Analysis of cyber crime bill 2016
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questions and their answer about cyber crime bill passed on 2016. what is reason of these bill? why these bill are passed? reason behind this bill.
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A study on internet libel in the philippines (2)
1) The Philippines has no specific law on internet libel, but libel committed through any "similar means" to those outlined in Article 355 could apply, including the internet.
2) For libel to apply, the statement must be defamatory, malicious, given publicly, and identify the victim. All elements must be present.
3) Service providers are generally not liable for users' content unless they have actual knowledge, receive financial benefit from unlawful acts, or directly commit infringement.
Freedom of expression & censorship in thailand
The document summarizes Thailand's freedom of expression and internet censorship policies. It notes that while the 2007 Constitution guarantees freedom of expression, the Lese Majeste and Computer Crime Act laws infringe on this right. These ambiguous laws, which carry prison sentences up to 15 years, are used to silence political opposition and result in a 100% conviction rate. The document recommends that Thailand bring these laws in line with international human rights treaties by more clearly defining crimes and lessening punishments to comply with the Constitution and honor freedom of expression.
Digital Security Act (DSA) 2018 in Bangladesh
The document discusses the Digital Security Act (DSA) of Bangladesh. It provides an overview of the intended role of the DSA to punish offenses related to illegal access of information and cybercrimes. However, it also analyzes troublesome parts of the DSA that could infringe freedom of expression and be open to abuse. These include provisions allowing blocking of online content and criminalization of speech that insults or hurts religious sentiments. The document concludes with recommendations to revise problematic sections of the DSA to align it with international human rights standards on freedom of expression.
Cybercrime law in the philippines
The document discusses protests against sections of the Philippines' Cybercrimes Prevention Act (CPA) as unconstitutional and infringing on free speech. Specifically, sections relating to online libel and aiding those who spread libelous content online are criticized as too vague and limiting of free expression. While the government maintains the law is needed to address cybercrimes, internet users and journalists argue certain sections need amendment to avoid misinterpretation and limiting legal online discourse. The Supreme Court has issued a temporary restraining order on the assailed sections until the petitions questioning them are resolved.
On the cybercrime act
The document summarizes concerns about the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 in the Philippines from the Computer Professionals' Union. It discusses how several provisions in the new law threaten freedom of speech and expression by criminalizing libel and allowing websites to be blocked without due process. It also notes how the law could negatively impact internet users and technology professionals by punishing normal computer use or repair work if they are misinterpreted as cybercrimes. Critics argue the issues cannot be addressed through an implementing regulation and call for challenging the law in court.
Digital security act (DSA)
The Digital Security Act 2018 in Bangladesh aims to curb crimes committed digitally such as spreading fake news, slander, and inciting violence. However, critics argue it could undermine media freedom and freedom of expression that are protected by the country's constitution and laws. The act allows the government to monitor digital platforms and restrict content it deems harmful or offensive. International organizations have called for reforming the laws to prevent overreach and protect civil liberties.
Cybercrime Prevention Act
This document is the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 from the Philippines. It defines cybercrime and establishes punishments for illegal computer access, data interference, system interference, misuse of devices, cyber-squatting, computer-related forgery, fraud and identity theft, cybersex, child pornography, unsolicited commercial communications, and libel committed through computer systems. It assigns the National Bureau of Investigation and Philippine National Police to enforce cybercrime laws and authorizes them to collect traffic data in real-time related to communications with a warrant. Corporations can also face liability and fines if cybercrimes are committed on their behalf.
Digital security law security of individual or government
The document discusses Bangladesh's proposed Digital Security Act 2018 and debates around balancing national security, personal security, and freedom of expression. It summarizes key sections of the proposed law that have raised human rights concerns, such as allowing searches and arrests without warrants. While cyber security aims to protect digital systems and data, the law may infringe on citizens' privacy and speech. There are calls to amend sections to ensure rights are not violated in the name of national security.
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A study on internet libel in the philippines (2)
1) The Philippines has no specific law on internet libel, but libel committed through any "similar means" to those outlined in Article 355 could apply, including the internet.
2) For libel to apply, the statement must be defamatory, malicious, given publicly, and identify the victim. All elements must be present.
3) Service providers are generally not liable for users' content unless they have actual knowledge, receive financial benefit from unlawful acts, or directly commit infringement.
Freedom of expression & censorship in thailand
The document summarizes Thailand's freedom of expression and internet censorship policies. It notes that while the 2007 Constitution guarantees freedom of expression, the Lese Majeste and Computer Crime Act laws infringe on this right. These ambiguous laws, which carry prison sentences up to 15 years, are used to silence political opposition and result in a 100% conviction rate. The document recommends that Thailand bring these laws in line with international human rights treaties by more clearly defining crimes and lessening punishments to comply with the Constitution and honor freedom of expression.
