This document provides an introduction to operating systems. It defines an operating system as low-level software that enables interaction between a user, application programs, and a computer's hardware. An OS performs basic tasks like input/output management and running programs. It also provides services for program execution, I/O operations, and communication between processes locally or across networks. The choice of OS determines the applications that can be run. Examples of operating systems discussed include DOS, UNIX, Windows, and OS/2.
Unleash the Power of Your Computer with a Deep Dive into Operating Systems
Explore the hidden world of operating systems, the software maestros that orchestrate your computer's resources. This presentation delves into:
Resource Management and Coordination - How the OS juggles processor, memory, and devices for optimal performance.
Prioritization, Protection, and Parallelism - Ensuring tasks run smoothly, data is secure, and operations can happen simultaneously.
Command Interpreters and the Boot Process - How to communicate with your OS and initiate computer startup.
File and Directory Management - Mastering the organization of your digital world in DOS, UNIX, and Windows 2000.
Get ready to unlock the secrets behind your computer's efficiency and become a more informed user!
system software
operating System
• Microsoft windows
• Disk Operating System (DOS)
• Linux
• Unix
COMMAND LINE INTERFACE
GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI)
TASKS PERFORMED BY AN OPERATING SYSTEM
1. Managing communications between software and hardware.
2. Allocation of computer memory.
3. Allocation of CPU time.
4. Run and Manage program
5. Managing files
6. Configure Software and Devices
7. Configure Network
8. Coordinating Tasks
9. Performance Management
TYPE OF OPERATING SYSTEM
1) Single user/personal computer operating system
2) Multiuser/network operating system
3) Embedded operating system
NOVELL’s NETWARE:
Types of embedded OS are here under:
• Windows Embedded CE
• Windows mobile
• Palm operating system
• I phone OS
• Black berry Operating System
PROGRAMING LANGUAGES
TYPES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
1. Low Level Language
2. High Level Language
MACHINE LANGUAGE
ASSAMBLY LANGUAge
HIGH LEVEL LANGUGES
PROCEDURAL LANGUGES
NON PROCEDURAL LANGUGES
TYPES OF HIGH LEVEL LANGUGES
OBJECT ORIENTED LANGUGES
LANGUAGE PROCESSOr
• Compiler
• Interpreter
• Assembler
Unleash the Power of Your Computer with a Deep Dive into Operating Systems
Explore the hidden world of operating systems, the software maestros that orchestrate your computer's resources. This presentation delves into:
Resource Management and Coordination - How the OS juggles processor, memory, and devices for optimal performance.
Prioritization, Protection, and Parallelism - Ensuring tasks run smoothly, data is secure, and operations can happen simultaneously.
Command Interpreters and the Boot Process - How to communicate with your OS and initiate computer startup.
File and Directory Management - Mastering the organization of your digital world in DOS, UNIX, and Windows 2000.
Get ready to unlock the secrets behind your computer's efficiency and become a more informed user!
system software
operating System
• Microsoft windows
• Disk Operating System (DOS)
• Linux
• Unix
COMMAND LINE INTERFACE
GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI)
TASKS PERFORMED BY AN OPERATING SYSTEM
1. Managing communications between software and hardware.
2. Allocation of computer memory.
3. Allocation of CPU time.
4. Run and Manage program
5. Managing files
6. Configure Software and Devices
7. Configure Network
8. Coordinating Tasks
9. Performance Management
TYPE OF OPERATING SYSTEM
1) Single user/personal computer operating system
2) Multiuser/network operating system
3) Embedded operating system
NOVELL’s NETWARE:
Types of embedded OS are here under:
• Windows Embedded CE
• Windows mobile
• Palm operating system
• I phone OS
• Black berry Operating System
PROGRAMING LANGUAGES
TYPES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
1. Low Level Language
2. High Level Language
MACHINE LANGUAGE
ASSAMBLY LANGUAge
HIGH LEVEL LANGUGES
PROCEDURAL LANGUGES
NON PROCEDURAL LANGUGES
TYPES OF HIGH LEVEL LANGUGES
OBJECT ORIENTED LANGUGES
LANGUAGE PROCESSOr
• Compiler
• Interpreter
• Assembler
Operating System
types of operating system
functions of operating
memory management
file and folder management
desktop and its composition
mouse and keyboard operations
tools and softwares
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Operating System
types of operating system
functions of operating
memory management
file and folder management
desktop and its composition
mouse and keyboard operations
tools and softwares
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
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(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
2. Definition
An Operating System, or
OS, is low-level software
that enables a user and
higher-level application
software to interact with a
computer’s hardware and
the data and other
programs stored on the
computer.
An OS performs basic
tasks, such as recognizing
input from the keyboard,
sending output to the
display screen, keeping
track of files and directories
on the disk, and controlling
peripheral devices such as
printers.
3. Other Services
Program Execution
OS provides an environment where the user can conveniently run
programs. The user does not have to worry about memory allocation
or CPU scheduling.
I/O Operations
Each program requires input and produces output. The OS hides
some of the details of the underlying hardware for such I/O. All the
user sees is that the I/O has been performed, without those details.
Communications
There are instances where processes need to communicate with
each other to exchange information. It may be between processes
running on the same computer or running on different computers.
The OS provides these services to application programs, making
inter-process communication possible, and relieving the user of
having to worry about how this accomplished.
4. Application programs and OS
Operating systems provide a software platform on top of which other
programs, called application programs, can run.
The choice of operating system, therefore, determines to a great
extent the applications a user can run.
For example, the DOS operating system contains commands such
as COPY and RENAME for copying files and changing the names of
files, respectively. The commands are accepted and executed by a
part of the operating system.
Similarly, the UNIX operating system has commands like CP and
MV to copy and rename.
5. UNIX
UNIX was one of the first operating systems
to be written, in 1971.
Advantages of UNIX are…
Multitasking – multiple programs can run at
one time.
Multi-user – allows more than a single user
to work at any given time. This is
accomplished by sharing processing time
between each user.
Safe – prevents one program from
accessing memory or storage space
allocated to another program, and enables
file protection, requiring users to have
permission to perform certain functions,
such as accessing a directory, file, or disk
drive.
6. Types of OS
Microsoft Windows
Mainframe
DOS
OS/2
Linux
Mac OS
AmigaOS