Terminal illness and death during childhoodNEHA MALIK
A terminally ill child is a child who has no expectation of a cure for his or her disease or illness. this study material will help the medical professionals to learn more about caring for a terminally ill child.
YOUTUBE CHANNEL LINK :- https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=medic+o+mania
Current principles, practices and trends in pediatricGnana Jyothi
Evolution of pediatrics, Pediatrics in India, Evolution of Pediatric Nursing in relationship to Child health, Historical background on the care of the child, Factors influencing the care of the child.........
Terminal illness and death during childhoodNEHA MALIK
A terminally ill child is a child who has no expectation of a cure for his or her disease or illness. this study material will help the medical professionals to learn more about caring for a terminally ill child.
YOUTUBE CHANNEL LINK :- https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=medic+o+mania
Current principles, practices and trends in pediatricGnana Jyothi
Evolution of pediatrics, Pediatrics in India, Evolution of Pediatric Nursing in relationship to Child health, Historical background on the care of the child, Factors influencing the care of the child.........
Icterus neonatorum presentation for studentsNehaNupur8
Introduction
Definition
Metabolism and excretion of bilirubin
Causes
Symptoms
Types
Physiological jaundice
Pathological jaundice
Breast milk jaundice
Neo natal jaundice is a yellow discoloration of the white part of the eyes and skin in a newborn baby due to high bilirubin level.
Neo natal jaundice becomes apparent at serum bilirubin concentration of 5-7mg / dL.
Shoulder and trunk 8-10mg/dl
Lower body – 10-12mg/dl.
Entire body 12-15 mg /DL
Effect of Hospitalization on Child and Family Jyotika Abraham
Understand the effects of Hospitalization on the child who is admitted along with the siblings, parents and caregivers and the family. Also, understand the Nurses' responsibility towards the admitted child and the family. This Ppt. deals with the Nurses responsibility in detail not only towards the child but also towards the family as they are also tremendously affected by the hospitalization of their child. Understand the stress caused by child hospitalization, the defence mechanisms used by the child, the stressors of hospitalization in children of different age groups, Post hospitalization behaviour, beneficial effects of hospitalization, parental reaction, sibling reaction, informed consent for care, situations in which consent is required. Nursing management and therapeutic care, the safety of the hospitalized child, special hospital situations and discharge.
how to examine sick baby , approach to child medical examination , diagnosis of sick child , evaluation of sick baby , medical examination of children , child medical history and examination , care of children
Icterus neonatorum presentation for studentsNehaNupur8
Introduction
Definition
Metabolism and excretion of bilirubin
Causes
Symptoms
Types
Physiological jaundice
Pathological jaundice
Breast milk jaundice
Neo natal jaundice is a yellow discoloration of the white part of the eyes and skin in a newborn baby due to high bilirubin level.
Neo natal jaundice becomes apparent at serum bilirubin concentration of 5-7mg / dL.
Shoulder and trunk 8-10mg/dl
Lower body – 10-12mg/dl.
Entire body 12-15 mg /DL
Effect of Hospitalization on Child and Family Jyotika Abraham
Understand the effects of Hospitalization on the child who is admitted along with the siblings, parents and caregivers and the family. Also, understand the Nurses' responsibility towards the admitted child and the family. This Ppt. deals with the Nurses responsibility in detail not only towards the child but also towards the family as they are also tremendously affected by the hospitalization of their child. Understand the stress caused by child hospitalization, the defence mechanisms used by the child, the stressors of hospitalization in children of different age groups, Post hospitalization behaviour, beneficial effects of hospitalization, parental reaction, sibling reaction, informed consent for care, situations in which consent is required. Nursing management and therapeutic care, the safety of the hospitalized child, special hospital situations and discharge.
how to examine sick baby , approach to child medical examination , diagnosis of sick child , evaluation of sick baby , medical examination of children , child medical history and examination , care of children
COMPLETE EXAMINATION OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN PEDIATRICS. IT HAS BEEN SUMMARIZED FROM ALL WELL KNOWN 32 BOOKS UNDER GUIDANCE OF ONE OF THE BEST PEDIATRIC DOCTORS AND PROFESSORS .
BY DR. SURAJ R. DHANKIKAR.
COMPLETE EXAMINATION OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN PEDIATRICS. IT HAS BEEN SUMMARIZED FROM ALL WELL KNOWN 32 BOOKS UNDER GUIDANCE OF ONE OF THE BEST PEDIATRIC DOCTORS AND PROFESSORS .
BY DR. SURAJ R. DHANKIKAR.