Digital Security Act (DSA) 2018 in Bangladesh
The document discusses the Digital Security Act (DSA) of Bangladesh. It provides an overview of the intended role of the DSA to punish offenses related to illegal access of information and cybercrimes. However, it also analyzes troublesome parts of the DSA that could infringe freedom of expression and be open to abuse. These include provisions allowing blocking of online content and criminalization of speech that insults or hurts religious sentiments. The document concludes with recommendations to revise problematic sections of the DSA to align it with international human rights standards on freedom of expression.
Cybercrime law in the philippines
The document discusses protests against sections of the Philippines' Cybercrimes Prevention Act (CPA) as unconstitutional and infringing on free speech. Specifically, sections relating to online libel and aiding those who spread libelous content online are criticized as too vague and limiting of free expression. While the government maintains the law is needed to address cybercrimes, internet users and journalists argue certain sections need amendment to avoid misinterpretation and limiting legal online discourse. The Supreme Court has issued a temporary restraining order on the assailed sections until the petitions questioning them are resolved.
On the cybercrime act
The document summarizes concerns about the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 in the Philippines from the Computer Professionals' Union. It discusses how several provisions in the new law threaten freedom of speech and expression by criminalizing libel and allowing websites to be blocked without due process. It also notes how the law could negatively impact internet users and technology professionals by punishing normal computer use or repair work if they are misinterpreted as cybercrimes. Critics argue the issues cannot be addressed through an implementing regulation and call for challenging the law in court.
Digital security act (DSA)
The Digital Security Act 2018 in Bangladesh aims to curb crimes committed digitally such as spreading fake news, slander, and inciting violence. However, critics argue it could undermine media freedom and freedom of expression that are protected by the country's constitution and laws. The act allows the government to monitor digital platforms and restrict content it deems harmful or offensive. International organizations have called for reforming the laws to prevent overreach and protect civil liberties.
Cybercrime Prevention Act
This document is the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 from the Philippines. It defines cybercrime and establishes punishments for illegal computer access, data interference, system interference, misuse of devices, cyber-squatting, computer-related forgery, fraud and identity theft, cybersex, child pornography, unsolicited commercial communications, and libel committed through computer systems. It assigns the National Bureau of Investigation and Philippine National Police to enforce cybercrime laws and authorizes them to collect traffic data in real-time related to communications with a warrant. Corporations can also face liability and fines if cybercrimes are committed on their behalf.
Digital security law security of individual or government
The document discusses Bangladesh's proposed Digital Security Act 2018 and debates around balancing national security, personal security, and freedom of expression. It summarizes key sections of the proposed law that have raised human rights concerns, such as allowing searches and arrests without warrants. While cyber security aims to protect digital systems and data, the law may infringe on citizens' privacy and speech. There are calls to amend sections to ensure rights are not violated in the name of national security.
Research on Digital Security Act 2018
This document provides an overview and analysis of the Digital Security Act 2018 in Bangladesh. It discusses the purpose of the act to address cybersecurity issues, the controversies around limitations to civil liberties, and an evaluation of the act's constitutionality and viability based on international guidelines. The document examines specific sections of the act that are controversial and violate constitutional rights. It provides recommendations to address these issues in both the short and long term through legislative amendments and capacity building.
Pornography act,2012 bangladesh
The Pornography Act of 2012 was enacted by the Bangladesh parliament to protect deteriorating social, ethical, and moral values due to the spread of sexual content. The act defines pornography and establishes rules and punishments related to producing, distributing, or possessing pornographic materials. It allows for the investigation of related crimes and seizure of evidence. Punishments include imprisonment of up to 10 years and fines of up to 5 lakh taka depending on the offense. The act aims to curb the proliferation of pornography in Bangladesh and set an example through convictions under the new law.
Freedom of expression & censorship in thailand
This document summarizes IFEC's findings on freedom of expression and censorship in Thailand. It notes that Thailand has harsh censorship laws that have led to accusations of human rights violations. After a 2006 coup, censorship increased, especially online, due to criticism of the king. New laws like the Computer Crime Act of 2007 and stricter enforcement of lèse-majesté further restricted expression. The document analyzes several cases where individuals received long prison sentences for insulting the royal family. It concludes by urging Thailand to reform its laws to comply with international standards and protect freedom of expression.
