Classification is a machine learning technique used to predict group membership for data instances. To simplify the problem of classification neural networks are being introduced. This paper focuses on IRIS plant classification using Neural Network. The problem concerns the identification of IRIS plant species on the basis of plant attribute measurements. Classification of IRIS data set would be discovering patterns from examining petal and sepal size of the IRIS plant and how the prediction was made from analyzing the pattern to form the class of IRIS plant. By using this pattern and classification, in future upcoming years the unknown data can be predicted more precisely. Artificial neural networks have been successfully applied to problems in pattern classification, function approximations, optimization, and associative memories. In this work, Multilayer feed- forward networks are trained using back propagation learning algorithm.
Classification Of Iris Plant Using Feedforward Neural Networkirjes
The classification and recognition of type on the basis of individual features and behaviors constitute
a preliminary measure and is an important target in the behavioral sciences. Current statistical methods do not
always yield satisfactory answers. A Feed Forward Artificial Neural Network is the computer model inspired by
the structure of the Human Brain. It views as in the set of artificial nerve cells that are interconnected with the
other neurons. The primary aim of this paper is to demonstrate the process of developing the Artificial Neural
network based classifier which classifies the Iris database. The problem concerns the identification of Iris plant
species on the basis of plant attribute measurements. This paper is related to the use of feed forward neural
networks towards the identification of iris plants on the basis of the following measurements: sepal length, sepal
width, petal length, and petal width. Using this data set a Neural Network (NN) is used for the classification of
iris data set. The EBPA is used for training of this ANN. The results of simulations illustrate the effectiveness of
the neural system in iris class identification.
Performance Evaluation of Different Data Mining Classification Algorithm and ...IOSR Journals
This document evaluates the performance of different data mining classification algorithms and predictive analysis. It applies algorithms like decision trees, naive Bayes, k-nearest neighbor, neural networks, and support vector machines to datasets like Iris, liver disorder, and E. coli. The results show that neural networks and k-nearest neighbor achieved the best performance on these datasets, with accuracy rates up to 97.33% for Iris classification. Feature selection techniques like removing zero-weighted attributes were also found to improve some algorithm performance. Predictive analysis experiments found that neural networks and k-nearest neighbor were most accurate at predicting new class labels.
Pattern Recognition using Artificial Neural NetworkEditor IJCATR
An artificial neural network (ANN) usually called neural network. It can be considered as a resemblance to a paradigm
which is inspired by biological nervous system. In network the signals are transmitted by the means of connections links. The links
possess an associated way which is multiplied along with the incoming signal. The output signal is obtained by applying activation to
the net input NN are one of the most exciting and challenging research areas. As ANN mature into commercial systems, they are likely
to be implemented in hardware. Their fault tolerance and reliability are therefore vital to the functioning of the system in which they
are embedded. The pattern recognition system is implemented with Back propagation network and Hopfield network to remove the
distortion from the input. The Hopfield network has high fault tolerance which supports this system to get the accurate output.
Model of Differential Equation for Genetic Algorithm with Neural Network (GAN...Sarvesh Kumar
The work is carried on the application of differential equation (DE) and its computational technique of genetic algorithm and neural (GANN) in C#, which is frequently used in globalised world by human wings. Diagrammatical and flow chart presentation is the major concerned for easy undertaking of these two concepts with indication of its present and future application is the new initiative taken in this paper along with computational approaches in C#. Little observation has been also pointed during working, functioning and development process of above algorithm in C# under given boundary value condition of DE for genetic and neural. Operations of fitness function and Genetic operations were completed for behavioural transmission of chromosome.
Soft computing is likely to play an important role in science and engineering in the future. The successful applications of soft computing and the rapid growth suggest that the impact of soft computing will be felt increasingly in coming years. Soft Computing encourages the integration of soft computing techniques and tools into both everyday and advanced applications. This Open access peer-reviewed journal serves as a platform that fosters new applications for all scientists and engineers engaged in research and development in this fast growing field.
Stock Prediction Using Artificial Neural Networksijbuiiir1
This document describes a study that uses artificial neural networks to predict stock prices. It discusses justifying the use of ANNs for stock price forecasting due to their ability to model nonlinear relationships without prior assumptions. The study develops a neural network with input layer containing stock data (e.g. price, volume), a hidden layer, and output layer to predict future closing prices. The network is trained on 70% of stock data from four companies and tested on remaining 30% to evaluate performance using error metrics.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Artificial neural networks (ANN) consider classification as one of the most dynamic research and
application areas. ANN is the branch of Artificial Intelligence (AI). The neural network was trained by
back propagation algorithm. The different combinations of functions and its effect while using ANN as a
classifier is studied and the correctness of these functions are analyzed for various kinds of datasets. The
back propagation neural network (BPNN) can be used as a highly successful tool for dataset classification
with suitable combination of training, learning and transfer functions. When the maximum likelihood
method was compared with backpropagation neural network method, the BPNN was more accurate than
maximum likelihood method. A high predictive ability with stable and well functioning BPNN is possible.
Multilayer feed-forward neural network algorithm is also used for classification. However BPNN proves to
be more effective than other classification algorithms.
Classification Of Iris Plant Using Feedforward Neural Networkirjes
The classification and recognition of type on the basis of individual features and behaviors constitute
a preliminary measure and is an important target in the behavioral sciences. Current statistical methods do not
always yield satisfactory answers. A Feed Forward Artificial Neural Network is the computer model inspired by
the structure of the Human Brain. It views as in the set of artificial nerve cells that are interconnected with the
other neurons. The primary aim of this paper is to demonstrate the process of developing the Artificial Neural
network based classifier which classifies the Iris database. The problem concerns the identification of Iris plant
species on the basis of plant attribute measurements. This paper is related to the use of feed forward neural
networks towards the identification of iris plants on the basis of the following measurements: sepal length, sepal
width, petal length, and petal width. Using this data set a Neural Network (NN) is used for the classification of
iris data set. The EBPA is used for training of this ANN. The results of simulations illustrate the effectiveness of
the neural system in iris class identification.