Basic examination of a newborn. A primer for postgraduate medical students to understand how to examine a just-born baby. Taken from a standard book, this presentation is a summary of the entire book.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
2. • INTRODUCTION:
The pediatric intensive care unit is a place where
the management of the critically ill children takes
place. The children will range from early infancy
to adolescence. There are main anatomical and
physiological differences, which makes the
management a challenging one.
3. Anatomical and Physiological basis of a Newborn.
•Anatomy:
In newborn head is large and neck is short. This produces
the neck flexion. The face and mandible are small. Hence the
orthodontic appliances may be loose.
4. The relatively large tongue.
Infants less than 6 months old are obligate nasal
breathers.
Horse-shaped epiglottis projects posteriorly at 45
degree angle
The cricoid ring is the narrowest part of the upper
airway.
The trachea is short and soft.
• Lungs are relatively immature at birth.
• The respiratory movements are mainly
diaphragmatic. The muscles are of type 1.
5.
6. The ribs are placed more horizontally placed.
At birth, the two cardiac ventricles are of similar
weight. At birth, right ventricle dominance
occurs.
The blood volume in the infant is 70-80ml/kg,
which is very less.
7. PHYSIOLOGY:
•The increased respiratory rate in infant is attributed
relatively to greater metabolic rate and oxygen
consumption. Hence it is critically dependant on the
lung surfactant. The lung compliances increases after
one week because of removal of lung fluid.
•The infant has a small stroke volume, ie, 1.5ml/kg at
birth. The cardiac index is highest, 300ml/min/kg.
cardiac index decrease with age upto 70-80ml/min/kg.
•Myocardial response and function will be equivalent to
adult by the age of 2 years.
8. AGE RESPIRATORY RATE
< 1 30 - 40
1-2 25 - 35
2-5 25 - 30
5-12 20 – 25
>12 15 - 20
Repiratory rate by age
9. AGE HEART RATE
<1 110 - 160
1-2 110 – 160
2-5 95 - 140
5-12 80 - 120
>12 60 - 100
Heart rate by age
11. • ASSESSMENT OF SERIOUSLY ILL CHILD:
The important symptoms in seriously ill children,
particularly young infants include drowsiness,
seizure activity, excessive irritability, decreased
activity, difficulty in breathing, cold extremities,
decreased oral intake, decrease in urine output,
apnea or cyanosis and bilious vomiting. Various
clinical scoring systems relying on respiratory effort,
level of activity, color, temperature, playfulness,
quality of cry, reaction to parental stimulation and
hydration status are also available for describing the
severity of illness.
12. RESPIRATORY MONITORING:
•Anatomy and physiology of Respiratory System:
Infants are often vulnerable to infectious particularly
viral infections and other respiratory infection. This is
mainly because of the anatomical peculiarities of children.
13. ANATOMICAL PECULIARITIES:
•In infancy, the thorax is short, with the ribs running more
horizontally. The chest wall is thin, elastic and yielding and
muscles are week.
•The increase in the anterior posterior diameter of the
thorax with inspiration is limited because of horizontally
placed ribs. The infantile larynx is located at higher level
and the glottis is situated at the level of the interspace
between C3 and C4.
•The epiglottis is longer and projects backwards to a greater
degree than in older children.
•The nasal air passages are very important for newborns and
nasal obstruction may result in severe respiratory distress.
14. • The epiglottis rises during swallowing and seals off at the
soft palate, the mouth and the glottis.
• This allows air to pass from the nasal pharynx to the
trachea simultaneously to the swallowing of the milk
already lying in the lateral recess of the hypo-pharynx.
• At birth the lungs are immature. Although the bronchial
tree completes by 16 week of gestation, the number of the
alveoli continues to develop till 8 years.
• Compliance of the child’s lung is more than compared to
adult because of the immature alveolar buds and lack of
elastin.
15. • . Anatomical peculiarities of respiratory tract in children
.
Short thorax
Ribs run horizontally
Thin chest wall
Yielding muscles
Higher level of placement of larynx
Larger epiglottis
Diaphragmatic type of respiration
Newborns obligate nose breathers
16. Anatomical and physiological basis of Bronchial
Asthma:
Spasmodic cough
Dysnea with prolonged expiration
Severe cases child thrush his arm forward.
Chest is hyper reson because of excessive air
trapping.
If the obstruction is severe and persistent, the air
blow decrease markedly.
Breath sounds become soft and feeble.
17. RESPIRATORY FAILURE:
Anatomical and physiological basis:
It can be defined as the inability of the respiratory system
to maintain normal gas exchange. This may be due to lung
failure or pump failure. Its said to occur when the arterial
PCO2 is greater than 50 mm hg and arterial PO2 is less than
50mm hg when breathing air.