Hackbama Cyber Crimes Investigations
This document provides an overview of digital and cyber crimes investigations. It discusses open source intelligence (OSINT), federal and state laws related to digital evidence, examples of digital evidence in criminal cases, and questions for further discussion. The document emphasizes teamwork and knowing limitations in investigations. It cautions that the information provided is for general purposes only and not legal advice.
Cyber Crime Laws of Pakistan
The document summarizes cyber crime laws in Pakistan. It outlines several key laws related to cyber crimes, electronic transactions, telecommunications, and electronic fund transfers. The primary law is the Prevention of Electronic Crimes Ordinance of 2007, which defines various cyber crimes and corresponding penalties. The laws aim to address online criminal activities and regulate electronic transactions, telecommunications systems, and payment systems in Pakistan.
Cybercrime law legality report
This document discusses cybercrime laws in the Philippine and United States settings. In the Philippines, there are several types of cybercrimes outlined including illegal access, unauthorized interception of data, data interference, and system interference, each carrying penalties of imprisonment from 6 years to 12 years and fines. United States cybercrimes include online gambling, intellectual property theft, harassment, fraud, viruses/malware, denial of service attacks, and cyber terrorism. Cybercrimes within organizations can involve email abuse, spam, defamation, code theft, information leaks, personal data theft, unauthorized computer use, and porn/external attacks.
Onlinecrime and New Cyber Laws in Pakistan
The Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act 2016 being new cyber crimes law in Pakistan provide a comprehensive mechanism to prevent and apprehend the cyber crimes.
Cyber crime
The document discusses political issues related to cybercrime prevention. It summarizes the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 (RA#10175) which aims to prevent misuse and illegal access of computer systems and data. However, some claim the Act violates freedom of expression. The document then reviews what constitutes freedom of expression under the law and examines whether specific cybercrime offenses listed in the Act actually violate this right or harm others. It concludes the Act does not violate freedom of expression as the prohibited acts involve illegally accessing systems or harming others. The document also suggests the Act helps create an environment conducive to growth of information and communication industries in the country.
The Philippine Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012
The document is a draft bill for the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 being considered by the Senate of the Philippines. It aims to define cybercrime offenses and provide for the prevention, investigation and punishment of such offenses. Some key points covered include defining terms related to computers, computer data and systems; classifying illegal access, interception and interference with computer systems and data as cybercrime offenses; and clarifying the role of service providers in relation to interception or monitoring of communications data.
Official secrets act
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Cybersex law
The document summarizes the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 in the Philippines, which aims to address legal issues concerning online interactions such as cybersex, child pornography, and identity theft. It defines key terms and outlines penalties for offenses related to illegal access, interception of data, and other cybercrimes. Specifically, it describes how cybersex dens operate in the Philippines, with financiers, website administrators, and local operators managing the recruitment and exploitation of workers, often through human trafficking. Prior to 2012, there were gaps in laws addressing cybersex dens and adult workers, though provisions on child pornography, trafficking, and prostitution applied.
Cyer crimes and cyber laws b.v.raghunandan
This document discusses cyber laws and cyber crimes. It defines cybercrime as offenses committed against individuals or groups using modern communication networks like the internet and mobile phones to intentionally harm the victim. A broader definition is provided that a cyber crime is any offense committed using computers, the internet or electronic devices where the technology is used as a tool or target. Various types of cybercrimes are outlined like financial crimes, data theft, copyright infringement and cyber terrorism. The techniques used include hacking, phishing and malware. Characteristics of cyber crimes are discussed along with perpetrators like individuals, groups, companies and governments. India's Information Technology Act of 2000 is summarized which established cyber laws and outlined various cyber offenses and penalties. The future agenda suggested educ
Cyber security and prevention in Bangladesh
This document discusses cyber crime prevention and security in Bangladesh. It begins by defining cyberspace and some key characteristics, such as lack of geographical boundaries and digital footprints. It then defines cyber crimes and classifications like financial fraud, cyberterrorism, and computer hacking. The document outlines several laws in Bangladesh related to cyber security, including the Penal Code of 1860, Information and Communication Technology Act of 2006, Pornography Control Act of 2012, and Digital Security Act of 2018. It discusses adjudicating cyber crimes through a Cyber Tribunal and Cyber Appellate Tribunal. The conclusion emphasizes that prevention through awareness of laws is key to reducing cyber crimes.
Cybercrime law
The document outlines Republic Act No. 10175, also known as the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012, which defines and penalizes cybercrimes such as illegal access, cybersex, and libel. It establishes the Cybercrime Investigation and Coordinating Center to investigate cybercrimes and allows law enforcement to collect traffic data with a court order. The law was controversial due to introducing internet libel as an offense and was temporarily blocked by the Supreme Court.
