services like water quantity, flow regulation, and quality to downstream beneficiaries. However, spatial water quality data and models are less developed than those for water quantity and flow regulation. The document then provides methods to quantify the hydrological value of protected areas and model the human footprint on water supplies to urban areas.
Drought is characterized by a deficit in moisture supply over a period of time, resulting in less than normal availability of water. It can be classified as meteorological, hydrological, or agricultural drought depending on whether it is defined based on rainfall, streamflow and reservoir levels, or soil moisture and crop impacts. Some consequences of drought include reduced agricultural production, impacts on hydropower generation and regional economies, and reduced water quality. Drought management strategies include early warning systems, monitoring, assessment, proper soil and water conservation practices, irrigation scheduling, cropping pattern changes, inter-basin water transfers, groundwater development, and water harvesting techniques.
- Seven of nine watersheds studied in the Peruvian Andes have crossed a critical threshold where dry season river discharge is decreasing due to diminished glacier meltwater.
- Households near glacial rivers have reported negative impacts on their livelihoods from climate change effects like more extreme weather, shifting water variability, and declining water supplies in the dry season.
- As glaciers recede in the region, political and resource conflicts are emerging around competing demands for scarce water between urban, agricultural, hydroelectric, and local uses - tensions that are expected to increase as environmental and social impacts intensify over coming decades.
This document summarizes a conference on the topic of "Rainbow water: rainfall, the water cycle, forests and trees". It includes the conference schedule with different blocks and presentations on topics like precipitation patterns, the role of trees in climate variability and change, climate policy, and linking emerging science to policy actions. It also includes diagrams on topics like the holistic forest and tree view of the world, vegetation effects on rainfall, and the relationship between global climate models and local hydrology models.
This document discusses water issues in Mexico. It summarizes that water supply and demand are uneven across regions, with the north experiencing high population and economic growth but lower renewable water. Climate change is projected to increase temperatures and decrease rainfall, exacerbating water stresses. The document outlines Mexico's commitments to climate change and identifies 10 critical topics for effective water sector adaptation to climate change impacts, including improving irrigation, sanitation, and adopting more water-efficient agricultural crops.
Water is essential for human survival and well-being and important to many sectors of the economy. However, resources are irregularly distributed in space and time, and they are under pressure due to human activity.
How can water resources be managed sustainably while meeting an ever increasing demand?
This document summarizes a study on the impacts of agricultural activities on water quality in the Dufuya wetlands in Zimbabwe. Samples of groundwater, surface runoff water, and fertilizers were collected and analyzed for pH, conductivity, calcium, nitrates, and phosphates. The results showed that pH, conductivity, calcium, nitrates and phosphates levels in water samples were within WHO guidelines. Nitrate and phosphate concentrations were low and not significantly different between water sources. While fertilizer application rates were high at 30-60 tons/hectare per year, the study found fertilizer use had no negative effects on water quality in the wetlands.
- Bangladesh contains around 50% wetlands which play a crucial ecological role but are threatened by climate change and human activities.
- Climate change is causing sea level rise, droughts, floods, erosion and other extreme weather that endangers wetlands and biodiversity.
- Conservation approaches are needed that recognize how climate change may impact wetlands and their ability to help adapt to and mitigate climate change.
Drought is a temporary condition caused by deficient precipitation that can adversely impact crop growth and yields. It is distinguished from aridity, which is a permanent climatic feature. Drought can be classified based on duration, such as permanent, seasonal, or contingent droughts. It can also be classified based on timing of occurrence, such as early-season, mid-season, or late-season drought. Drought impacts crop production by altering water relations and photosynthesis, inducing anatomical changes, and affecting metabolic reactions, hormone activity, nutrition, growth, and yields. Crops can adapt to drought conditions by escaping drought through short life cycles or exhibiting drought resistance through structural or functional modifications.
Climate Change Challenges in Transboundary River Water Resources Management p...Global Water Partnership
Clim - Presentation Transcript
1.CLIMATE CHANGE CHALLENGES IN TRANSBOUNDARY RIVER WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Dr Mohamed AIT KADI GWP/Technical Committee Chair MRC International Conference 2-3 April 2010, Hua Hin, Thailand
Overview of Mekong ARCC Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for the Lo...Mekong ARCC
This document provides an overview of the objectives and methodology for a climate change impact and adaptation study on natural and agricultural systems in the Mekong River Basin. The study aims to identify climate change impacts and vulnerabilities, define adaptation strategies, and communicate results. Key aspects of the methodology include taking an ecosystem approach, identifying climate change hotspots, analyzing shifts in climate zones, ecosystems and farming systems, and assessing vulnerability through factors like exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. Impacts on water resources, food security, livelihoods and biodiversity will be evaluated.
Climate change impacts in the Greater Mekong regionWWF
The document discusses how climate change is already impacting the Greater Mekong region through rising temperatures, increasing rainfall, and sea level rise. Key points:
- The region has warmed 0.5-1.5°C in the past 50 years and is expected to warm 2-4°C more by 2100.
- Total annual rainfall is projected to increase 5-50% across the region, except in the Mekong Delta where it may decrease 15%.
- Heavier storms are expected during wet seasons while dry seasons become drier.