Performance Evaluation of Different Data Mining Classification Algorithm and ...IOSR Journals
This document evaluates the performance of different data mining classification algorithms and predictive analysis. It applies algorithms like decision trees, naive Bayes, k-nearest neighbor, neural networks, and support vector machines to datasets like Iris, liver disorder, and E. coli. The results show that neural networks and k-nearest neighbor achieved the best performance on these datasets, with accuracy rates up to 97.33% for Iris classification. Feature selection techniques like removing zero-weighted attributes were also found to improve some algorithm performance. Predictive analysis experiments found that neural networks and k-nearest neighbor were most accurate at predicting new class labels.
Pattern Recognition using Artificial Neural NetworkEditor IJCATR
An artificial neural network (ANN) usually called neural network. It can be considered as a resemblance to a paradigm
which is inspired by biological nervous system. In network the signals are transmitted by the means of connections links. The links
possess an associated way which is multiplied along with the incoming signal. The output signal is obtained by applying activation to
the net input NN are one of the most exciting and challenging research areas. As ANN mature into commercial systems, they are likely
to be implemented in hardware. Their fault tolerance and reliability are therefore vital to the functioning of the system in which they
are embedded. The pattern recognition system is implemented with Back propagation network and Hopfield network to remove the
distortion from the input. The Hopfield network has high fault tolerance which supports this system to get the accurate output.
Model of Differential Equation for Genetic Algorithm with Neural Network (GAN...Sarvesh Kumar
The work is carried on the application of differential equation (DE) and its computational technique of genetic algorithm and neural (GANN) in C#, which is frequently used in globalised world by human wings. Diagrammatical and flow chart presentation is the major concerned for easy undertaking of these two concepts with indication of its present and future application is the new initiative taken in this paper along with computational approaches in C#. Little observation has been also pointed during working, functioning and development process of above algorithm in C# under given boundary value condition of DE for genetic and neural. Operations of fitness function and Genetic operations were completed for behavioural transmission of chromosome.
Soft computing is likely to play an important role in science and engineering in the future. The successful applications of soft computing and the rapid growth suggest that the impact of soft computing will be felt increasingly in coming years. Soft Computing encourages the integration of soft computing techniques and tools into both everyday and advanced applications. This Open access peer-reviewed journal serves as a platform that fosters new applications for all scientists and engineers engaged in research and development in this fast growing field.
Stock Prediction Using Artificial Neural Networksijbuiiir1
This document describes a study that uses artificial neural networks to predict stock prices. It discusses justifying the use of ANNs for stock price forecasting due to their ability to model nonlinear relationships without prior assumptions. The study develops a neural network with input layer containing stock data (e.g. price, volume), a hidden layer, and output layer to predict future closing prices. The network is trained on 70% of stock data from four companies and tested on remaining 30% to evaluate performance using error metrics.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Artificial neural networks (ANN) consider classification as one of the most dynamic research and
application areas. ANN is the branch of Artificial Intelligence (AI). The neural network was trained by
back propagation algorithm. The different combinations of functions and its effect while using ANN as a
classifier is studied and the correctness of these functions are analyzed for various kinds of datasets. The
back propagation neural network (BPNN) can be used as a highly successful tool for dataset classification
with suitable combination of training, learning and transfer functions. When the maximum likelihood
method was compared with backpropagation neural network method, the BPNN was more accurate than
maximum likelihood method. A high predictive ability with stable and well functioning BPNN is possible.
Multilayer feed-forward neural network algorithm is also used for classification. However BPNN proves to
be more effective than other classification algorithms.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
An Efficient PSO Based Ensemble Classification Model on High Dimensional Data...ijsc
This summary provides the high-level information from the document in 3 sentences:
The document proposes a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) based ensemble classification model to improve classification of high-dimensional biomedical datasets. It develops an optimized PSO technique to select optimal features and initialize weights for base classifiers in the ensemble model. Experimental results on microarray datasets show the proposed model achieves higher accuracy, true positive rate, and lower error rate compared to traditional feature selection based classification models.
AN EFFICIENT PSO BASED ENSEMBLE CLASSIFICATION MODEL ON HIGH DIMENSIONAL DATA...ijsc
As the size of the biomedical databases are growing day by day, finding an essential features in the disease prediction have become more complex due to high dimensionality and sparsity problems. Also, due to the
availability of a large number of micro-array datasets in the biomedical repositories, it is difficult to analyze, predict and interpret the feature information using the traditional feature selection based classification models. Most of the traditional feature selection based classification algorithms have computational issues such as dimension reduction, uncertainty and class imbalance on microarray datasets. Ensemble classifier is one of the scalable models for extreme learning machine due to its high efficiency, the fast processing speed for real-time applications. The main objective of the feature selection
based ensemble learning models is to classify the high dimensional data with high computational efficiency
and high true positive rate on high dimensional datasets. In this proposed model an optimized Particle swarm optimization (PSO) based Ensemble classification model was developed on high dimensional microarray
datasets. Experimental results proved that the proposed model has high computational efficiency compared to the traditional feature selection based classification models in terms of accuracy , true positive rate and error rate are concerned.