Computer Misuse Act
The Computer Misuse Act was introduced in 1990 to address problems caused by hacking that were previously unregulated. There are three main offenses under the Act: 1) Unauthorized access to computer material, which includes accessing someone else's account without permission and carries up to 6 months in prison; 2) Unauthorized access with intent to commit a further crime, such as stealing information or money, carrying up to 5 years in prison; and 3) Unauthorized modification of computer material with intent to cause damage, including introducing viruses, also carrying up to 5 years in prison.
Internet governance
1. The document discusses issues around internet governance and filtering, noting that while the internet is a critical global resource, there are currently no enforceable international laws governing access.
2. It outlines some principles of internet governance inspired by international law, and examines how different countries justify internet filtering to uphold community standards or ensure national security.
3. The document concludes that while states have independent control over internet access within their borders, there are no meaningful external legal checks and the UN currently takes no stance on internet governance internationally.
It act cases
The document discusses three IT act cases:
1) Kent RO Systems vs Amit Kotak eBay.in, where the court ruled eBay was not responsible for verifying information of all products listed, but directed eBay to remove links to fake products.
2) Section 66A of the IT Act, which punishes sending offensive or false messages through communication services with imprisonment up to 3 years.
3) Infosys vs Akhil Gupta, a 2005 domain name trademark issue case similar to Microsoft vs Deepak Raval in 2006.
Internetregulationjapan
This document discusses web censorship and public awareness in Japan. It outlines different perspectives on what censorship means, and notes moves toward increased internet regulation in Japan around content filtering and copyright legislation. While most public surveys show support for regulating "harmful content", opposition argues that censorship could stifle innovation and leave Japan behind economically. The document concludes that awareness and literacy are important aspects of the debate around internet censorship.
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When compared with certain other jurisdictions, Sri Lankan legal framework on cyber-crimes is much effective. Yet, there is much potential for it to develop into a more effective legal framework. The chapter suggested certain measures that can be implemented to national level as well as in international level to provide for the irregularities that exist in system while giving examples from few main jurisdictions. Legal measures in order to identify existing and new offences, to provide interpretations for undefined yet commonly used terms and measures to implement lenient measures in relation to admissibility of computer evidence were suggested while social measures to increase public awareness and IT literacy and measures to provide required training expertise to investigators were also suggested. Base of ICT Law is technology. Therefore, answers to certain irregularities could also be found through technology. Thus, technical measures such as implementing national encryption policy and monitoring and surveillance system were recommended. Recommendations were proposed for the international community on how to enhance mutual legal assistance and on empowering international criminal justice system on cyber-crimes.
Computer and network surveillance
Computer and network surveillance involves monitoring computer activity, data stored on hard drives, and data transferred over networks like the Internet. This monitoring can be done covertly by governments, corporations, criminal groups, or individuals, and may or may not be legal depending on authorization. While surveillance allows authorities to maintain control and investigate crimes, many civil rights groups argue increasing surveillance could limit personal freedoms and have led to lawsuits against mass surveillance programs.
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The document summarizes key points from a proposed "Declaration of Internet Rights" by an Italian parliamentary commission. It discusses three main rights: net neutrality, which guarantees equal treatment of all data transmitted over the internet; platform interoperability, which guarantees users' ability to access their data across platforms; and digital impact assessments, which evaluate new internet regulations' effects. The document emphasizes designing "civic media" that bring people together to collaborate, not just connecting people who already agree. It argues internet governance needs rules respecting its universal nature while balancing economic and innovation concerns.
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The document discusses issues around internet censorship including the controversies surrounding censorship and differing views on whether restricting certain materials benefits society or limits freedom of expression. It also outlines the mission of the Global Network Initiative to respect freedom of expression and privacy through frameworks to ensure accountability of internet and communication technology companies. The debate around internet censorship and what role, if any, governments should play in regulating online content remains ongoing.
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This document provides an overview and analysis of the Digital Security Act 2018 in Bangladesh. It discusses the purpose of the act to address cybersecurity issues, the controversies around limitations to civil liberties, and an evaluation of the act's constitutionality and viability based on international guidelines. The document examines specific sections of the act that are controversial and violate constitutional rights. It provides recommendations to address these issues in both the short and long term through legislative amendments and capacity building.
Pornography act,2012 bangladesh
The Pornography Act of 2012 was enacted by the Bangladesh parliament to protect deteriorating social, ethical, and moral values due to the spread of sexual content. The act defines pornography and establishes rules and punishments related to producing, distributing, or possessing pornographic materials. It allows for the investigation of related crimes and seizure of evidence. Punishments include imprisonment of up to 10 years and fines of up to 5 lakh taka depending on the offense. The act aims to curb the proliferation of pornography in Bangladesh and set an example through convictions under the new law.