- Rising sea levels threaten coastal communities and ecosystems in the region. Even small increases can have large impacts due to low-lying deltas.
Wastewater Treatment Trends in the 21st Century - George Tchobanoglous, Unive...marcus evans Network
George Tchobanoglous, University of California, Davis - Speaker at the marcus evans Water & Wastewater Management Summit, held in Summerlin, NV, May 3-4, 2012, delivered his presentation on Wastewater Treatment Trends in the 21st Century
Water supply, use, and management lecture ppt_ch21Tanya Joshi
Global water shortage is linked to food supply. Only 1% of water is available for human and agricultural use, with 97% located in oceans and 2% in ice. Various methods can conserve water usage in agriculture, domestic, and industrial uses, such as improved irrigation techniques, low-flow fixtures, and water recycling. Sustainable water management aims to allow societies to prosper indefinitely without degrading water resources.
This document summarizes a paper analyzing land subsidence due to groundwater and oil/gas extraction in the greater Houston area. It divides the area into 5 cases and discusses the key factors contributing to subsidence in each region, such as the presence of oil/gas fields, population density, and regulatory policies. Subsidence rates vary significantly between regions, from only 1.5 feet in Case 1 to over 5 feet in Case 5. Many policies have been implemented since the 1970s to limit groundwater use and mitigate subsidence, including the establishment of subsidence districts and requirements for groundwater extraction to not exceed a percentage of total water demand.
This document provides an overview of the Murray Darling Basin in Australia, including:
1. The basin covers several states and territories and is home to over 2 million people, producing over 40% of Australia's agricultural produce.
2. Water policy in the basin has evolved over time from a focus on development and irrigation to more sustainable limits on water usage and protecting environmental flows, as outlined in the recent Basin Plan.
3. The Basin Plan aims to balance social, economic and environmental objectives through sustainable diversion limits, water trading rules, and environmental watering plans while considering the best available science.
New Zealand Rain Garden Information GuideSotirakou964
This document discusses rain gardens, which are landscaped areas designed to absorb and filter rainwater runoff from roofs and other impermeable surfaces before it enters storm drains. Rain gardens slow water flow and allow pollutants to be filtered from runoff through plants and soil. They provide a natural and low-cost way to protect water quality in streams and beaches while also creating attractive garden features suited to intermittent wet and dry conditions. The document highlights examples of award-winning rain garden designs that incorporate water collection and storage elements.
On November 11, Typhoon Ulysses (international name: Typhoon Vamco) made landfall in the Philippines and caused widespread damage to eight provinces in the island group of Luzon. The most notable flooding events were in Marikina City in Metro Manila, adjacent Rizal province, and in Region 2 or Cagayan Valley in northeastern Luzon. This study analyzes the flooding events in these localities to identify key factors and how to mitigate risk. Four main determinants stand out: (1) the degradation of natural watersheds (2) the marginalization of the poor that render them vulnerable and exposed to disasters, (3) stop-gap solutions that do not address the roots of our disaster vulnerability, and (4) that the national government remains unprepared for disaster. Policy priorities among other reforms are recommended based on this assessment.
Anjal Prakash - Dhaka Dialogue, August 21, 2013SaciWATERs
1) The document discusses a workshop on transnational policy dialogue for improved water governance of the Brahmaputra River between India, China, and Bangladesh.
2) It provides background on the Brahmaputra River basin, including the countries it flows through and key facts about utilization and issues in each area.
3) The major issues and concerns discussed include unstable physiography exacerbated by climate change, water sharing disputes between countries, lack of basin management and cooperation, and the need for improved regional collaboration and data sharing.
This study monitored seven sites along the Cache la Poudre River before and after the 2012 High Park and Hewlett Gulch wildfires and the 2013 flood to understand their impacts. Sediment levels, channel geometry, and aquatic insect communities were analyzed quarterly. The objectives were to quantify fine sediment accumulation and removal, link aquatic insects to sediment levels, and inform management. While local impacts occurred, high flows from the 2013 flood helped flush fire-released sediments through the system and the river demonstrated resilience.
This document discusses challenges related to water resource management in Kenya, including deforestation, soil erosion, water scarcity, pollution, and conflicts over water usage. It notes issues such as the lack of water during dry seasons, encroachment into wetlands, inappropriate water utilization, and poor management of springs. The goal of integrated water resource management (IWRM) planning is outlined as changing lives by addressing priority water problems through a basin planning approach that takes all water-related activities and developments into account to achieve sustainable use. Opportunities for IWRM include managing watershed resources like agriculture land, wetlands, and forests.
Albuquerque, New Mexico Rainwater Harvesting ManualD6Z
This document provides a guide for rainwater harvesting systems in Albuquerque, New Mexico. It discusses simple rainwater harvesting systems that consist of a catchment area, distribution system, and landscape holding area. The guide describes how to design and construct simple systems, including using roofing as a catchment, gutters and downspouts as a distribution system, and depressed planting beds as holding areas. It emphasizes using native and drought-tolerant plants suited to intermittent water supplies.