Classical methods for classification of pixels in multispectral images include supervised classifiers such as
the maximum-likelihood classifier, neural network classifiers, fuzzy neural networks, support vector
machines, and decision trees. Recently, there has been an increase of interest in ensemble learning – a
method that generates many classifiers and aggregates their results. Breiman proposed Random Forestin
2001 for classification and clustering. Random Forest grows many decision trees for classification. To
classify a new object, the input vector is run through each decision tree in the forest. Each tree gives a
classification. The forest chooses the classification having the most votes. Random Forest provides a robust
algorithm for classifying large datasets. The potential of Random Forest is not been explored in analyzing
multispectral satellite images. To evaluate the performance of Random Forest, we classified multispectral
images using various classifiers such as the maximum likelihood classifier, neural network, support vector
machine (SVM), and Random Forest and compare their results.
International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science is an open access peer-reviewed international forum for scientists involved in research to publish quality and refereed papers. Papers reporting original research or experimentally proved review work are welcome. Papers for publication are selected through peer review to ensure originality, relevance, and readability.
Multispectral Image Analysis Using Random Forest ijsc
Classical methods for classification of pixels in multispectral images include supervised classifiers such as the maximum-likelihood classifier, neural network classifiers, fuzzy neural networks, support vector machines, and decision trees. Recently, there has been an increase of interest in ensemble learning – a method that generates many classifiers and aggregates their results. Breiman proposed Random Forestin 2001 for classification and clustering. Random Forest grows many decision trees for classification. To classify a new object, the input vector is run through each decision tree in the forest. Each tree gives a classification. The forest chooses the classification having the most votes. Random Forest provides a robust algorithm for classifying large datasets. The potential of Random Forest is not been explored in analyzing multispectral satellite images. To evaluate the performance of Random Forest, we classified multispectral images using various classifiers such as the maximum likelihood classifier, neural network, support vector machine (SVM), and Random Forest and compare their results.
Pattern recognition system based on support vector machinesAlexander Decker
This document describes a study that uses support vector machines (SVM) to develop quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models for predicting the anti-HIV activity of 1,3,4-oxadiazole substituted naphthyridine derivatives based on their molecular descriptors. The SVM model achieved a cross-validation R2 value of 0.90 and RMSE of 0.145, outperforming artificial neural network and multiple linear regression models. An external validation on an independent test set found the SVM model had an R value of 0.96 and RMSE of 0.166, demonstrating good predictive ability.
Data Analysis and Prediction System for Meteorological DataIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses a data analysis and prediction system for meteorological data that analyzes real-time sensor data to improve weather forecasting accuracy.
2) It compares processing the data sequentially, in parallel using threads, and using the Hadoop distributed processing framework. The distributed approach overcomes limitations of the existing sequential system by reducing processing time.
3) Experimental results show the distributed Hadoop approach has shorter processing times than the sequential or parallel approaches, especially for large datasets, making it suitable for long-term weather data analysis and prediction.
Artificial Neural Networks is a calculation method that builds several processing units based on
interconnected connections. The network consists of an arbitrary number of cells or nodes or units
or neurons that connect the input set to the output. It is a part of a computer system that mimics how
the human brain analyzes and processes data. Self-driving vehicles, character recognition, image
compression, stock market prediction, risk analysis systems, drone control, welding quality analysis,
computer quality analysis, emergency room testing, oil and gas exploration and a variety of other
applications all use artificial neural networks.
Artificial Neural Networks is a calculation method that builds several processing units based on
interconnected connections. The network consists of an arbitrary number of cells or nodes or units
or neurons that connect the input set to the output. It is a part of a computer system that mimics how
the human brain analyzes and processes data. Self-driving vehicles, character recognition, image
compression, stock market prediction, risk analysis systems, drone control, welding quality analysis,
computer quality analysis, emergency room testing, oil and gas exploration and a variety of other
applications all use artificial neural networks. Predicting consumer behavior, creating and
understanding more sophisticated buyer segments, marketing automation, content creation and
sales forecasting are some applications of the ANN systems in the marketing. In this paper, a review
in recent development and applications of the Artificial Neural Networks is presented in order to move
forward the research filed by reviewing and analyzing recent achievements in the published papers.
Thus, the developed ANN systems can be presented and new methodologies and applications of the
ANN systems can be introducedArtificial Neural Networks (ANNs), or more simply neural networks, are new systems and computational
methods for machine learning, knowledge demonstration, and finally the application of knowledge
gained to maximize the output responses of complex systems (Chen et al. 2019). An Artificial Neural
Network (ANN) is a data processing model based on the way biological nervous systems, such as the
brain, process data. They're focused on the neuronal structure of the mamalian cerebral cortex, but at
a much smaller scale. Many artificial intelligence experts believe that artificial neural networks are the Artificial neural networks are designed in the same way as the human brain, with neuron nodes
interconnected in a web-like fashion. Neurons are billions of cells that make up the human brain. Each
neuron is made up of a cell body that processes information by bringing it to and from the brain (inputs
and outputs) (Van Gerven and Bohte 2017). The main idea of such networks is (to some extent) inspired
by the way the biological neural system works, to process data, and information in order to learn and
create knowledge. The key element of this idea is to create new structures for the information
processing system. The Artificial neural network architecture is shown in the figure 2 (Bre, Gimenez,
and Fachinotti 2018).The system is made up of a large number of highly interconnected processing elements called neurons
that work together to solve a problem and transmit information through synapses (electromagnetic
connections). The neurons are interconnected closely and organized into layer. The input layer receives the data, while the output layer generates the final result. Between the two, one or more secret layers are typically sandwiched. This arrangement makes predicting
A Survey of Various Intrusion Detection Systemsijsrd.com
In this paper, we present an overview of existing intrusion detection techniques. All these algorithms are described more or less on their own. Intrusion detection system is a very popular and computationally expensive task. We also explain the fundamentals of intrusion detection system. We describe today's approaches for intrusion detection system. From the broad variety of efficient techniques that have been developed we will compare the most important ones. We will systematize the techniques and analyze their performance based on both their run time performance and theoretical considerations. Their strengths and weaknesses are also investigated. It turns out that the behavior of the algorithms is much more similar as to be expected.