Freedom of expression & censorship in thailand
This document summarizes IFEC's findings on freedom of expression and censorship in Thailand. It notes that Thailand has harsh censorship laws that have led to accusations of human rights violations. After a 2006 coup, censorship increased, especially online, due to criticism of the king. New laws like the Computer Crime Act of 2007 and stricter enforcement of lèse-majesté further restricted expression. The document analyzes several cases where individuals received long prison sentences for insulting the royal family. It concludes by urging Thailand to reform its laws to comply with international standards and protect freedom of expression.
Hackbama Cyber Crimes Investigations
This document provides an overview of digital and cyber crimes investigations. It discusses open source intelligence (OSINT), federal and state laws related to digital evidence, examples of digital evidence in criminal cases, and questions for further discussion. The document emphasizes teamwork and knowing limitations in investigations. It cautions that the information provided is for general purposes only and not legal advice.
Cyber Crime Laws of Pakistan
The document summarizes cyber crime laws in Pakistan. It outlines several key laws related to cyber crimes, electronic transactions, telecommunications, and electronic fund transfers. The primary law is the Prevention of Electronic Crimes Ordinance of 2007, which defines various cyber crimes and corresponding penalties. The laws aim to address online criminal activities and regulate electronic transactions, telecommunications systems, and payment systems in Pakistan.
Cybercrime law legality report
This document discusses cybercrime laws in the Philippine and United States settings. In the Philippines, there are several types of cybercrimes outlined including illegal access, unauthorized interception of data, data interference, and system interference, each carrying penalties of imprisonment from 6 years to 12 years and fines. United States cybercrimes include online gambling, intellectual property theft, harassment, fraud, viruses/malware, denial of service attacks, and cyber terrorism. Cybercrimes within organizations can involve email abuse, spam, defamation, code theft, information leaks, personal data theft, unauthorized computer use, and porn/external attacks.
Onlinecrime and New Cyber Laws in Pakistan
The Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act 2016 being new cyber crimes law in Pakistan provide a comprehensive mechanism to prevent and apprehend the cyber crimes.
Cyber crime
The document discusses political issues related to cybercrime prevention. It summarizes the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 (RA#10175) which aims to prevent misuse and illegal access of computer systems and data. However, some claim the Act violates freedom of expression. The document then reviews what constitutes freedom of expression under the law and examines whether specific cybercrime offenses listed in the Act actually violate this right or harm others. It concludes the Act does not violate freedom of expression as the prohibited acts involve illegally accessing systems or harming others. The document also suggests the Act helps create an environment conducive to growth of information and communication industries in the country.
The Philippine Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012
The document is a draft bill for the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 being considered by the Senate of the Philippines. It aims to define cybercrime offenses and provide for the prevention, investigation and punishment of such offenses. Some key points covered include defining terms related to computers, computer data and systems; classifying illegal access, interception and interference with computer systems and data as cybercrime offenses; and clarifying the role of service providers in relation to interception or monitoring of communications data.
Official secrets act
Aruna Roy is the founder of the RTI Act 2005.
Right to Information is a legal right for every citizen of India.
Cybersex law
The document summarizes the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 in the Philippines, which aims to address legal issues concerning online interactions such as cybersex, child pornography, and identity theft. It defines key terms and outlines penalties for offenses related to illegal access, interception of data, and other cybercrimes. Specifically, it describes how cybersex dens operate in the Philippines, with financiers, website administrators, and local operators managing the recruitment and exploitation of workers, often through human trafficking. Prior to 2012, there were gaps in laws addressing cybersex dens and adult workers, though provisions on child pornography, trafficking, and prostitution applied.
Cyer crimes and cyber laws b.v.raghunandan
This document discusses cyber laws and cyber crimes. It defines cybercrime as offenses committed against individuals or groups using modern communication networks like the internet and mobile phones to intentionally harm the victim. A broader definition is provided that a cyber crime is any offense committed using computers, the internet or electronic devices where the technology is used as a tool or target. Various types of cybercrimes are outlined like financial crimes, data theft, copyright infringement and cyber terrorism. The techniques used include hacking, phishing and malware. Characteristics of cyber crimes are discussed along with perpetrators like individuals, groups, companies and governments. India's Information Technology Act of 2000 is summarized which established cyber laws and outlined various cyber offenses and penalties. The future agenda suggested educ
Cyber security and prevention in Bangladesh
This document discusses cyber crime prevention and security in Bangladesh. It begins by defining cyberspace and some key characteristics, such as lack of geographical boundaries and digital footprints. It then defines cyber crimes and classifications like financial fraud, cyberterrorism, and computer hacking. The document outlines several laws in Bangladesh related to cyber security, including the Penal Code of 1860, Information and Communication Technology Act of 2006, Pornography Control Act of 2012, and Digital Security Act of 2018. It discusses adjudicating cyber crimes through a Cyber Tribunal and Cyber Appellate Tribunal. The conclusion emphasizes that prevention through awareness of laws is key to reducing cyber crimes.