This document discusses hydro-meteorology and its importance for sustainable development in the Caribbean region. It notes that the Caribbean faces significant climate-related risks that challenge sustainable development goals. Timely hydro-meteorological information is essential for livelihoods and reducing uncertainties around future weather and climate. Examples are provided of how hydro-meteorology supports water resources management and agriculture/food security. The severe 2009-2010 drought is discussed as an example of the impacts that lack of early warning and monitoring can have.
Klingbeil, R., 2012. Water Management Challenges Under Drought Conditions. Presentation at the "Consensus Building and Awareness Workshop, Iraq Drought Risk Management Project", joint workshop of GoI, UNDP, UNESCO and UN ESCWA, 26-28 Mar 2012, Beirut, Lebanon.
Waterfall, patricia h. (universidad de arizona) harvesting rainwaterPlan Huerta
This document provides guidance on harvesting rainwater for landscape use. It discusses the components of a rainwater harvesting system, including the water supply (rainfall), plant water demands, and the system to move water. Simple systems can direct roof runoff to landscaped areas using gutters, downspouts and berms. Proper plant selection and constructing basins and swales can maximize water storage and direct runoff. Regular maintenance is needed to keep the system functioning well.
The document discusses using video email marketing to promote businesses. It explains how video email allows businesses to combine the benefits of TV advertising like sight, sound and motion with the cost efficiency of direct marketing. Customers can watch the video message and interact with embedded links. The service has a large nationwide reach and ability to target specific geographic areas or industries. It provides examples of how video emails can be used and outlines the process for businesses to create and distribute their own video email marketing campaigns.
Henk van Schaik - Water and Climate Change, Bridging Gapstasstie
The document discusses climate change and its impacts on water resources and management. It summarizes a presentation given by Henk van Schaik on climate change adaptation strategies. Some key points include:
- Climate change is one of the most fundamental challenges facing humanity and impacts water resources through changes in precipitation patterns and runoff.
- Adaptation is key given the uncertainties in climate projections. Strategies should focus on no-regret measures like improving water use efficiency and storage.
- Information gaps exist around hydrological data and understanding local impacts. Capacity building is needed, as well as technology transfer and additional funding to support adaptation.
- Countries need to develop adaptation plans tailored to local hotspots like ar
Cecilia Oman - SCIENTIFIC CAPACITY STRENGTHENING FOR WATER RESOURCES MANAGEME...tasstie
This document discusses strengthening scientific capacity for water resources management in developing countries facing climate change. It summarizes that developing countries lack capacity to cope with climate impacts and need to build infrastructure. Scientific capacity can be strengthened through well-defined programs involving local stakeholders, appropriate technology, and financial mechanisms with monitoring and evaluation.
- Bangladesh contains around 50% wetlands which play a crucial ecological role but are threatened by climate change and human activities.
- Climate change is causing sea level rise, droughts, floods, erosion and other extreme weather that endangers wetlands and biodiversity.
- Conservation approaches are needed that recognize how climate change may impact wetlands and their ability to help adapt to and mitigate climate change.
Drought is a temporary condition caused by deficient precipitation that can adversely impact crop growth and yields. It is distinguished from aridity, which is a permanent climatic feature. Drought can be classified based on duration, such as permanent, seasonal, or contingent droughts. It can also be classified based on timing of occurrence, such as early-season, mid-season, or late-season drought. Drought impacts crop production by altering water relations and photosynthesis, inducing anatomical changes, and affecting metabolic reactions, hormone activity, nutrition, growth, and yields. Crops can adapt to drought conditions by escaping drought through short life cycles or exhibiting drought resistance through structural or functional modifications.
Climate Change Challenges in Transboundary River Water Resources Management p...Global Water Partnership
Clim - Presentation Transcript
1.CLIMATE CHANGE CHALLENGES IN TRANSBOUNDARY RIVER WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Dr Mohamed AIT KADI GWP/Technical Committee Chair MRC International Conference 2-3 April 2010, Hua Hin, Thailand
Overview of Mekong ARCC Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for the Lo...Mekong ARCC
This document provides an overview of the objectives and methodology for a climate change impact and adaptation study on natural and agricultural systems in the Mekong River Basin. The study aims to identify climate change impacts and vulnerabilities, define adaptation strategies, and communicate results. Key aspects of the methodology include taking an ecosystem approach, identifying climate change hotspots, analyzing shifts in climate zones, ecosystems and farming systems, and assessing vulnerability through factors like exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. Impacts on water resources, food security, livelihoods and biodiversity will be evaluated.
Climate change impacts in the Greater Mekong regionWWF
The document discusses how climate change is already impacting the Greater Mekong region through rising temperatures, increasing rainfall, and sea level rise. Key points:
- The region has warmed 0.5-1.5°C in the past 50 years and is expected to warm 2-4°C more by 2100.
- Total annual rainfall is projected to increase 5-50% across the region, except in the Mekong Delta where it may decrease 15%.
- Heavier storms are expected during wet seasons while dry seasons become drier.
- Rising sea levels threaten coastal communities and ecosystems in the region. Even small increases can have large impacts due to low-lying deltas.