Potato Leaf Disease Detection Using Machine LearningIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on detecting potato leaf diseases using machine learning techniques. The researchers collected a dataset of potato leaf images from Kaggle containing healthy leaves and leaves affected by early and late blight diseases. They performed preprocessing including data augmentation to increase the dataset size. A convolutional neural network model was trained on the images to extract features and classify leaves as healthy or diseased, achieving an accuracy of 97.71%. The CNN model outperformed traditional machine learning classifiers. The researchers concluded machine learning is an effective approach for automated disease detection to improve agricultural production through early identification.
Applying Soft Computing Techniques in Information RetrievalIJAEMSJORNAL
There is plethora of information available over the internet on daily basis and to retrieve meaningful effective information using usual IR methods is becoming a cumbersome task. Hence this paper summarizes the different soft computing techniques available that can be applied to information retrieval systems to improve its efficiency in acquiring knowledge related to a user’s query.
A Study of Social Media Data and Data Mining TechniquesIJERA Editor
Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) has highly interconnected elements (neurons) which unanimously work to solve the specific problems. Recently ANNs are involved in the areas like image and speech recognition, character & pattern recognition with statistical analysis and data modeling for solving the problems related to forecasting & classification. In this paper, we are focusing on learning process of a neural network.
USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK IN DIAGNOSIS OF THYROID DISEASE: A CASE STUDYijcsa
Nowadays, one of the main issues to create challenges in medicine sciences by developing technology is the
disease diagnosis with high accuracy. In the recent decades, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are considered as the best solutions to achieve this goal and involve in widespread researches to diagnose the diseases. In this paper, we consider a Multi-layer Perceptron (MLP) ANN using back propagation learning algorithm to classify Thyroid disease. It consists of an input layer with 5 neurons, a hidden layer with 6 neurons and an output layer with just 1 neuron. The suitable selection of activation function and the number of neurons in the hidden layer and also the number of layers are achieved using test and error method. Our simulation results indicate that the performed optimization in MLP ANNs can be reached the accuracy level to 98.6%.
Deep learning is a collection of machine learning algorithms utilizing multiple layers, with which higher levels of raw data are slowly removed. For example, lower layers can recognize edges in image processing whereas higher layers may define concepts for humans such as numbers or letters or faces. In this paper we have done a literature survey of some other papers to know how useful is Deep Learning and how to define other Artificial Intelligence things using Deep Learning. Anirban Chakraborty "A Study of Deep Learning Applications" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31629.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/31629/a-study-of-deep-learning-applications/anirban-chakraborty
IDENTIFICATION OF DIFFERENT SPECIES OF IRIS FLOWER USING MACHINE LEARNING ALG...IRJET Journal
The document discusses identifying different species of iris flowers (Iris setosa, Iris versicolor, and Iris virginica) using machine learning algorithms. It uses the well-known iris flower dataset containing measurements of sepal length/width and petal length/width for 50 samples of each species. Various machine learning algorithms are tested including logistic regression, decision trees, k-NN, random forest, naive Bayes, and linear SVC. The algorithms are trained on the dataset and their accuracy in classifying iris flowers is evaluated. The study finds that linear SVC achieves the highest accuracy of 97.778% at classifying iris flower species.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document discusses improving neural network classification of astronomical objects into stars and galaxies. It analyzes the classifier used in the SExtractor software, which uses a multi-layer perceptron neural network trained on simulated data. The authors build their own classifier using WEKA to automatically select features and the neural network topology from real data classified by an expert. Their classifier achieved slightly better results than SExtractor and used fewer computational resources. However, more domain specific information is still needed to build a better star/galaxy separator.
ABSTRACT: An artificial neural network (ANN) is an information processing construct inspired by the manner in which the brain processes information and were originally developed to mimic the learning process of the human brain. They have been increasingly used in the chemical industry for data analysis, process control, pattern identification, identification of drug targets, and the prediction of several physicochemical properties. This paper provides a brief introduction on neural networks and their applications to the chemical industry.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
An Efficient PSO Based Ensemble Classification Model on High Dimensional Data...ijsc
This summary provides the high-level information from the document in 3 sentences:
The document proposes a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) based ensemble classification model to improve classification of high-dimensional biomedical datasets. It develops an optimized PSO technique to select optimal features and initialize weights for base classifiers in the ensemble model. Experimental results on microarray datasets show the proposed model achieves higher accuracy, true positive rate, and lower error rate compared to traditional feature selection based classification models.
AN EFFICIENT PSO BASED ENSEMBLE CLASSIFICATION MODEL ON HIGH DIMENSIONAL DATA...ijsc
As the size of the biomedical databases are growing day by day, finding an essential features in the disease prediction have become more complex due to high dimensionality and sparsity problems. Also, due to the
availability of a large number of micro-array datasets in the biomedical repositories, it is difficult to analyze, predict and interpret the feature information using the traditional feature selection based classification models. Most of the traditional feature selection based classification algorithms have computational issues such as dimension reduction, uncertainty and class imbalance on microarray datasets. Ensemble classifier is one of the scalable models for extreme learning machine due to its high efficiency, the fast processing speed for real-time applications. The main objective of the feature selection
based ensemble learning models is to classify the high dimensional data with high computational efficiency
and high true positive rate on high dimensional datasets. In this proposed model an optimized Particle swarm optimization (PSO) based Ensemble classification model was developed on high dimensional microarray
datasets. Experimental results proved that the proposed model has high computational efficiency compared to the traditional feature selection based classification models in terms of accuracy , true positive rate and error rate are concerned.
