The document discusses anaerobic energy systems and capacity testing. It describes the two anaerobic systems - the ATP-PC system which provides energy for up to 10 seconds and the lactic acid system which provides energy from 15-60 seconds. It also defines excess post-exercise oxygen consumption or oxygen debt as the elevated oxygen consumption during the initial minutes of recovery above resting levels.
Aerobic means "with oxygen," and anaerobic means "without oxygen." Anaerobic exercise is the type where you get out of breath in just a few moments, like when you lift weights for improving strength, when you sprint, or when you climb a long flight of stairs.
Dear all,
This ppt includes the acute and chronic effect of exercise on different body system which includes musculoskeletal systems, cardiovascular systems, respiratory system, endocrive system, psychological effects etc. I hope this is helpful for you.
Thank you
Aerobic means "with oxygen," and anaerobic means "without oxygen." Anaerobic exercise is the type where you get out of breath in just a few moments, like when you lift weights for improving strength, when you sprint, or when you climb a long flight of stairs.
Dear all,
This ppt includes the acute and chronic effect of exercise on different body system which includes musculoskeletal systems, cardiovascular systems, respiratory system, endocrive system, psychological effects etc. I hope this is helpful for you.
Thank you
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
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The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
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Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
2. 2
Anaerobic Energy Systems
• Anaerobic energy system = energy system within
the body that does not require the use of oxygen
• It consists of the ATP-PC system and the Lactic
Acid/Anaerobic Glycolysis system
• All three energy pathways (ATP-PC, Lactic Acid &
Aerobic energy systems) operate at any one time
and can overlap. The contribution of each varies
depending on the duration and intensity of the
activity
3. 3
Anaerobic Energy Systems
ATP-PC SYSTEM
• Provides a bulk of ATP required during powerful and
explosive efforts
(Eg: take off in high jump, sprint position in netball)
• Linked with several fitness components
(Eg: muscular strength, anaerobic power, speed)
• Provides up to 10 seconds of energy for maximal effort
• The system relies on muscle stores of both ATP and PC
(phospho-creatine)
4. 4
Anaerobic Energy Systems
LACTIC ACID SYSTEM
• Provides bulk of ATP production during high
intensity, sub-maximal efforts.
• Operates as a dominant supply of ATP from around
15-60 seconds of maximal effort
• Closely linked with several fitness components
(Eg: anaerobic power, speed and muscular power)
• Classic example: 400m run
5. 5
Definitions
• SPEED: Refers either to the
ability to perform a
movement quickly or to
see how fast a movement
is performed.
• POWER: The rate of
performing work. The
product of force and
velocity. Power = force x
distance/time.
6. 6
Definitions
• WORK: Physical work or
effort as opposed to rest
• VELOCITY: Velocity =
distance/time. How fast an
object is moving at any one
time over a given distance
with regard to direction.
Two types: Linear and
Angular.
7. 7
Post Exercise Oxygen Consumption
(EPOC)
• When aerobic exercise begins, the oxygen transport
system does not immediately supply the needed
quantity of oxygen to the active muscles because
oxygen consumption requires several minutes to
reach steady state.
• Because oxygen needs and oxygen supply differs
during the transition from rest to exercise, the body
incurs an oxygen deficit. (eg: getting tired during
warm up)
8. 8
Post Exercise Oxygen Consumption
(EPOC)
• The oxygen deficit = the difference between the
oxygen required for a given exercise intensity and
the actual oxygen consumption.
• Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption (Oxygen
debt) = the elevated levels of oxygen consumption
during the initial minutes of recovery, which exceed
the oxygen usually required at rest.
11. 11
Metabolic By-Product Removal
LACTIC ACID:
• Myth – that lactic acid is responsible for fatigue
• Truth – lactic acid accumulates within the muscle fibre only during
relatively brief, highly intense muscular effort.