Wastewater Treatment Trends in the 21st Century - George Tchobanoglous, Unive...marcus evans Network
George Tchobanoglous, University of California, Davis - Speaker at the marcus evans Water & Wastewater Management Summit, held in Summerlin, NV, May 3-4, 2012, delivered his presentation on Wastewater Treatment Trends in the 21st Century
Water supply, use, and management lecture ppt_ch21Tanya Joshi
Global water shortage is linked to food supply. Only 1% of water is available for human and agricultural use, with 97% located in oceans and 2% in ice. Various methods can conserve water usage in agriculture, domestic, and industrial uses, such as improved irrigation techniques, low-flow fixtures, and water recycling. Sustainable water management aims to allow societies to prosper indefinitely without degrading water resources.
This document summarizes a paper analyzing land subsidence due to groundwater and oil/gas extraction in the greater Houston area. It divides the area into 5 cases and discusses the key factors contributing to subsidence in each region, such as the presence of oil/gas fields, population density, and regulatory policies. Subsidence rates vary significantly between regions, from only 1.5 feet in Case 1 to over 5 feet in Case 5. Many policies have been implemented since the 1970s to limit groundwater use and mitigate subsidence, including the establishment of subsidence districts and requirements for groundwater extraction to not exceed a percentage of total water demand.
This document provides an overview of the Murray Darling Basin in Australia, including:
1. The basin covers several states and territories and is home to over 2 million people, producing over 40% of Australia's agricultural produce.
2. Water policy in the basin has evolved over time from a focus on development and irrigation to more sustainable limits on water usage and protecting environmental flows, as outlined in the recent Basin Plan.
3. The Basin Plan aims to balance social, economic and environmental objectives through sustainable diversion limits, water trading rules, and environmental watering plans while considering the best available science.
New Zealand Rain Garden Information GuideSotirakou964
This document discusses rain gardens, which are landscaped areas designed to absorb and filter rainwater runoff from roofs and other impermeable surfaces before it enters storm drains. Rain gardens slow water flow and allow pollutants to be filtered from runoff through plants and soil. They provide a natural and low-cost way to protect water quality in streams and beaches while also creating attractive garden features suited to intermittent wet and dry conditions. The document highlights examples of award-winning rain garden designs that incorporate water collection and storage elements.
On November 11, Typhoon Ulysses (international name: Typhoon Vamco) made landfall in the Philippines and caused widespread damage to eight provinces in the island group of Luzon. The most notable flooding events were in Marikina City in Metro Manila, adjacent Rizal province, and in Region 2 or Cagayan Valley in northeastern Luzon. This study analyzes the flooding events in these localities to identify key factors and how to mitigate risk. Four main determinants stand out: (1) the degradation of natural watersheds (2) the marginalization of the poor that render them vulnerable and exposed to disasters, (3) stop-gap solutions that do not address the roots of our disaster vulnerability, and (4) that the national government remains unprepared for disaster. Policy priorities among other reforms are recommended based on this assessment.
Anjal Prakash - Dhaka Dialogue, August 21, 2013SaciWATERs
1) The document discusses a workshop on transnational policy dialogue for improved water governance of the Brahmaputra River between India, China, and Bangladesh.
2) It provides background on the Brahmaputra River basin, including the countries it flows through and key facts about utilization and issues in each area.
3) The major issues and concerns discussed include unstable physiography exacerbated by climate change, water sharing disputes between countries, lack of basin management and cooperation, and the need for improved regional collaboration and data sharing.
This study monitored seven sites along the Cache la Poudre River before and after the 2012 High Park and Hewlett Gulch wildfires and the 2013 flood to understand their impacts. Sediment levels, channel geometry, and aquatic insect communities were analyzed quarterly. The objectives were to quantify fine sediment accumulation and removal, link aquatic insects to sediment levels, and inform management. While local impacts occurred, high flows from the 2013 flood helped flush fire-released sediments through the system and the river demonstrated resilience.
This document discusses challenges related to water resource management in Kenya, including deforestation, soil erosion, water scarcity, pollution, and conflicts over water usage. It notes issues such as the lack of water during dry seasons, encroachment into wetlands, inappropriate water utilization, and poor management of springs. The goal of integrated water resource management (IWRM) planning is outlined as changing lives by addressing priority water problems through a basin planning approach that takes all water-related activities and developments into account to achieve sustainable use. Opportunities for IWRM include managing watershed resources like agriculture land, wetlands, and forests.
Albuquerque, New Mexico Rainwater Harvesting ManualD6Z
This document provides a guide for rainwater harvesting systems in Albuquerque, New Mexico. It discusses simple rainwater harvesting systems that consist of a catchment area, distribution system, and landscape holding area. The guide describes how to design and construct simple systems, including using roofing as a catchment, gutters and downspouts as a distribution system, and depressed planting beds as holding areas. It emphasizes using native and drought-tolerant plants suited to intermittent water supplies.
This document discusses hydro-meteorology and its importance for sustainable development in the Caribbean region. It notes that the Caribbean faces significant climate-related risks that challenge sustainable development goals. Timely hydro-meteorological information is essential for livelihoods and reducing uncertainties around future weather and climate. Examples are provided of how hydro-meteorology supports water resources management and agriculture/food security. The severe 2009-2010 drought is discussed as an example of the impacts that lack of early warning and monitoring can have.