Classical methods for classification of pixels in multispectral images include supervised classifiers such as
the maximum-likelihood classifier, neural network classifiers, fuzzy neural networks, support vector
machines, and decision trees. Recently, there has been an increase of interest in ensemble learning – a
method that generates many classifiers and aggregates their results. Breiman proposed Random Forestin
2001 for classification and clustering. Random Forest grows many decision trees for classification. To
classify a new object, the input vector is run through each decision tree in the forest. Each tree gives a
classification. The forest chooses the classification having the most votes. Random Forest provides a robust
algorithm for classifying large datasets. The potential of Random Forest is not been explored in analyzing
multispectral satellite images. To evaluate the performance of Random Forest, we classified multispectral
images using various classifiers such as the maximum likelihood classifier, neural network, support vector
machine (SVM), and Random Forest and compare their results.
International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science is an open access peer-reviewed international forum for scientists involved in research to publish quality and refereed papers. Papers reporting original research or experimentally proved review work are welcome. Papers for publication are selected through peer review to ensure originality, relevance, and readability.
Multispectral Image Analysis Using Random Forest ijsc
Classical methods for classification of pixels in multispectral images include supervised classifiers such as the maximum-likelihood classifier, neural network classifiers, fuzzy neural networks, support vector machines, and decision trees. Recently, there has been an increase of interest in ensemble learning – a method that generates many classifiers and aggregates their results. Breiman proposed Random Forestin 2001 for classification and clustering. Random Forest grows many decision trees for classification. To classify a new object, the input vector is run through each decision tree in the forest. Each tree gives a classification. The forest chooses the classification having the most votes. Random Forest provides a robust algorithm for classifying large datasets. The potential of Random Forest is not been explored in analyzing multispectral satellite images. To evaluate the performance of Random Forest, we classified multispectral images using various classifiers such as the maximum likelihood classifier, neural network, support vector machine (SVM), and Random Forest and compare their results.
Pattern recognition system based on support vector machinesAlexander Decker
This document describes a study that uses support vector machines (SVM) to develop quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models for predicting the anti-HIV activity of 1,3,4-oxadiazole substituted naphthyridine derivatives based on their molecular descriptors. The SVM model achieved a cross-validation R2 value of 0.90 and RMSE of 0.145, outperforming artificial neural network and multiple linear regression models. An external validation on an independent test set found the SVM model had an R value of 0.96 and RMSE of 0.166, demonstrating good predictive ability.
Data Analysis and Prediction System for Meteorological DataIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses a data analysis and prediction system for meteorological data that analyzes real-time sensor data to improve weather forecasting accuracy.
2) It compares processing the data sequentially, in parallel using threads, and using the Hadoop distributed processing framework. The distributed approach overcomes limitations of the existing sequential system by reducing processing time.
3) Experimental results show the distributed Hadoop approach has shorter processing times than the sequential or parallel approaches, especially for large datasets, making it suitable for long-term weather data analysis and prediction.
Artificial Neural Networks is a calculation method that builds several processing units based on
interconnected connections. The network consists of an arbitrary number of cells or nodes or units
or neurons that connect the input set to the output. It is a part of a computer system that mimics how
the human brain analyzes and processes data. Self-driving vehicles, character recognition, image
compression, stock market prediction, risk analysis systems, drone control, welding quality analysis,
computer quality analysis, emergency room testing, oil and gas exploration and a variety of other
applications all use artificial neural networks.
Artificial Neural Networks is a calculation method that builds several processing units based on
interconnected connections. The network consists of an arbitrary number of cells or nodes or units
or neurons that connect the input set to the output. It is a part of a computer system that mimics how
the human brain analyzes and processes data. Self-driving vehicles, character recognition, image
compression, stock market prediction, risk analysis systems, drone control, welding quality analysis,
computer quality analysis, emergency room testing, oil and gas exploration and a variety of other
applications all use artificial neural networks. Predicting consumer behavior, creating and
understanding more sophisticated buyer segments, marketing automation, content creation and
sales forecasting are some applications of the ANN systems in the marketing. In this paper, a review
in recent development and applications of the Artificial Neural Networks is presented in order to move
forward the research filed by reviewing and analyzing recent achievements in the published papers.
Thus, the developed ANN systems can be presented and new methodologies and applications of the
ANN systems can be introducedArtificial Neural Networks (ANNs), or more simply neural networks, are new systems and computational
methods for machine learning, knowledge demonstration, and finally the application of knowledge
gained to maximize the output responses of complex systems (Chen et al. 2019). An Artificial Neural
Network (ANN) is a data processing model based on the way biological nervous systems, such as the
brain, process data. They're focused on the neuronal structure of the mamalian cerebral cortex, but at
a much smaller scale. Many artificial intelligence experts believe that artificial neural networks are the Artificial neural networks are designed in the same way as the human brain, with neuron nodes
interconnected in a web-like fashion. Neurons are billions of cells that make up the human brain. Each
neuron is made up of a cell body that processes information by bringing it to and from the brain (inputs
and outputs) (Van Gerven and Bohte 2017). The main idea of such networks is (to some extent) inspired
by the way the biological neural system works, to process data, and information in order to learn and
create knowledge. The key element of this idea is to create new structures for the information
processing system. The Artificial neural network architecture is shown in the figure 2 (Bre, Gimenez,
and Fachinotti 2018).The system is made up of a large number of highly interconnected processing elements called neurons
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An Approach for IRIS Plant Classification Using Neural Network
1. International Journal on Soft Computing ( IJSC ) Vol.3, No.1, February 2012
DOI : 10.5121/ijsc.2012.3107 79
AN APPROACH FOR IRIS PLANT CLASSIFICATION
USING NEURAL NETWORK
Madhusmita Swain1
, Sanjit Kumar Dash2
, Sweta Dash3
and Ayeskanta Mohapatra4
1, 2
Department of Information Technology, College of Engineering and Technology,
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
3
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Synergy Institute of Engineering and
Technology, Dhenkanal, Odisha, India
4
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Hi-tech Institute of Technology,
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
[madhusmita39, sanjitkumar303, swetadash123,
ayeskantamohapatra]@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Classification is a machine learning technique used to predict group membership for data instances. To
simplify the problem of classification neural networks are being introduced. This paper focuses on IRIS
plant classification using Neural Network. The problem concerns the identification of IRIS plant species on
the basis of plant attribute measurements. Classification of IRIS data set would be discovering patterns
from examining petal and sepal size of the IRIS plant and how the prediction was made from analyzing the
pattern to form the class of IRIS plant. By using this pattern and classification, in future upcoming years
the unknown data can be predicted more precisely. Artificial neural networks have been successfully
applied to problems in pattern classification, function approximations, optimization, and associative
memories. In this work, Multilayer feed- forward networks are trained using back propagation learning
algorithm.
