An informal letter
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This document provides examples of useful language for opening and closing emails and letters as well as responding to news in correspondence. It includes expressions for thanking someone for writing, wishing them well, responding with sympathy or congratulations to updates, and signing off with regards, best wishes or love until next time. Post scripts are also mentioned.
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This document defines and provides examples of the eight parts of speech in English grammar: nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions, and interjections. It describes the key characteristics and functions of each part of speech, including common types and how they are used in sentences. Examples are provided to illustrate different parts of speech, such as action verbs, linking verbs, possessive nouns, and prepositions with objects.
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This document defines various parts of speech and sentence structures:
Nouns name people, places or things. Verbs indicate actions or states of being. Adjectives describe nouns. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. Prepositions show relationships between nouns. Conjunctions join words or phrases. Interjections express emotions.
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This document discusses the passive voice in English. The passive is formed using "be" plus the past participle of the main verb. It focuses on the object of the sentence rather than the subject. The passive voice is often used when the subject or agent performing the action is unknown or unimportant. Additional structures for the passive include "it is said/believed/thought" followed by "that" and a clause or the subject followed by "is said/believed/thought" plus an infinitive.
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Question Tags
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Alaska
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The document discusses how words in fluent speech can link together when one word ends with a consonant and the next begins with a vowel, with the consonant sounding like it begins the next word, like "pets enter" and "pet centre" sounding the same. It also notes that the spelling may differ between phrases that sound the same, such as "s" spelling the /s/ sound in "pets" but "c" spelling it in "centre". Finally, it provides examples of words that sound the same but have different spellings when joined, such as "stopped aching" and "stop taking".
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This document discusses how to use nationality adjectives as nouns. It provides examples of nationalities ending in -sh, -ch, -ss, and -ese that can be used with "the" to refer to people from that country. It notes that nationality words ending in -an and a few others are both adjectives and nouns, taking a plural -s when referring to multiple people. Some nationalities, like Polish, have a special noun form different from the adjective. Specific groups can also be referred to with "the" plus an adjective.
The Future
This document outlines different English verb tenses and structures used to talk about the future, including:
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2) Be going to + infinitive for predictions, plans and intentions based on present evidence.
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This document discusses the use of the expression "I wish" to express wishes and regrets about past or future events. It explains that the simple past is used to talk about present or future regrets, while the past perfect is used for past regrets that cannot be changed. Examples are provided to illustrate expressing regret over not having enough money in the past to travel. The document also notes that "if only" can be used instead of "I wish" without changing the meaning, and explains how "wish + would" is used for present wishes about things that cannot be changed.
First conditional and future time clauses
This document discusses different types of conditional sentences and future time clauses in English. It explains that zero conditional sentences use the present simple to talk about things that are always true. First conditional sentences use the present simple in one clause and will or other modal verbs in the other clause to talk about possible future situations. Future time clauses use the present simple after words like when, as soon as, until, before, and after to refer to the future. Examples are provided to illustrate the different structures.
Present perfect simple and continuous
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1) The past simple, past continuous, past perfect, and past perfect continuous tenses are used to describe specific past incidents and the order of events.
2) The past simple is used for main consecutive actions, while the past continuous describes longer ongoing actions. The past perfect refers to earlier past events.
3) "Used to" and "would" can be used alternatively to the past simple to describe repeated past actions or habitual situations that have changed.
4) A mixture of tenses including "used to", "would", and the past simple with adverbs are typically used together to describe past
Past Modals for Speculation and Deduction
The document discusses the use of past modal verbs like must, may, might, can't, couldn't to speculate or make deductions about past actions. It provides examples of how these modal verbs are used to indicate different levels of certainty or possibility about past events. It also discusses some common mistakes made with modal verbs and other language like adjectives and adverbs that can be used for speculation.
I wish + past simple_perfect for wishes andregrets
The document discusses the use of "I wish" and "if only" to express wishes and regrets in English. It explains that "I wish + past simple" is used to reference present or future events, while "I wish + past perfect" references past events. Examples are provided to illustrate expressing a wish that one had enough money in the past to travel (regret) versus wishing to have enough money now to travel. The document also notes that "wish + would" is used to talk about something in the present/future that is wished to change, but only for things outside of one's personal control.