Klingbeil, R., 2012. Water Management Challenges Under Drought Conditions. Presentation at the "Consensus Building and Awareness Workshop, Iraq Drought Risk Management Project", joint workshop of GoI, UNDP, UNESCO and UN ESCWA, 26-28 Mar 2012, Beirut, Lebanon.
Waterfall, patricia h. (universidad de arizona) harvesting rainwaterPlan Huerta
This document provides guidance on harvesting rainwater for landscape use. It discusses the components of a rainwater harvesting system, including the water supply (rainfall), plant water demands, and the system to move water. Simple systems can direct roof runoff to landscaped areas using gutters, downspouts and berms. Proper plant selection and constructing basins and swales can maximize water storage and direct runoff. Regular maintenance is needed to keep the system functioning well.
The document discusses using video email marketing to promote businesses. It explains how video email allows businesses to combine the benefits of TV advertising like sight, sound and motion with the cost efficiency of direct marketing. Customers can watch the video message and interact with embedded links. The service has a large nationwide reach and ability to target specific geographic areas or industries. It provides examples of how video emails can be used and outlines the process for businesses to create and distribute their own video email marketing campaigns.
Henk van Schaik - Water and Climate Change, Bridging Gapstasstie
The document discusses climate change and its impacts on water resources and management. It summarizes a presentation given by Henk van Schaik on climate change adaptation strategies. Some key points include:
- Climate change is one of the most fundamental challenges facing humanity and impacts water resources through changes in precipitation patterns and runoff.
- Adaptation is key given the uncertainties in climate projections. Strategies should focus on no-regret measures like improving water use efficiency and storage.
- Information gaps exist around hydrological data and understanding local impacts. Capacity building is needed, as well as technology transfer and additional funding to support adaptation.
- Countries need to develop adaptation plans tailored to local hotspots like ar
Cecilia Oman - SCIENTIFIC CAPACITY STRENGTHENING FOR WATER RESOURCES MANAGEME...tasstie
This document discusses strengthening scientific capacity for water resources management in developing countries facing climate change. It summarizes that developing countries lack capacity to cope with climate impacts and need to build infrastructure. Scientific capacity can be strengthened through well-defined programs involving local stakeholders, appropriate technology, and financial mechanisms with monitoring and evaluation.
The document discusses adding real-time capabilities to applications. It begins with an introduction to real-time needs in applications and challenges with existing web technologies. It then covers the history and evolution of the web from documents to more dynamic applications. Various real-time architectures and technologies are presented, including websockets and pub/sub messaging. Examples of using real-time for chat, notifications, and live updates are provided. It emphasizes separating real-time concerns from application logic and stresses the importance of testing real-time capabilities under different load scenarios.
Jorge Rubiano - Cambio climático y su impacto sobre la biodiversidadtasstie
1. El documento discute el impacto del cambio climático en la biodiversidad y la agrobiodiversidad en América Latina.
2. Explica que el clima se volverá más cálido y húmedo en general, aunque los modelos climáticos difieren en los detalles.
3. El escenario más pesimista predice un aumento de temperatura de 6-8°C y una disminución de precipitación de 200-1000 mm/año en algunas áreas.
Simon Cook - The global water and food crisistasstie
The document summarizes the global water and food crisis. It discusses how population growth and increasing demands for food and water are diminishing available water resources on a per capita basis globally. It then provides details on water availability, access, hazards, and use from analysis of 10 major river basins. Key factors influencing livelihoods and the link between water, food, and poverty in these basins include water scarcity, unequal access to water resources, vulnerability to water-related hazards like drought and flood, and generally low water productivity. The impacts of climate change on exacerbating water scarcity, access issues, and hazards are also briefly discussed. The crisis is characterized as a development crisis influenced by how water constraints development and how development
This document discusses hydroinformatics and its role in addressing climate variability. It begins by noting the increasing variability in climate and need for water management strategies that account for climate uncertainties. Hydroinformatics is then defined as the application of modeling, information and communication technologies, and computer sciences to problems of the aquatic environment. The key roles of hydroinformatics include developing better observation systems, predictive modeling tools, and methods for handling uncertainty to support decision making under climate change. Hydroinformatics aims to close the information loop between data, models, and users.
The document discusses the proper uses of semicolons, including connecting two independent clauses without a conjunction, using conjunctive adverbs after a semicolon, and separating items in a complex list. It provides examples of correcting comma splices by using semicolons and explains that a semicolon can join two independent clauses that are closely related in thought.
Jenny Laxen - Water Integrity, Gender Equity and Climate Changetasstie
The document discusses several topics related to water integrity, gender equity, and climate change. It notes that corruption in the water sector puts lives and livelihoods at risk, slows development, and disproportionately affects the poor. It also discusses the costs of corruption, including waste of resources and failure to lead by example. The document argues that billions of dollars of new climate change-related investments will be at high risk of corruption. It advocates for integrating anti-corruption platforms into policy agendas and streamlining corruption and environment policies. Finally, it describes the Water Integrity Network's efforts to bring together actors in the water sector and anti-corruption movement.