KEYWORDS
IRIS dataset, artificial neural networks, Back-propagation algorithm
1. INTRODUCTION
Bioinformatics [7] is a promising and novel research area in the 21st
century. This field is data
driven and aims at understanding of relationships and gaining knowledge in biology. In order to
extract this knowledge encoded in biological data, advanced computational technologies,
algorithms and tools need to be used. Basic problems in bioinformatics like protein structure
prediction, multiple alignments of sequences, phylogenic inferences, etc are inherently non-
deterministic polynomial-time hard in nature. To solve these kinds of problems artificial
intelligence (AI) methods offer a powerful and efficient approach. Researchers have used AI
techniques like Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Fuzzy Logic, Genetic Algorithms, and
Support Vector Machines to solve problems in bioinformatics. Artificial Neural Networks [1, 11]
is one of the AI techniques commonly in use because of its ability to capture and represent
complex input and output relationships among data. The purpose of this paper is to provide an
overall understanding of ANN and its place in bioinformatics to a newcomer to the field.
2. International Journal on Soft Computing ( IJSC ) Vol.3, No.1, February 2012
80
Classification [6] is one of the major data mining processes which maps data into predefined
groups. It comes under supervised learning [10] method as the classes are determined before
examining the data. All approaches to performing classification assume some knowledge of the
data. Usually, a training set is used to develop the specific parameters required. Pattern
classification aims to build a function that maps the input feature space to an output space of two
or more than two classes. Neural Networks (NN) [1, 10] are an effective tool in the field of
pattern classification. Neural networks are simplified models of the biological nervous systems.
An NN can be said to be a data processing system, consisting of a large number of simple, highly
interconnected processing elements(artificial neurons), in an architecture inspired by the structure
of the cerebral cortex of the brain. The interconnected neural computing elements have the quality
to learn and thereby acquire knowledge and make it available for use. NN are an effective tool in
the field of pattern classification.
This paper is related to the use of multi layer feed-forward neural networks (MLFF) [1,7,10] and
back propagation algorithm[10]towards the identification of IRIS plants [8] on the basis of the
following measurements: sepal length, sepal width, petal length, and petal width. A variety of
constructive neural-network learning algorithms have been proposed for solving the general
function approximation problem. The traditional BP algorithm typically follows a greedy strategy
where in each new neuron added to the network is trained to minimize the residual error as much
as possible. This paper also contains an analysis of the performance results of back propagation
neural networks with various numbers of hidden layer neurons, and differing number of cycles
(epochs).
2. RELATED WORK
There are some experts that understand the IRIS dataset very well. There are few experts that
have done research on this dataset. The experts have mentioned that there isn’t any missing value
found in any attribute of this data set. The data set is complete.
Satchidananda Dehuri and Sung-Bae Cho [3] presented a new hybrid learning scheme for
Chebyshev functional link neural network (CFLNN); and suggest possible remedies and
guidelines for practical applications in data mining. The proposed learning scheme for CFLNN in
classification is validated by an extensive simulation study. Comprehensive performance
comparisons with a number of existing methods are also presented.
Saito and Nakano proposed a medical diagnosis expert system based on a multilayer ANN in [7].
They treated the network as a black box and used it only to observe the effects on the network
output caused by change the inputs.
Mokriš I. and Turčaník M. [9] focussed on analysis of multilayer feed forward neural network
with sigmoidal activation function, which is used for invariant pattern recognition. Analysed
invariance of multilayer perceptron is used for the recognition of translated, rotated, dilated,
destroyed and incomplete patterns. Parameters of analysis are the number of hidden layers,
number of neurons in hidden layers and number of learning cycles due to Back-Propagation
learning algorithm of multilayer feed forward neural network. Results of analysis can be used for
evaluation of quality of invariant pattern recognition by multilayer perceptron.
Fernández-Redondo M. and Hernández-Espinosa C. reviewed two very different types of input
selection methods: the first one is based on the analysis of a trained multilayer feed forward
neural network (MFNN) and the second ones is based on an analysis of the training set. They also
present a methodology that allows experimentally evaluating and comparing feature selection
methods.
3. International Journal on Soft Computing ( IJSC ) Vol.3, No.1, February 2012
81
Two methods for extracting rules from ANN are described by Towell and Shavlik in [12]. The
first method is the subset algorithm [5] which searches for subsets of connections to a node whose
summed weight exceeds the bias of that node. The major problem with subset algorithms is that
the cost of finding all subsets increases as the size of the ANNs increases. The second method, the
MofN algorithm [13] is an improvement of the subset method that is designed to explicitly search
for M-of-N rules from knowledge based ANNs. Instead of considering an ANN connection,
groups of connections are checked for their contribution to the activation of a node, which is done
by clustering the ANN connections.