Unreal Conditionals - second and third conditionals
This document discusses unreal conditional sentences, specifically the second and third conditionals. It explains that second conditionals refer to hypothetical or improbable present/future situations using "if + past tense, would/wouldn't + infinitive". Third conditionals refer to impossible past situations using "if + past perfect, would/wouldn't have + past participle". It provides examples and notes that conditionals can be mixed or use alternative verb forms/tenses. Online exercises are provided for additional practice.
Adjectives as nouns.pptx
This document provides information and rules about using adjectives as nouns to describe groups of people and nationalities. It explains that adjectives like "the rich" and "the poor" are used to describe specific groups. Nationality adjectives ending in -sh, -ch, -ss, and -ese can be used with "the" to refer to nationalities, while words ending in -an and a few others can be used with or without "the" but take an "s" to refer to the people. There are some nationalities that have a different noun form than the adjective like Polish/Pole or Scottish/Scot. The document also provides the standard order of adjectives.
Articles_b.pptx
This document provides rules for using articles (a/an, the) in English. It explains that a/an is used for nouns mentioned for the first time or to indicate what something is. The is used for things that are clear from context. No article is used for general plural/uncountable nouns or in phrases like "at home." Proper nouns like countries usually don't take articles. Exceptions include institutions, geographical areas, and art/museums, which sometimes do take articles.
Place and Movement.pptx
This document provides explanations of the differences between common English prepositions:
- ABOVE/OVER and BELOW/UNDER indicate spatial positions and can only be used with movement.
- OFF and AWAY both indicate distance but only AWAY can be used with FROM and a person.
- INSIDE, INTO, and IN are used for indicating positions within rooms, buildings, or containers.
- ON, ON TOP OF, and ONTO have specific meanings relating to surfaces and movement.
- OUT OF, OUTSIDE, and OUT are used to indicate movement away from enclosed spaces.
- THROUGH and ACROSS differ in whether they refer to open or enclosed spaces.
- ALONG, PAST,
Position of adverbs.pptx
The document discusses the position of adverbs in sentences. It explains that adverbs can be placed in three positions: end position after the verb or at the end of the sentence, front position before the subject, or mid position between the subject and verb. It provides examples of different types of adverbs and their typical positions, such as manner adverbs usually going in end position and connecting/comment adverbs in front position. The document also discusses order of multiple adverbs and exceptions to typical positioning.
gerunds and infinitives_2.pptx
This document provides information on the proper uses of gerunds and infinitives in English. It explains that gerunds are commonly used after prepositions, as subjects of sentences, and after certain verbs and expressions. Infinitives are often used to express reason or purpose, after adjectives, question words, and certain verbs. The document outlines when gerunds or infinitives are preferred after verbs like "start", "remember", and "try", and notes exceptions like "need" taking a gerund or infinitive. It also discusses the uses of gerunds and infinitives with verbs like "like", "prefer", and in certain expressions.
Gerunds and Infinitives.pptx
This document provides information on the use of gerunds (verb + -ing) and infinitives (to + verb) in English. It lists common verbs that take gerunds or infinitives and gives examples. Key uses of gerunds include after prepositions and as the subject of a sentence. Key uses of infinitives include after adjectives and to express reason or purpose. The document also discusses differences in meaning when some verbs can take both forms and other constructions involving gerunds and infinitives.
AUXILIARIES.pptx
The document discusses the use of auxiliary verbs and modal verbs in English. It provides examples of how they are used in short answers, to avoid repeating main verbs, for emphasis, in echo questions, with "so" and "neither" for agreement, and to form question tags. It explains that positive question tags are used with negative statements and vice versa, and that intonation (rising or falling) can indicate whether the tag is asking for confirmation or expressing surprise.
Reported Speech.pptx
Here is a draft news report based on the information provided:
Murder in Silos Street
A man was murdered late last night in Silos Street, according to police. The incident occurred around 00:30 near Hotel Sandra.
Several neighbours reported hearing a man shouting and sounds of a physical altercation coming from the street. "I heard a man shouting 'I'm gonna kill you!'" said one neighbour who asked to remain anonymous.