The document discusses Git and GitHub. It describes Git as a distributed version control system that allows multiple computers to work on versions of files simultaneously and merge changes. GitHub is a hosting service for Git repositories that allows for collaboration through features like forking repositories and creating pull requests. The document provides an overview of common Git commands and workflows, such as committing, branching, merging, and pushing changes to a remote repository.
The document discusses subject-verb agreement rules in English sentences. It covers singular and plural subjects, compound subjects joined by "and" or "or", indefinite pronouns, collective nouns, sentences beginning with "here" or "there", words ending in "s", units of measurement, and titles. Examples are provided to illustrate the rules around identifying the subject and determining if the verb should be singular or plural.
The document discusses avoiding run-on sentences and provides examples. A run-on sentence incorrectly connects two independent clauses. There are three main ways to fix a run-on sentence: using a period to separate into two sentences; using a comma plus a conjunction; or using a semicolon. The document also identifies three common situations that can result in run-on sentences and provides revisions to correct examples.
Este documento describe el modelo Doctrine para gestionar bases de datos en aplicaciones Symfony. Explica los componentes clave de Doctrine como el ORM para mapear objetos a tablas de base de datos, el DBAL para abstraer la capa de acceso a datos, y los repositorios para realizar consultas de forma uniforme. También cubre conceptos como entidades, queries, migraciones y más.
Integrando React.js en aplicaciones Symfony (deSymfony 2016)Ignacio Martín
Introducción a React.js + técnicas y conceptos útiles, como aplicaciones universales (isomórficas) o cómo usar json schema para facilitarnos la vida al trabajar con formularios.
This document discusses the proper use of quotation marks in writing. It notes that quotation marks are used to:
1. Enclose direct quotations from speakers or writers.
2. Set off the titles of short works like articles, stories, poems and songs.
It provides examples of how to punctuate quotes and capitalize words within quotes. It also explains that italics or underlining should be used for titles of longer works.
Symfony & Javascript. Combining the best of two worldsIgnacio Martín
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Similar to Mark Mulligan: Water availability and Productivity in the Andes Region (20)
Drivers in the Andes. Por De Bievre, Saravia y Acosta
Mark Mulligan: Water availability and Productivity in the Andes Region
1. Water availability and Productivity in the
Andes Region
Mark Mulligan, King’s College London
mark.mulligan@kcl.ac.uk
and the BFPANDES team : Condesan, CIAT, National University, Colombia
mark.mulligan@kcl.ac.uk
[30 mins]
DATA AND MODELS AVAILABLE AT:
www.policysupport.org/links/aguaandes and www.kcl.ac.uk/geodata
2. Water in the Andes ‘basin’ (all basins above 500 masl) and the key
CPWF sub-basins
Context:
1. Not a single basin!
2. All mountains
3. Transnational, globally important
4. Heterogeneous (hyper humid to hyper
arid)
5. Steep slopes, competing demands on
land use
6. Environmentally sensitive
7. Hydropower is important
8. Complex water legislation
9. Climate change
10. Industrial and extractive impacts on
water quality
3. Andes : baseline
FAO Percentage of Area sum GDP for 1990
Ramankutty Ramankutty CIESIN WCPA WDPA land areas irrigated (millions USD/yr)
CIESIN
1. Much pasture and cropland, especially in the N and W
2. Large urban areas throughout but especially in the N
3. Complex network of large and globally important protected areas
4. Significant irrigated agriculture especially in coastal Peru and the drier parts of
Ecuador and Colombia
5. Highest GDPs concentrated around urban centres, large rural areas with low
GDP
4. WP 2 : Water availability : Methods
1. Whole-Andes analysis of water availability at 1km spatial resolution using
the FIESTA delivery model (http://www.ambiotek.com/fiesta) and long
term climatologies from WORLDCLIM (1950-) and TRMM (1996-). Per
capita supply and demand estimated.
2. Analysis of potential impacts of historic and projected land use change
(results not presented – see www.bfpandes.org).
3. Analysis of potential impacts of multiple-model, multiple scenario climate
change and assessment of hydrologically sensitive areas.
4. Understanding of uncertainty and sensitivity to change.
5. Detailed hydrological modelling for smaller areas using AguAAndes Policy
support system (PSS) (results not presented – see www.bfpandes.org).
6. Issues of water access discussed in other presentations
5. Rainfall : falling at the
first hurdle.
Total annual rainfall
(mm)
TRMM>
<WorldClim
trmm
wclim
1. Hyper humid in the N and E.
2. At these scales there is uncertainty even in the fundamentals such as rainfall
inputs (especially because of complex topography/wind driven rain).
6. Wind-driven rainfall is very heterogeneous in a
mountainous environment – even at the scale of individual slopes...
CQ
See at www.ambiotek.com/fiesta (Google Earth viewer required)
7. ...but even in the Andes rainfall stations are sparsely distributed....
Precipitation stations used by WorldClim in Peru
and Bolivia
8. WorldClim precipitation stations in central Peru
interpolation
points
The points are transparent and an image lies beneath, but what image?
If we cannot understand the distribution of rainfall how are we to understand water resources?
Development agencies please note : there is still a lot of hydrological science we do not know
(including where the rain falls). Sound decisions need sound data.