3. IRIS PLANT DATASET
One of the most popular and best known databases of the neural network application is the IRIS
plant data set which is obtained from UCI Machine Learning Repository and created by R.A.
Fisher while donated by Michael Marshall (MARSHALL%PLU@io.arc.nasa.gov) on July, 1988
The IRIS dataset [2, 4, 8] classifies three different classes of IRIS plant by performing pattern
classification [8]. The IRIS data set includes three classes of 50 objects each, where each class
refers to a type of IRIS plant. The attributed that already been predicted belongs to the class of
IRIS plant. The list of attributes present in the IRIS can be described as categorical, nominal and
continuous. The experts have mentioned that there isn’t any missing value found in any attribute
of this data set. The data set is complete.
This project makes use of the well known IRIS dataset, which refers to three classes of 50
instances each, where each class refers to a type of IRIS plant. The first of the classes is linearly
distinguishable from the remaining two, with the second two not being linearly separable from
each other. The 150 instances, which are equally separated between the three classes, contain the
following four numeric attributes:
1. sepal length – continuous
2. sepal width - continuous
3. petal length - continuous
4. petal width – continuous and
the fifth attribute is the predictive attributes which is the class attribute that means each instance
also includes an identifying class name, each of which is one of the following: IRIS Setosa, IRIS
Versicolour, or IRIS Virginica.
The expectation from mining IRIS data set would be discovering patterns from examining petal
and sepal size of the IRIS plant and how the prediction was made from analyzing the pattern to
form the class of IRIS plant. By using this pattern and classification, the unknown data can be
predicted more precisely in upcoming years. It is very clearly stated that the type of relationship
that being mined using IRIS dataset would be a classification model. This can classify the type of
IRIS plant by examining the sizes of petal and sepal. Sepal width has positive relationship with
Sepal length and petal width has positive relationship with petal length. This pattern is identified
with bare eyes or without using any tools and formulas. It is realized that the petal width is always
smaller then petal length and sepal width also smaller then sepal length.
4. ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK
An Artificial Neural Network [10] is a computational model inspired in the functioning of the
human brain. It is composed by a set of artificial neurons (known as processing units) that are
4. International Journal on Soft Computing ( IJSC ) Vol.3, No.1, February 2012
82
interconnected with other neurons. Each connection has a weight associated that represents the
influence from one neuron on the other. The first formal model of a artificial neuron was
proposed in 1943 by McCulloch and Pitts. They show that such model was able to perform the
computation of any computable function using a finite number of artificial neurons and synaptic
weights adjustable.
The word network in Neural Network refers to the interconnection between neurons present in
various layers of a system. Every system is basically a 3 layered system, which are Input layer,
Hidden Layer and Output Layer. The input layer has input neurons which transfer data via
synapses to the hidden layer, and similarly the hidden layer transfers this data to the output layer
via more synapses. The synapses stores values called weights which helps them to manipulate the
input and output to various layers. An ANN can be defined based on the following three
characteristics:
1. The Architecture indicating the number of layers and the no. of nodes in each of the
layers.
2. The learning mechanism applied for updating the weights of the connections.
3. The activation functions used in various layers.
There are several possible activation functions. The choice of a suitable function depends on the
problem that the neuron is intended to solve. Here we have used the sigmoid as the activation
function.
Figure 1: A simple neural network model
Using this formal model of artificial neuron, several ANN models have been proposed, including
Multilayer feed-forward (MLFF). This is perhaps the most used model in a wide variety of
applications.
4.1. Multilayer Feed Forward Network
Feed-forward ANNs [1, 7] allow signals to travel one way only; from input to output. There is no
feedback (loops) i.e. the output of any layer does not affect that same layer. Feed forward ANNs
tend to be straight forward networks that associate inputs with outputs. This type of organization
5. International Journal on Soft Computing ( IJSC ) Vol.3, No.1, February 2012
83
is also referred to as bottom-up or top-down. They are extensively used in pattern classification
[8].
This network is made of multiple layers. It possesses an input and an output layer and also has
one or more intermediary layers called hidden layers. The computational units of the hidden layer
are known as the hidden neurons or hidden units. The hidden layer aids in performing useful
intermediary computations before directing the input to the output layer. The input layer neurons
are linked to the hidden layer neurons and the weights on these links are referred to as input-
hidden layer weights. Similarly, the hidden layer neurons are linked to the output layer neurons
and the corresponding weights are referred to as hidden-output layer weights.
4.2. Training of Neural Network
Every NN model must be trained with representative data before using. There are basically two
types of training, supervised and unsupervised [10].The basic idea behind training is to pick up
set of weights (often randomly), apply the inputs to the NN and check the output with the
assigned weights. The computed result is compared to the actual value. The difference is used to
update the weights of each layer using the generalized delta rule [6, 10]. This training algorithm is
known as ‘back propagation’. After several training epochs, when the error between the actual
output and the computed output is less than a previously specified value, the NN is considered
trained. Once trained, the NN can be used to process new data, classifying them according to its
required knowledge. When using supervised training it is important to address the following
practical issues [7].
Over training- This is a serious problem where NN reduces error to an extent that it simply
memorizes the data set used in training. Then it will not be possible to categorize the new data set
and the generalization is not possible, which is not the required behaviour of the NN.
Validation set- To prevent over-training, validation of dataset is done. As the training precedes
the training error will decreases and the result of applying the validation set improves.
Test data- Test data is a separate dataset which is used to test the trained NN to determine
whether the NN has generalized the training data set accurately.
Data preparation- Sometimes it is useful to scale data before training. This will improve the
training process.