• Truth – fatigue is generally caused by inadequate energy supply
• Lactate – Removed by Gluconeogenesis (conversion of
glucose) through Cori cycle (energy consuming) or the
Oxidation to pyruvate which fuels the citric acid cycle
(energy producing)
12. 12
Metabolic By-Product Removal
HYDROGEN IONS
• Hydrogen Ions (pH) – Removed by buffers
such as bicarbonate
• pH is a major limiter of performance and the
primary cause of fatigue during maximal and
all-out exercise
13. Anaerobic power and
anaerobic capacity
• Anaerobic power: Peak rate of ATP produced via
anaerobic metabolism, difficult to measure
directly
– Usually estimated from peak power output during
all-out sprint-type exercise
• Anaerobic capacity : Maximal amount of ATP
that can be generated through anaerobic
metabolism, during short-duration maximal ex
– Important for 400-1500 m running, 200-400 m
freestyle swimming, 1-4 km track cycling, 2000 m
rowing, 500-1000 m kayaking, team sports
13
14. Measure anaerobic ATP production
• Muscle biopsy : Changes in muscle metabolites
• Blood lactate after supramaximal exercise
• Oxygen debt after supramaximal exercise
• Total work or mean power output during short-
duration maximal exercise
– Wingate test (30 s all-our cycling), 9-40% ATP
produced aerobically
– Tests < 60 s inadequate to exhaust anaerobic system
• Accumulated oxygen deficit
14
15. Rest-to-Exercise Transitions
• Oxygen uptake increases rapidly
– Reaches steady state within 1-4 minutes
• Oxygen deficit
– Lag in oxygen uptake at the beginning of
exercise
– Suggests anaerobic pathways contribute to most
ATP production
• After steady state is reached, ATP
requirement is met through aerobic ATP
production
15
18. accumulated oxygen deficit
• At submaximal exercise: O2 consumption meets
energy demand at steady state, aerobic metabolism
– Linear VO2-power output relationship
• Supramaximal exercise: required ATP from aerobic +
anaerobic metabolism
– Exercise performed at a power output higher than that
achieved at VO2peak
– <60 sec sprint, or 2-4 min at constant power output
– Accumulated oxygen deficit = calculated accumulated
oxygen demand – measured accumulated oxygen demand
• MAOD: maximally accumulated oxygen deficit
– Valid and reliable measurement for anaerobic capacity 18
19. Assumption and criteria for MAOD as
good estimation for anaerobic capacity
• Assumption:
– Mechanical efficiency identical in supra- and submaximal
exercise
– the rate of total energy release (i.e. O2 demand) increases
linearly with the exercise intensity
– O2 demand is constant during this type of supramaximal
exercise
• Leveling off with exercise duration
– Increased with duration of exhaustive exercise until level
off
• Independent of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max)
19
20. Procedures
• VO2 – power output relationship
– Originally 10 stages at 10 min per stage
– Modified to fewer stages at 40-70% VO2max with 4
min per stage
• Duration of performance test
– Long enough to allow max anaerobic energy release
– Short enough to minimize aerobic energy production
– Constant power output 115-130% peak VO2
– Or ‘all-out’ for a specific duration or distance
20
21. Oxygen stores of body
• In transition from rest to exercise, mouth VO2
underestimate tissue VO2
– O2 bind to hemoglobin and myoglobin
– O2 dissolved in body fluids
– O2 in lungs
• Estimated 9% oxygen deficit
• Should be subtracted from absolute MAOD
21
28. Recovery From Exercise: Metabolic
Responses
• Oxygen debt
– Elevated VO2 for several minutes immediately following
exercise
– Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)
• “Fast” portion of O2 debt
– Resynthesis of stored PC
– Replacing muscle and blood O2 stores
• “Slow” portion of O2 debt
– Elevated body temperature and catecholamines
– Conversion of lactic acid to glucose (gluconeogenesis)
28
29. Ways to Examine These Energy
Systems
• Vertical Jump
• Margaria Kalamen
• Wingate
30. Vertical Jump
• Variables
– Mass of Subject
– Height of Subject
– Height of Jump
• Procedure
– 3 Trials
– No stepping into the jump
– Using arms tends to help
• Calculations
– Absolute Anaerobic Power
(Mean & Average)
– Absolute & Relative Peak
Anaerobic Power
31. Margaria Kalamen
• Variables
– Mass of Subject
– Height of Stairs
– Time between Stairs
• Procedure
– Run up six stairs two at
a time
– Start time on the 2nd
step end on the 6th
• Calculations
– Absolute & Relative
Anaerobic Power
32. Wingate
• Variables
– Mass of Subject
– Mass of Load
– Number of Pedal
Revolutions in 5 s Periods
for 30 s
• Procedure
– Subject Pedals as fast as
possible with no load for ~
5-10s
– Subject Pedals as fast as
possible for 30 s with load
• Calculations
– Peak Anaerobic Power
(absolute and relative)
– Fatigue Index
– Total Work
33. Success of Measurements in Studying
the Anaerobic Systems
• All tests are measures of performance
• Variations in these particular tests may have a
lot to do with muscular attributes that are not
related to energy production
• Variables that have the same name are
measures of the same concepts, but not the
same actual values
34. Problems with Performance Measures
• Daily variance
• Motivation
• Learning effect
• Not a direct measurement of physiological
variables
• Relationships to physiological variables (and
other performance tests) must be determined
and the accuracy of prediction can then be
found
35. 35
Conclusion
• Anaerobic energy system = energy system within the body
that does not require the use of oxygen
• There are two systems = ATP-PC system (lasts from 8-10
seconds) & LACTIC ACID system (operates from 15-60
seconds)
• Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption (Oxygen debt) =
the elevated levels of oxygen consumption during the initial
minutes of recovery, which exceed the oxygen usually
required at rest.