The police and an ambulance were called to the scene by concerned residents. When they arrived approximately 15 minutes later, officers discovered an unidentified male body lying on the pavement.
A police spokesperson said they are currently investigating the crime and do not have any suspects at
WRITING A REPORT.pptx
The document outlines the stages of writing a report: planning, pre-writing, writing, and checking. The planning stage involves determining the audience and content. The pre-writing stage is drafting the report using the plan. The writing stage is composing the introduction, paragraphs with observations and recommendations, and using varied expressions and appropriate style. The checking stage is editing for content, length, grammar, spelling, and punctuation mistakes to avoid issues that could undermine the overall report.
WRITING A REVIEW.pptx
This document provides guidance on writing a review, including key success factors such as expressing a sophisticated opinion using varied vocabulary and appropriate grammar. It discusses summarizing the plot briefly without giving everything away, stating your opinion, and recommending whether something should be read. Examples are given of book reviews for the novel Beloved by Toni Morrison that praise its haunting narrative but find it sometimes difficult to follow, staying with the reader long after, while another review struggles with its complexity and obtuse style.
WRITING AN ARTICLE.pptx
This document provides tips for writing an engaging article, including getting and keeping the reader's attention through an appealing title, posing questions, and references to personal experiences. It recommends using a rich and precise vocabulary without being too formal or informal. The text should be well-structured into clear paragraphs connected by discourse markers to guide the reader through the arguments.
For and against essays
This document discusses the structure and process for writing a "for and against" essay. It recommends that the essay should have an introduction paragraph stating the topic without opinion, main body paragraphs presenting arguments for and against with justifications and examples, and a conclusion paragraph with a balanced consideration or stated opinion. The writing process involves pre-writing to list points, using a variety of expressions and structures while staying concise and on topic, and checking the final essay for errors.
First and second conditionals
This document reviews the basics of first and second conditionals in English. The first conditional is used to talk about possible future situations and their consequences, using "if + present, will/won't + infinitive". The second conditional is used to talk about hypothetical or imaginary future situations, using "if + past, would/wouldn't + infinitive". It also provides examples of variations on these structures, such as using modal verbs instead of will/won't, "unless" instead of "if...not", and different present and past verb tenses.
The Future 1 NA B2
This document discusses various English verb tenses and structures used to talk about the future, including:
1) Will/won't + infinitive for predictions, promises, threats and decisions made at the moment of speaking.
2) Be going to + infinitive for predictions, plans and intentions based on present evidence.
3) Present continuous for fixed arrangements.
4) Shall + infinitive for offers, and questions about the future.
5) Present simple for timetables.
6) Future perfect and future continuous tenses.
Online shopping
To shop online, you must first create an account or sign in to an existing one. Items are added to your virtual shopping basket as you click on them, and you can read customer reviews and check delivery costs before clicking "add to basket" to checkout. After paying, your order will be shipped to the delivery address within a few days, with the option to return unwanted items for a refund or exchange.
Verb tenses 2 nd term
The document discusses English verb tenses and structures including:
- Present simple for habits and timetables
- Present continuous for ongoing actions and arrangements
- Past simple for completed past actions
- Past continuous for actions in progress in the past
- Future forms like "going to" for plans and "will/won't" for predictions
- Questions and negative forms are also covered for each tense.
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The Past: Using the Narrative Tenses to tell anecdotes
The Past: Using the Narrative Tenses to tell anecdotes
I wish + past simple_perfect for wishes andregrets
I wish + past simple_perfect for wishes andregrets
Unreal Conditionals - second and third conditionals
Unreal Conditionals - second and third conditionals
An informal letter
- 3. USEFUL LANGUAGE Opening expressions: Thanks for your email/letter It was great to hear from you Sorry for not writing earlier/that I haven’t been in touch for a while I hope you and your family are well Responding to news: Sorry to hear about your exam results Glad to hear that you’re all well Good luck with the new job Hope you get better soon Closing expressions: Anyway, /Well, that’s all for now Hope to hear from you soon./Looking forward to hearing from you soon Give my regards/love to … Take care/Best wishes/Regards/(Lots of) love from … P.S. (=post scriptum) Please send me the photos you promised