9. Potential Evapo-transpiration (mm/yr) Water balance (mm/yr) [worldclim]
Water balance is
dominated by the
rainfall, which can be an
order of
Magnitude > PET
Makes it Important to
know the rainfall!
Hyper-humid in the N
and E to hyper-arid in
the SW
10. Per capita water balance
CIESIN
Per capita water availability is high throughout the N and W.
Availability ≠ access
Some low spots at densely populated urban centres.
Lowest in coastal Peru, Chile, Bolivia and Argentina.
11. Water demand vs. supply
- =
Annual water supply (m3)
- Annual water demand
(m3)
= Annual water surplus/deficit
(m3)
Agricultural demand (green water) is accounted for in the ET/water balance calculation.
Industrial demand highly localised. Domestic demand estimated here from mean p.c. water use and
population density. Deficits in the S.
12. Areas of current water deficit (demand>supply)
Line of water deficit
Water deficits (millions of m3 annually)
13. Water storage and use: dams in the Andes
Dams : points in the landscape at which
water=productivity
Andes : 174 large dams
10.5% of land area drains into a dam Catchments of
Andean dams
Accessing around 20% of streamflow
At least 100 km3 of water storage capacity
At least 20,000 MW HEP capacity
Also used for drinking water, irrigation and
industrial purposes (100 million people)
20% of the Andean population lives
upstream of dams – importance of careful
land management
See presentation of Leo Saenz for detail
14. Impacts on water availability I
Water quality
Parts of the Andes have a lot of water but not all water is usable because of:
1. Lack of access
2. Lack of storage
3. Water quality is not fit for purpose
15. Point sources can have a direct influence on downstream users
% of water in streams that fell as rain
on a mine:
1. There are a lot of mines in the Andes
and there will be more
2. Mines can have significant
downstream impacts so need careful
management and planning.
16. % of water that is human impacted
Human activities (agriculture,
roads, mining, oil and gas and
urban areas influence
downstream water quality.
Likely reflected in higher
sediment loads, organic and
inorganic contaminants, incl.
pesticides and fertiliser etc.
Influence decays downstream by
dilution of human influenced
water with runoff from less
influenced areas.
Maps potential quality of water,
usually poor around people!
See: Wednesday 11th 4:40 - 5:10 pm en el Bloque 4 session:
Manejo del Agua en Zonas Urbanas
17. Impacts on water availability II
Climate variability and change
Climate has always changed and will continue to do so.
But we do not know what the future holds, how can we understand
the water resource implications?
...use our best guess. A general circulation model (GCM) projection of
future climate.
18. But these are highly uncertain because there is a lot about the
climate we just do not know?
How can we reduce uncertainty?
Use many models and see what they agree and
disagree on and indeed if there is any consensus:
19. Mean change and uncertainty (s.d.) of 17 GCMs
Warming and wetting for the Andes.
Greatest T uncertainty at high latitudes, coastal and Amazon margins
Rainfall change highly certain
20. Temperature : seasonality of change : mean of 17 models
J F M A M J
J A S O N D
Monthly temperature change to 2050s (°C)
Greatest increase in S Andes and in in J,J,A,S
21. Rainfall seasonality of change : mean of 17 models
J F M A M J
J A S O N D
Monthly precipitation change to 2050s (mm)
Mostly even seasonal distribution of change.
Therefore, no major negative changes in seasonal deficits likely
22. So what will happen?
1. Who knows?
2. It will be warmer and wetter
3. Mean of 17 models warming is highest in the S Andes
4. Mean of 17 models wetting is highest in the W and S coastal
Andes
5. Uncertainty in temperature change is low in the Andes (the
models agree) [but is much greater in the Amazon]
6. Uncertainty in rainfall is greatest in the areas of highest rainfall
7. Seasonality of change is high for temperature and low for
rainfall
What will be the hydrological impacts? Methods
1. Use monthly anomalies (deltas) (mean of 17 models) to force
FIESTA hydrological model at Andes scale
2. Look into implications for evapo-transpiration and water
balance
23. Regional scale hydrological impact
4 mm/yr loss 100-300 mm/yr gain
Mean annual temperature Mean annual precipitation Mean annual evapo- Mean annual water balance
change to 2050s (°C) change to 2050s (mm) transpiration change to change to 2050s (mm)
2050s (mm)
Temperature and rainfall will increase and this drives up evapo-transpiration.
But, the balance between increased evapo-transpiration and increased rainfall
tends towards more available water (water balance increases)
24. ??Uncertainty??
Remember the Mona Lisa?
We cannot even measure rainfall properly at the Andean scale
and the systems that determine access and productivity of water
are much more complex than just rainfall.
How do we deal with this complexity and uncertainty?
1. We change the question from what will the future be like and how
will that affect system A? to how much change can system A stand –
look at system sensitivity?
2. We run with multiple datasets and multiple parameters to
understand the levels of uncertainty.
3. Instead of providing answers, we tie data and knowledge into a
system for providing answers (a PSS) that can be applied to
geographically and sectorally specific questions.