Cybercrime law
The document outlines Republic Act No. 10175, also known as the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012, which defines and penalizes cybercrimes such as illegal access, cybersex, and libel. It establishes the Cybercrime Investigation and Coordinating Center to investigate cybercrimes and allows law enforcement to collect traffic data with a court order. The law was controversial due to introducing internet libel as an offense and was temporarily blocked by the Supreme Court.
Computer Misuse Act
The Computer Misuse Act was introduced in 1990 to address problems caused by hacking that were previously unregulated. There are three main offenses under the Act: 1) Unauthorized access to computer material, which includes accessing someone else's account without permission and carries up to 6 months in prison; 2) Unauthorized access with intent to commit a further crime, such as stealing information or money, carrying up to 5 years in prison; and 3) Unauthorized modification of computer material with intent to cause damage, including introducing viruses, also carrying up to 5 years in prison.
Internet governance
1. The document discusses issues around internet governance and filtering, noting that while the internet is a critical global resource, there are currently no enforceable international laws governing access.
2. It outlines some principles of internet governance inspired by international law, and examines how different countries justify internet filtering to uphold community standards or ensure national security.
3. The document concludes that while states have independent control over internet access within their borders, there are no meaningful external legal checks and the UN currently takes no stance on internet governance internationally.
It act cases
The document discusses three IT act cases:
1) Kent RO Systems vs Amit Kotak eBay.in, where the court ruled eBay was not responsible for verifying information of all products listed, but directed eBay to remove links to fake products.
2) Section 66A of the IT Act, which punishes sending offensive or false messages through communication services with imprisonment up to 3 years.
3) Infosys vs Akhil Gupta, a 2005 domain name trademark issue case similar to Microsoft vs Deepak Raval in 2006.
Internetregulationjapan
This document discusses web censorship and public awareness in Japan. It outlines different perspectives on what censorship means, and notes moves toward increased internet regulation in Japan around content filtering and copyright legislation. While most public surveys show support for regulating "harmful content", opposition argues that censorship could stifle innovation and leave Japan behind economically. The document concludes that awareness and literacy are important aspects of the debate around internet censorship.
RECOMMENDATIONS AND LESSONS FROM OTHER JURISDICTIONS TO ENHANCE THE EFFECTIV...
When compared with certain other jurisdictions, Sri Lankan legal framework on cyber-crimes is much effective. Yet, there is much potential for it to develop into a more effective legal framework. The chapter suggested certain measures that can be implemented to national level as well as in international level to provide for the irregularities that exist in system while giving examples from few main jurisdictions. Legal measures in order to identify existing and new offences, to provide interpretations for undefined yet commonly used terms and measures to implement lenient measures in relation to admissibility of computer evidence were suggested while social measures to increase public awareness and IT literacy and measures to provide required training expertise to investigators were also suggested. Base of ICT Law is technology. Therefore, answers to certain irregularities could also be found through technology. Thus, technical measures such as implementing national encryption policy and monitoring and surveillance system were recommended. Recommendations were proposed for the international community on how to enhance mutual legal assistance and on empowering international criminal justice system on cyber-crimes.
Computer and network surveillance
Computer and network surveillance involves monitoring computer activity, data stored on hard drives, and data transferred over networks like the Internet. This monitoring can be done covertly by governments, corporations, criminal groups, or individuals, and may or may not be legal depending on authorization. While surveillance allows authorities to maintain control and investigate crimes, many civil rights groups argue increasing surveillance could limit personal freedoms and have led to lawsuits against mass surveillance programs.
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- All platforms must have robust grievance redressal, publish compliance reports, and remove unlawful content promptly.
- Significant social media and messaging platforms must enable tracing of original senders for certain messages.
- OTT and digital news platforms face new regulations around content labeling and publisher code of conducts.
- Experts have raised concerns around privacy, encryption, and lack of legislative backing for regulating news media.
Foi presentation
This document discusses successes and failures of freedom of information laws from a global perspective. It finds that while FOI laws have increased government accountability in some countries by up to 20 years after enactment, responsiveness to information requests has remained mixed, with less than half of requests being fully successful. An ideal FOI law has broad coverage of information, narrow exemptions subject to public interest overrides, an independent implementing agency, timely responses, low costs, and penalties for noncompliance. Mexico is highlighted as having a relatively strong FOI law due to factors like its broad public interest test and capable independent oversight agency.
