Ancient Egyptians built pyramids to serve as tombs for pharaohs and other royalty. Pyramids were large stone structures housing mummified bodies and treasures. Pharaohs, as divine rulers, were the only ones with individual pyramids. Scarab beetles were revered amulets placed in mummy wrappings. Along the Nile River, the annual flood provided fertile land and crops, while the surrounding desert landscape defended Egypt from invasion.