5. PROPOSED MODEL
Figure 2: Proposed Model
6. International Journal on Soft Computing ( IJSC ) Vol.3, No.1, February 2012
84
4.1 Dataset Construction
This projects initial activity was towards the separation of the consolidated data set, into a
training set, and a testing set. There are 150 instances with 25 in each one of three classes.
Existing 4 numerical attributes for identification of the classes are sepal length, sepal width, and
petal length and petal width in centimetres. The classes are IRIS Setosa, IRIS versicolor, IRIS
virginica. In this application 75 data of each class are used for training and 75 are separated for
test purpose.
4.2 Normalization
Second step is normalization. Since we are using NNs, it only demands numerical inputs. Using
the following formula we have converted the value in to appropriate range.
xij = (xij - colmmin) /(colmmax - colmmin)
Calculate the colmmin minimum value of the column
Subtract the colmmin from each of the data
Calculate the value of (colmmax - colmmin)
Calculate the new value by dividing the two previous result
Where
colmmin = minimum value of the column
colmmax =maximum value of the column
xij = x(data item)present at ith
row and jth
column
Third step is NN model. In this work, we have used MLFF and learning algorithm as back
propagation algorithm.
5.3 Backpropagation Algorithm
Back-propagation [10] training algorithm when applied to a feed forward multi-layer neural
network is known as Back propagation neural network. Functional signals flows in forward
direction and error signals propagate in backward direction. That’s why it is Error Back
Propagation or shortly Back Propagation network. The activation function [10] that can be
differentiated (such as sigmoid activation function) is chosen for hidden and output layer
computational neurons. The algorithm is based on error-correction rule. The rule for changing
values of synaptic weights follows generalized delta rule.
Steps:
Initialize all weights in network
//Propagate the inputs forward
For each input layer unit j
Oj = Ij //output of an input unit its actual input value
For each hidden or output layer unit j
Ij = ∑i wij Oi // the net input of unit j
Oj = 1/(1+e-Ij
) // the output of each unit j
//Back propagate the errors
7. International Journal on Soft Computing ( IJSC ) Vol.3, No.1, February 2012
85
For each unit j in the output layer
Errj = Oj (1-Oj)(Tj - Oj) // the error
For each unit j in the hidden layer, from the last to the 1st
hidden layer
Errj = Oj (1 - Oj) ∑k Errk wjk //error with respect to the
Next higher layer , k
for each weight wij in network
∆wij =(η) Errj Oi //weight increment
Wij= wij+∆wij //weight update
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. SIMULATION RESULTS
The simulation process is carried on a computer having Dual Core processor and 2 GB of RAM.
The MATLAB version used is R2010a. The IRIS dataset (downloaded from the UCI repository,
www.ics.uci.edu, which is a 150×4 matrix, is taken as the input data. Out of these 150 instances,
75 instances were used for training and 75 for testing. Under supervised learning, the target of the
first 25 instances is taken as 0, for the next 25 instances as 0.5 and for the last 25 instances as 1.
The network architecture taken was 4×3×1, i.e, the input layer has 4 nodes, the hidden layer has 3
nodes and the output layer has 1 node. The tolerance value taken was 0.01.
Figure 3: For 500Epochs vs. MSE at η=0.7
Figure 4: Result of classification for 500 epochs at η=0.7
8. International Journal on Soft Computing ( IJSC ) Vol.3, No.1, February 2012
86
Table 1: Test data classification for 500 Epochs
IRIS Plant Total Classified Not Classified
Setosa 25 24 1
Versicolor 25 11 13
Virginnica 25 25 0
In 500 iterations, out of 25 instances of Setosa class only 24 are classified, out of 25 instances of
Versicolor class only 11 are classified and out of 25 instances of Virginica class all instances are
classified. Hence accuracy rate is 83.33%.
Figure 5: For 1000 Epochs vs. MSE at η=0.7
Figure 6: Result of classification for 1000 epoch at η=0.7
9. International Journal on Soft Computing ( IJSC ) Vol.3, No.1, February 2012
87
Table 2: Test data classification for 1000 epochs
IRIS Plant Total Classified Not Classified
Setosa 25 24 1
Versicolor 25 18 7
Virginnica 25 24 1
In 1000 iterations, out of 25 instances of Setosa class only 24 are classified, out of 25 instances of
Versicolor class only 18 are classified and out of 25 instances of Virginica class 24 instances are
classified. So accuracy rate = 87.33%
Figure 7: For 5000 Epochs vs. MSE at η=0.7
Figure 8: Result of classification for 5000 epochs at η=0.7
10. International Journal on Soft Computing ( IJSC ) Vol.3, No.1, February 2012
88
Table 3: Test data classification for 5000 epochs
IRIS Plant Total Classified Not Classified
Setosa 25 23 2
Versicolor 25 22 3
Virginnica 25 25 0
In 5000 iteration, out of 25 instances of Setosa class only 23 are classified, out of 25 instances of
Versicolor class only 22 are classified and out of 25 instances of Virginica class 25 instances are
classified. So accuracy rate = 96.66%
6. CONCLUSIONS
The Multi Layer Feed Forward Neural network gives us a satisfactory result, because it is able to
classify the three different types of IRIS of 150 instances with just few errors for the other one.
From the graphs we observe that Back propagation Algorithm gives the best accuracy .The no. of
epochs required to train the neural network range from 500 to 50000 and the accuracy ranges
from 83.33% to 96.66%.
From the above results, graphs and discussion, it is concluded that Multi Layer Feed Forward
Neural Network (MLFF) is faster in terms of learning speed and gave a good accuracy, i.e., has
the best trade-off between speed and accuracy. So, for faster and accurate classification, Multi
Layer Feed Forward Neural Networks can be used in many pattern classification problems.
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