Freedom of Information and Data Protection
This document discusses freedom of information and data protection laws in Trinidad and Tobago. It outlines key principles such as the public's right to access government information, exemptions for sensitive documents, and the balancing of privacy rights with transparency. It also covers data protection laws, defining personal and sensitive personal information, privacy principles, and individuals' right to access their own information. The overall aim is to ensure privacy of individuals' data while maintaining appropriate access to information held by public authorities.
Internet Rights are Human Rights Case Booklet
The IRHR Curriculum is a series of training modules concerned with the relationship between human rights, ICTs and the internet. These modules are intended to help those who work on human rights and/or ICTs, stakeholders with an interest in the issues and students, to understand ways in which the internet is affecting the enjoyment and protection of rights – now and in the future – and explore how these affect their work and lives.
Art_19(1)(a)_IT.pdf
The Supreme Court invalidated Section 66A of the IT Act 2000 finding it violated freedom of expression protections. The new IT Rules 2021 now regulate online content and require social media and streaming platforms to appoint grievance officers and publish compliance reports. However, several high courts have issued interim orders noting concerns that the new rules' broad content restrictions could violate constitutional freedoms. The courts will further examine whether the IT Rules 2021 overreach in regulating online speech.
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The document provides an overview of cyber crime laws in Pakistan. It discusses the Electronic Transaction Ordinance of 2002, which was the first legislation to recognize electronic documentation and provide legal protections for online transactions. It also discusses the Electronic/Cyber Crime Bill of 2007 and the Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act of 2016, both of which expanded the scope of cyber crimes and penalties. The Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act established new cyber crime offenses and granted new investigative powers to law enforcement agencies.
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Internet rights are the rights that individuals have using the Internet.
They are an extension of human rights in the online world.
These rights include freedom of expression, privacy, access to information, and non-discrimination.
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This document summarizes key points from Chapter 5 of the book "A Gift of Fire" regarding freedom of speech in cyberspace. It discusses how different communication technologies are regulated, challenges to defining offensive speech online, and laws around censorship. It also covers issues like anonymity, spam, and ensuring a diversity of content on the internet.
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原版制作(DPU毕业证书)德保罗大学毕业证Offer一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(DPU毕业证书)德保罗大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
在线办理美国乔治华盛顿大学毕业证（gwu毕业证书）学历学位证书原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【美国乔治华盛顿大学毕业证（gwu毕业证书）学历学位证书】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Awaken new depths - World Ocean Day 2024, June 8th.
UN WOD 2024 will take us on a journey of discovery through the ocean's vastness, tapping into the wisdom and expertise of global policy-makers, scientists, managers, thought leaders, and artists to awaken new depths of understanding, compassion, collaboration and commitment for the ocean and all it sustains. The program will expand our perspectives and appreciation for our blue planet, build new foundations for our relationship to the ocean, and ignite a wave of action toward necessary change.
Milton Keynes Hospital Charity - A guide to leaving a gift in your Will
A forever thank you in your Will to Milton Keynes University Hospital can change lives for years to come.
IEA World Energy Investment June 2024- Statistics
IEA World Energy Investment Report 2024
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2024: The FAR - Federal Acquisition Regulations, Part 42
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
在线办理(ISU毕业证书)爱荷华州立大学毕业证学历证书一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(ISU毕业证书)爱荷华州立大学毕业证学历证书》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
快速办理(Bristol毕业证书)布里斯托大学毕业证Offer一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(Bristol毕业证书)布里斯托大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
RFP for Reno's Community Assistance Center
Property appraisals completed in May for downtown Reno’s Community Assistance and Triage Centers (CAC) reveal that repairing the buildings to bring them back into service would cost an estimated $10.1 million—nearly four times the amount previously reported by city staff.
karnataka housing board schemes . all schemes
The Karnataka government, along with the central government’s Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY), offers various housing schemes to cater to the diverse needs of citizens across the state. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the major housing schemes available in the Karnataka housing board for both urban and rural areas in 2024.
一比一原版(theauckland毕业证书)新西兰奥克兰大学毕业证成绩单如何办理
原版定制【微信:741003700】《(theauckland毕业证书)新西兰奥克兰大学毕业证学位证成绩单》【微信:741003700】成绩单 、雅思、外壳、留信学历认证永久存档查询，采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份毕业证【Q微信741003700】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【Q微信741003700】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
World Food Safety Day 2024- Communication-toolkit.