Causes of respiratory failure:
∫Pneumothorax
∫Pleural effusion
∫Bacterial and viral pneumonias
∫Atelectasis
18. The course of RF can be divided into 3 pathologic
stages as follows:
exudative,
proliferative, and
fibrotic.
Pulmonary mechanics
•Involvement is nonhomogeneous, with patchy and
transient airway collapse occurring primarily in dependent
portions of the lung. In these areas, functional residual
capacity (FRC) is reduced.
22. The nervous system is a complex, highly specialized network.
The nervous system controls:
Sight, hearing, taste, smell, and feeling (sensation).
Voluntary and involuntary functions, such as movement,
balance, and coordination.
The ability to think and reason. The nervous system allows
you to be conscious and have thoughts, memories, and
language.
The nervous system is divided into the brain and spinal cord
(central nervous system, or CNS) and the nerve cells that
control voluntary and involuntary movements (
peripheral nervous system, or PNS).
23. Some serious conditions, diseases, and injuries that can cause
nervous system problems include:
Blood supply problems
Injuries (trauma), especially injuries to the head and spinal
cord.
Problems that are present at birth (congenital).
Mental health problems,
Exposure to toxins, such as carbon monoxide, arsenic, or
lead.
Problems that cause a gradual loss of function
(degenerative)
Infections.
Overuse of or withdrawal from prescription and
nonprescription medicines, illegal drugs, or alcohol.
24. The sudden onset of one or more symptoms, such as:
Loss of speech, trouble talking, or trouble understanding
speech.
Numbness, tingling, weakness, or inability to move a part
or all of one side of the body
Dimness, blurring, double vision, or loss of vision in one or
both eyes.
Sudden, severe headache.
Dizziness, unsteadiness, or the inability to stand or walk,
especially if other symptoms are present.
Confusion or a change in level of consciousness or behavior.
Severe nausea or vomiting.
26. KIDNEY FAILURE:
Kidney failure, which is also called renal failure, is
when the kidneys slow down or stop properly
filtering wastes from the body, which can cause
buildups of waste products and toxic substances in
the blood. Kidney failure can be acute (which means
sudden) or chronic (occurring over time and usually
long lasting or permanent).
27. Childhood Kidney Diseases
The most common kidney diseases in children are present at
birth. They include:
•Posterior urethral valve obstruction:
•Fetal hydronephrosis:
•Polycystic kidney disease (PKD):
•Multicystic kidney disease:
•Renal tubular acidosis:
•Wilms tumor:
•Glomerulonephritis:
•Nephrotic syndrome:
28. • GASTRO-INTESTINAL SYSTEM
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract (alimentary canal) is
a continuous tube with two openings, the mouth
and the anus. It includes the mouth, pharynx,
esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large
intestine.
☻PROCESS OF DIGESTION
29. • PROBLEMS OF NEWBORN GUT:
• Normally, gas is not a problem and causes no pain or
discomfort because it is quickly and easily pushed
through the digestive system. However, babies are born
with a very immature gut. Muscles that support digestion
have not developed the proper rhythm for moving food
efficiently thought the digestive tract. Newborns lack the
benevolent bacterial flora (probiotics) that develop over
time to aid digestion.
• Gas has buoyancy and gas pockets can become trapped in
the upper and lower intestines. The gas acts like a cork,
impeding or halting the flow of gastric juices and built-up
pressure causes painful bloating and swelling of the
abdomen. Baby’s immature digestive system is unable to
cope effectively. When gas pockets form in the stomach,
this can cause the stomach to distend but is also the main
cause of hiccups.
30. The Infant is not an Anatomical Miniature of the Adult
Proportional differences exist between the young infant and the older infant,
child, and adult. These include:
•The oral cavity is small in the newborn and is totally filled by
the tongue due to a small and slightly retracted lower jaw.
•The newborn has a set of sucking pads in the cheeks which
provide stability during sucking.
•The soft palate and epiglottis are in contact at rest, providing
an additional valve at the back of the oral cavity.
•The larynx and hyoid cartilage are higher in the neck and
closer to the base of the epiglottis, providing added protection of
the airway.
•The infants eustachian tube runs horizontally from the middle
ear into the nasopharynx, rather than its later vertical angle in
the older child and adult.
31. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE CHILD WITH
SWALLOWING DYSFUNCTION
•The Absence of a Swallowing Reflex Leaves the Airway
Unprotected
If the swallowing reflex is not triggered by backward
movement of the bolus and/or intention, the airway
remains open and unprotected. The upper esophageal
sphincter remains closed, preventing food entrance into
the esophagus and indirectly biasing its movement into
the open airway.
•Delay in Elicitation of the Swallowing Reflex Places the
Airway in a Risk Position
This creates a risk of aspiration before, during, or after
the swallow has been triggered