Andes and Latin America
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Latin America has diverse physical and human geographies influenced by natural hazards and the Andes Mountains. The Andes create distinct altitudinal zones from tropical to alpine areas that have influenced settlement and culture. Countries exhibit a range of human development levels based on metrics like income, education, and life expectancy. International issues in the region include cross-border drug trade, migration patterns influenced by economic disparities, and changing dynamics along the US-Mexico border as border security has tightened in recent decades.
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Andes and Latin America
- 1. Latin America Inter-related Physical and Human Geographies http://geographyeducation.org/regional/south-america/
- 7. General Outline • Natural Disasters • Mountains (Altitudinal Zonation) • Human Development Index (HDI) • Border Issues
- 9. 1996 Montserrat
- 11. Chilean Economy • Pacific Rim • Elongated, Andes • Southern Hemisphere
- 15. Atacama Desert • Orographic Lifting • Cold Ocean Currents
- 16. Agricultural Region-Las Pampas • Grains, Livestock • Breadbasket • Similar to Midwest in USA
- 17. Brazilian Agriculture • Coffee, Citrus, Tobacco (1st)
- 18. General Outline • Natural Disasters • Mountains (Altitudinal Zonation) • Human Development Index (HDI) • Border Issues
- 20. ALTITUDINAL ZONATION TIERRA CALIENTE (Tropical) Bananas, Cocoa, Sugar, Rice 3000’ 750 m Sea Sea Level Level
- 21. ALTITUDINAL ZONATION TIERRA TEMPLADA (Temperate) Coffee, Rice, Corn, Beans 6,500’ 1800 m 3000’ 600 m Sea Sea Level Level
- 22. ALTITUDINAL ZONATION TIERRA FRIA (Mid-latitude like) Corn, Wheat, Potato 12,000’ 3,600 m 6,500’ 2,000 m 3000’ 600 m Sea Sea Level Level
- 23. ALTITUDINAL ZONATION TIERRA HELADA (Alpine) 12,000’ Grazing, Mining 3,600 m 6,500’ 2,000 m 3000’ 600 m Sea Sea Level Level
- 24. Culture and Altitudinal Zonation Indigenous Areas Spanish settlements African Influence
- 26. The Caribbean… A carnival of abundance The Carribean… “Races of all continents have miscegenated there, cultures and customs most foreign to each other have syncretized, nature has exploited into myriads of forms, and the constant feast of color and sounds has goaded the formal carnival to paroxysm…” Gabriel García Márquez, Colombian novelist
- 27. South American Drug Trade
- 30. General Outline • Natural Disasters • Mountains (Altitudinal Zonation) • Human Development Index (HDI) • Border Issues
- 31. HDI-Levels of Human Development • Income • Life Expectancy • Literacy • Education
- 32. HDI Country HDI (2012) Mexico 57 Guatemala 131 Belize 93 El Salvador 105 Honduras 121 Nicaragua 129 Costa Rica 69 Panama 58 Columbia 88 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index
- 33. Regional Consequences • Migration – Source countries? – Destinations? • Foreign Investment – Where would you invest? • Political stability – Military power
- 35. Costa Rica
- 38. General Outline • Natural Disasters • Mountains (Altitudinal Zonation) • Human Development Index (HDI) • Border Issues
- 40. GDP PER CAPITA ALONG THE US-MEXICAN BORDER
- 41. De-Industrialization job loss in USA
- 42. NAFTA-Foreign Investment 1) Cheap labor 2) close to USA markets Maquiladoras – Foreign-owned companies
- 43. “Twin Cities”
- 46. Why drug violence on our doorstep? • Huge drug demand (2/3 of illegal global demand) • Mexico was South America’s “middle man” – NAFTA – 9/11 • Political corruption
- 48. US/Mexico Border Late 20th Century: 1 Million illegal crossings each year – (~60% Mexicans) 45% of Agricultural laborers in the US were undocumented migrants
- 49. 21st Century—limited undocumented migration http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/07/06/world/americas/immigration.html?hp
- 51. Changes in the USA • Tightened: – Border patrol/Fence – Employer laws • Loosened: • Visa requirements – Less economic disparity $6 million per mile
- 52. Changes in Mexico • Improved: – Economy – Education – Politics • Lower birth rates • Agave products
Editor's Notes
- An advertisement (Conde Nast Traveler) from 2007. When scale is not shown on a map – beware! On this map, Peru has clipped off Alaska so as not to show the Pacific Ocean at scale. The Japanese are wealthy enough to be world tourists (and they have historical connections with Peru). Their trip across the Pacific to Peru seems only as long as Europeans’ trip across the Atlantic.
- Amazon, Anacondas and Macaws
- A breadbasket, similar to American Midwest with Wheat and Livestock.
- CVC disease limits production
- No longer a “growing problem”
- A recently constructed section of the controversial US-Mexico border fence expansion project crosses previously pristine desert sands at sunrise on March 14, 2009 between Yuma, Arizona and Calexico, California. The new barrier between the US and Mexico stands 15 feet tall and sits on top of the sand so it can lifted by a machine and repositioned whenever the migrating desert dunes begin to bury it. The almost seven miles of floating fence cost about $6 million per mile to build.