Food safety, prepare for the unexpected - So what can be done in order to be ready to address food safety, food Consumers, food producers and manufacturers, food transporters, food businesses, food retailers can ...
Practical guide for the celebration of World Environment Day on june 5th.
Land degradation, desertification and drought resilience. UN ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME -WORLD ENVIRONMENT DAY 2024.
快速办理(UVM毕业证书)佛蒙特大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UVM毕业证书)佛蒙特大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Contributi dei parlamentari del PD - Contributi L. 3/2019
DI SEGUITO SONO PUBBLICATI, AI SENSI DELL'ART. 11 DELLA LEGGE N. 3/2019, GLI IMPORTI RICEVUTI DALL'ENTRATA IN VIGORE DELLA SUDDETTA NORMA (31/01/2019) E FINO AL MESE SOLARE ANTECEDENTE QUELLO DELLA PUBBLICAZIONE SUL PRESENTE SITO
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Analysis of cyber crime bill 2016
- 1. Analysis Of Cyber Crime Bill 2016
- 2. Why Cyber Crime Bill?? To Prevent unauthorized acts with respect to information systems and provide for related offences as well as mechanisms for their investigation, prosecution, trial and international cooperation with respect thereof and for matters connected therewith.
- 3. Analysis Of Cyber Crime Bill After Analysis of cyber crime bill, I have come to conclusion that this bill is not meant to be implemented. And one of the reason is that the whole opposition stands against this bill and is not taken in confidence while passing this bill and also there are many ambiguities present in the bill.
- 4. Limitation To Freedom Of Speech Section 34 States as: The Authority shall have the power to remove or block directions for removal or blocking of access to any information through system if it considers it necessary. Problems: Freedom of Speech/Expression ? Totally ruined. If Someone post something that doesn't suits the government policy or something that agencies cant digest then it is illegal and you will be sued. The Authority shall have the power to remove or block or issue directions for removal or blocking of access to any information through any information system if it considers it necessary Suggestions: Section 34 should be re considered, there must be room for freedom of speech and proper handling of power if something is taken wrong. Direct punishment without inspection is not worthy anyways.
- 5. Legitimate access to information Section 39: Section 39 will permit the Federal Government to extend cooperation to foreign governments, agencies, and international organizations with regards to collection, preservation and transference of 24 x 7 network information and digital data of Pakistani citizens collected in forms of audio, video, images, text, or any digital format without any permission from the Court. Problems: No Privacy of Citizens Guaranteed. You are not secure anymore. Cheers to that. No one will Ask for your permission. Privacy Protection is dead for good. Suggestions: The government should look after citizens privacy and in any case they permission or order from court must be taken.
- 6. Rights to privacy for public Section 34 (2) &(3) Section 34 (2) and (3) give the Government broad powers to use technology, such as deep packet inspection, to monitor online content in breach of international standards on freedom of expression and privacy. Problems: Government have full control over what you do and what you watch. Again User’s Privacy is sacrificed. Suggestions: Section 34 should be rejected in its entirety.
- 7. Misuse of authority There is a need to curb growing cybercrimes, but at the same time, there is also a crucial need to check the misuse of this law against innocent people. Problems: Agency don’t care if they found evidence from your sight even if it wasn't you. Suggestions: Social media users must be protected along with the electronic data and there should be an effective and transparent mechanism to tackle the misuse of powers by the investigator
- 8. “Usage of vague and complex words” Sections 14, 15, 16, 17, 22, 23, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, and 45” Mention Above sections have vague, ambiguous and broad scope which have been drafted loosely leaving too much room for interpretation and provide for broad punitive measures. Problems: In a country where the rule of law is as such compromised such legislations will pave the way for rights’ abuse. The complex and ambiguous language would also create great difficulties for the common person using the Internet as there is an uncertainty of what acts would constitute an offence Suggestions: Redraft the Bill using clear and explicit language, and avoid subjective terms
- 9. Anonymity and Encryption Section 13 & 16 Mentioned Sections violated the right of commenting on political, religious and social issues that may be controversial, persons need the comfort of anonymity and encryption. Problems: Individual have no knowledge what comes under the terms right and wrong. denying access to encryption, data and sources. Suggestions: There must be some room provided for Whistle-blowers , human rights defenders, and journalists to speak.
- 10. Very strict and harsh punishments Section 3,4,5,6,7,8,9 According to the Cyber Crime Bill 2016, illegal access to data is punishable by three months prison term and 50,000 fine unauthorized access to sensitive infrastructure, information system or data can get an accused to be jailed for five years and fined up to Rs five million. Suggestions: Plenty's are too high and need to be re considered.