It's a good presentation on syntax

1. Syntax
STUDY OF SENTENCE STRUCTURE

2. Phrase: A word or group of words with meaningful unit
in a sentence.
NP: Noun is main or dominant in it.
VP: Verb is leading word
Adverb Phrase: Adverb is the main or leading word
Prepositional Phrase: starts with preposition.

3. Phrases And Example
Noun Phrase
•Animals need water.
•Who ate the last sandwich?
Verb Phrase
•We have been working since 9am.
Adjective Phrase
•He has clever ideas.
•It was a very big meal.
Adverb Phrase
•Please do it now.
Prepositional Phrase
•The window was behind a large brown sofa.

4. Clause

6. Example of Adjective clause
Adjective clauses don't usually change the basic meaning of a sentence. Rather, they clarify the writer's intent.
Here's one thing to keep an eye out for. When adjective clauses add more information to a sentence, rather than just description,
they often need to be set off with a comma.
Here are some example sentences with the adjective clause underlined:
• Pizza, which most people love, is not very healthy.
• Those people whose names are on the list will go to camp.
• Grandpa remembers the old days when there was no television.
• Fruit that is grown organically is expensive.
• Students who are intelligent get good grades.
• Eco-friendly cars that run on electricity help the environment.
• I know someone whose father served in World War II.
• The slurping noise he makes is the main reason why Sue does not like to eat soup with her brother.
• The kids who were called first will have the best chance of getting a seat.

7. Reducing Adjective clause into a phrase
An adjective clause that has a subject pronoun (which, that, or who) can also be shortened into an adjective phrase.
You can shorten an adjective clause in two ways:
1.Omit the subject pronoun and verb.
2.Omit the subject pronoun and change the verb so it ends in -ing.
Here are some examples to help you create an adjective phrase:
•Adjective Clause: The books that were borrowed from class must be returned.
•Adjective Phrase: The books borrowed from class must be returned.
•Adjective Clause: The girl who is leading the parade is my best friend.
•Adjective Phrase: The girl leading the parade is my best friend.

8. Adverb Clause
An adverb clause is a group of words that is used to change or qualify the meaning of an adjective,
a verb, a clause, another adverb, or any other type of word or phrase with the exception of
determiners and adjectives that directly modify nouns.
Adverb clauses always meet three requirements:
•First, an adverb clause always contains a subject and a verb.
•Second, adverb clauses contain subordinate conjunctions that prevent them from
containing complete thoughts and becoming full sentences.
•Third, all adverb clauses answer one of the classic “adverb questions:” When? Why? How?
Where?

9. Examples of Adverbial clause
As you read the following adverb clause examples, you’ll notice how these useful phrases modify
other words and phrases by providing interesting information about the place, time, manner,
certainty, frequency, or other circumstances of activity denoted by the verbs or verb phrases in the
sentences. While adverb clauses are slightly more complicated than simple adverbs, they are
worth learning about.
The adverb clauses in these examples are italicized for easy identification.
1.Jennifer scrubbed the bathtub until her arms ached. (This adverb clause describes how Jennifer
scrubbed.)
2.The dogs started chasing my car once they saw it turn the corner. (This adverb clause describes
when the dogs started chasing my car.)
3.After having my wisdom teeth out, I had a milkshake for dinner because I couldn’t chew anything.
(This adverb clause describes why I had a milkshake for dinner.)

10. Adverb Clause Exercise
The following exercises will help you gain greater understanding about how adverb clauses work. Choose the best answer to complete each
sentence.
1. The women took notes ________________________.
a. While being taught to cook
b. Steadily
c. Noisily
d. For their children
Answer: A. the women took notes while being taught to cook. (This adverb clause describes when the women took notes.)
2. We will go to the game __________________.
a. Friday
b. Even if it rains
c. Saturday
d. Sometime
Answer: B. We will go to the game even if it rains. (This adverb clause describes a certain condition, or a “how.”)
3. You can put the package ____________________.

11. b. Inside
c. Wherever you like
d. Somewhere
Answer: C.You can put the package wherever you like. (This adverb clause denotes a place, even though that place is not
specific.)
4. ___________________, you will not be punished.
a. Since you have apologized
b. We decided
c. He told me
d.You are lucky
Answer:A. Since you have apologized, you will not be punished. (This adverb clause denotes a reason or a “why.”)
5. She was so tired _____________________.
a. She left
b. She cried
c. Today
d. That she could not stand
Answer: D. She was so tired that she could not stand. (This adverb clause denotes a result of being tired or a “how.”)

12. Clause as a noun function

18. Adverb Clauses List
When creating adverb clauses, feel free to be creative. The following examples will help you get
started:
Even when I’m sick
When you have finished working
Whenever you like
Wherever we prefer
Since I returned from vacation
As she was not there
Since you always do well
Before entering high school
After I return
So that he would understand