25. Sensitivity to change
Runoff sensitivity to tree cover Runoff sensitivity to Runoff sensitivity to
change (% change in runoff precipitation change (% temperature change (%
per % change in tree cover) change in runoff per % change change in runoff per % change
in precipitation) in precipitation)
26. The AGUAANDES POLICY SUPPORT SYSTEM
-Online (web service)
-All data supplied (1km or 1 Ha.)
-Detailed and easy to use PSS
SimTerra : the most -Bilingual
detailed global -Testable climate and land use scenarios
databases, tiled and policy options e.g. dam building
+
Detailed grid –based
process models
+
Tools to test
scenarios and policy
options
http://www.policysupport.org/links/aguaandes
More details and Demo BFPANDES workshop Tuesday 10-11
27. Concluding:
1. Water productivity is much more than ‘crop per drop’ and includes
productivity for energy (HEP), domestic and industrial supply and
sustaining environmental flows. Dams are clearly important.
2. Water quality is currently and will likely continue to be more of a
problem for the Andes than climate change, especially for potable water.
Requires careful legal regulation and benefit sharing mechanisms
3. Climate change will likely have a positive or neutral effect on water
quantity in the Andes but may create regulation or quality issues.
4. There is still an enormous lack of knowledge about the biophysical
components of water resources – do not consider it well known because it
is not.
Much more detail in mid-term and final reports : www.bfpandes.org
Thank you
28.
29. The “world water crisis”
1. Humans have available less
than 0.08% of all the
Earth's water.
2. Over the next two decades
our use is estimated to
increase by about 40%,
more than half of which to
is needed to grow enough
food.
3. One person in five lacks
safe drinking water now
and the situation is not
likely to get better.
Visualisation by David Tryse based on data from The 2nd UN World Water Development Report: 'Water, a shared
responsibility’ http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/wwdr2/
30. Dry matter
Results : water productivity
production
(Kg/Ha./yr)
[without trees]
A coarse scale (1km) estimate
of broad differences in
productivity, not an estimate
of yield.
31. Dry matter
production
DMP (in kg/ha/yr)
<Averaged in
500m elev. bands
Averaged by
Catchment>
By elevation : lowest elevations have highest productivity.
By catchment : Colombian and Ecuadorian Andean catchments have highest
productivity along with Eastern foothill catchments in the South.
32. DMP (kg/ha/yr) by land use [trees excluded]
Dry matter productivity Dry matter productivity Dry matter productivity
(kg/ha/yr), for pasture (kg/ha/yr), for irrigated (kg/ha/yr), for cropland
cropland
Productivity for pasture is highest in Colombia and Ecuador.
Highly productive irrigated cropland in Chile and Argentina.
Cropland also productive in E. Bolivia, lowland Argentina.
33. If we look at the entire countries, not just the Andes, then the lowlands are clearly more
productive [trees excluded]
Dry matter productivity Dry matter productivity Dry matter productivity
(kg/ha/yr) crops (kg/ha/yr) irrigated crops (kg/ha/yr) pasture
34. So what are the implications for agriculture?
Method:
Examine the current distribution of productivity from 10 years of 10-daily
remote sensing data
Look at relationships between current productivity and current climate
conditions (rainfall and temperature)
Draw implications for impacts of climate change scenaria
Ignore water quality issues (for now)
But then there are also effects of seasonality, CO2 fertilisation, nutrient
limitation, respiration, pests and diseases.... All of which change with
climate.........so we cannot give a definitive answer but rather start the process
of building a system to provide answers
35. DMP (in Dg/ha/day)
Rainfall (mm/yr)
Relationships between productivity and rainfall indicate a linear trend between 0 and 1000
mm/yr but little effect in wetter areas. So productivity may increase in drier areas that wet.
DMP (in Dg/ha/day)
Mean annual temperature (°C)
Temperature strongly increases productivity in the range 0-20 with a decline from 20-30°. So
productivity may decline in the warmest areas.
36. WP 3 : Water productivity : Methods
Water productivity : often defined as the crop per drop or yield per
unit of water use but in BFPANDES defined more broadly as the
contribution of water to human wellbeing through production of food,
energy and other goods and services
1. Whole-Andes analysis of plant production based on dry matter
production calculated from SPOT-VGT (1998-2008), masked to
exclude trees.
2. Whole Andes analysis of production per unit rainfall (crop per drop,
not shown).
3. Accurate digitisation of all dams in the Andes using Google Earth
Dams Geowiki (http://www.kcl.ac.uk/geodata)
4. Calculation of dam watersheds using HydroSHEDS and estimation of
their productivity (dams discussed in presentation by Leo Saenz)
5. Freshwater fisheries productivity (discussed in presentation by
UNAL).
37. Dams turn water into energy, urban, industrial and irrigation water
KCL GLOBAL GEOREFERENCED DAMS DATABASE
Tropics : land areas draining into dams
by: Leo Saenz
The first georeferenced global database of dams (www.kcl.ac.uk/geodata)
There are at least 29,000 large dams between 40N and 40S
23% are in South America
32% of land area between 40S and 40N drains into a dam (capturing some 24% of rainfall)
and this surface provides important environmental and ecosystem services to specific
companies if carefully managed.
Tropical montane cloudforests cover 4% of these watersheds but receive 15% of rainfall.