This document analyzes human rights violations committed by Nigerian security services. It begins by defining human rights and what constitutes a violation. It then examines several specific incidents of violations, including:
1) The 1999 Odi massacre where the military killed over 2,500 civilians.
2) The 2001 Zaki-Biam massacre where soldiers killed over 100 villagers.
3) Other cases of rape, torture, extrajudicial killings of civilians, and restrictions on press freedom.
The document argues these actions by Nigerian security services violate citizens' constitutional rights to life, dignity, liberty, and freedom of expression as protected by Nigerian and international law. Recommendations are made to minimize future human rights
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
I was fascinated by the Arab Spring phenomenon (2011-2014) which reveals how complex the social-political situation in MENA (Middle East and North Africa) had been. Many of my countrymen don't understand the realities there, instead believing conspiracy theories which simplified things to merely "US/Israel/Zionist vs Islam/muslims".
This presentation is my attempt to summarize the history and geopolitical complexities and to debunk some conspiracy theories related to Arab Spring.My sources are multiple articles in CNN, TIME, Al-Jazeera, Al-Monitor, Stratfor, Foreign Policy, among others.
I closed this ever expanding presentation in the beginning of 2014 since it became obvious that the revolution season was over and multiple failures manifested in many countries.
This document summarizes an article about insurgencies and national security in Nigeria. It discusses several insurgencies plaguing Nigeria, including Boko Haram, Fulani herdsmen, militancy, kidnapping, banditry, and cattle rustlers. These insurgencies have undermined national security and development by escalating issues like migration, political instability, decreasing foreign investment, and underdevelopment. The document recommends that the Nigerian government improve intelligence gathering and sharing across security agencies, equip and train armed forces with modern weapons, and eliminate corruption to help curb the menace of insurgencies.
The Arab Spring began in 2010 as a wave of protests and uprisings across North Africa and the Middle East. It started in Tunisia when a fruit seller set himself on fire after police confiscated his goods, sparking anger against the corrupt government. This led to protests that spread online and grew large enough to overthrow the Tunisian president. Inspired by Tunisia's success, protests erupted in Egypt in 2011 and eventually led to the resignation of Hosni Mubarak after 18 days. As the Arab Spring continued, other countries like Libya faced growing protests, with Gaddafi launching a violent crackdown until the UN authorized international intervention against his forces. The UN sought to promote peace, rights, and development in response, but faced challenges interven
POLITICS GETS MUCKIER IN KENYA AS THE GOVERNMENT IS DIVIDED INTO TWOFrederick Owino Oyaro
President Uhuru Kenyatta of Kenya is facing growing divisions within his government between himself and Deputy President William Ruto. Kenyatta recently implicated Ruto's personal assistant in a corruption investigation, signaling growing tensions between the two leaders. Ruto has mobilized support among leaders from central Kenya regions against the powerful technocrat Anne Waiguru, who Kenyatta has favored for her work. As divisions deepen, Kenyatta may be considering alternative partners like Senator Gideon Moi as Ruto's future at the International Criminal Court remains uncertain.
Maritime Piracy and Unlawful Acts against Safety of Lives at Sea: Inimical an...AJSSMTJournal
The protection of human rights through the justice delivery system is an indispensable feature of any system governed by the
rule of law. The protection of human rights have been acknowledged to a very large extent in most civilized or developed
countries of the world because of its necessity and global acceptance not just for the safety and sanctity of life. The
universality of human rights has been recognized by the United Nations as inherent in the very nature of human beings just
for its reflection. Today, the wave of economic globalization has given rise to increasing spread and sophistication of various
inimical activities and acts that negate the lofty ideals of the rule of law and protection of human lives at sea. The crossborder movement of ships with people and cargo, merchandise, investment and finance that encourage urbanization and
globalization has been in most recent times threatened by piracy and armed robbery at sea, torture and various clandestine,
unholy attitudes that are antithetic to fundamental human rights and has opened door for global criminal economy to
flourish. Among the questions this paper seeks to address are, what is the link between trans-border or sea crime and
globalization? What is piracy (Hosti-Humanis)? Why is piracy targeted at the sea..? Why does it occur most in Nigeria and
some countries in the West African sub-region? What are the economic benefits from the sea that are being threatened by
piracy and other crimes? And what efforts are being made by Nigeria and the West African sub-region including international
cooperation’s to address the issue? Above all, to construct the way forward to arrest the ugly situation.
The document discusses the differences between the Arab world, Middle East, and Muslim world. It notes that the Arab world consists of 22 countries in the Middle East and North Africa, while the Muslim world has 55 member states, and only Egypt is an Arab country among the top 10 countries by Muslim population. Most Arabs are Muslim, but most Muslims are not Arab. There are also Christian and Jewish Arabs.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
I was fascinated by the Arab Spring phenomenon (2011-2014) which reveals how complex the social-political situation in MENA (Middle East and North Africa) had been. Many of my countrymen don't understand the realities there, instead believing conspiracy theories which simplified things to merely "US/Israel/Zionist vs Islam/muslims".
This presentation is my attempt to summarize the history and geopolitical complexities and to debunk some conspiracy theories related to Arab Spring.My sources are multiple articles in CNN, TIME, Al-Jazeera, Al-Monitor, Stratfor, Foreign Policy, among others.
I closed this ever expanding presentation in the beginning of 2014 since it became obvious that the revolution season was over and multiple failures manifested in many countries.
This document summarizes an article about insurgencies and national security in Nigeria. It discusses several insurgencies plaguing Nigeria, including Boko Haram, Fulani herdsmen, militancy, kidnapping, banditry, and cattle rustlers. These insurgencies have undermined national security and development by escalating issues like migration, political instability, decreasing foreign investment, and underdevelopment. The document recommends that the Nigerian government improve intelligence gathering and sharing across security agencies, equip and train armed forces with modern weapons, and eliminate corruption to help curb the menace of insurgencies.
The Arab Spring began in 2010 as a wave of protests and uprisings across North Africa and the Middle East. It started in Tunisia when a fruit seller set himself on fire after police confiscated his goods, sparking anger against the corrupt government. This led to protests that spread online and grew large enough to overthrow the Tunisian president. Inspired by Tunisia's success, protests erupted in Egypt in 2011 and eventually led to the resignation of Hosni Mubarak after 18 days. As the Arab Spring continued, other countries like Libya faced growing protests, with Gaddafi launching a violent crackdown until the UN authorized international intervention against his forces. The UN sought to promote peace, rights, and development in response, but faced challenges interven
POLITICS GETS MUCKIER IN KENYA AS THE GOVERNMENT IS DIVIDED INTO TWOFrederick Owino Oyaro
President Uhuru Kenyatta of Kenya is facing growing divisions within his government between himself and Deputy President William Ruto. Kenyatta recently implicated Ruto's personal assistant in a corruption investigation, signaling growing tensions between the two leaders. Ruto has mobilized support among leaders from central Kenya regions against the powerful technocrat Anne Waiguru, who Kenyatta has favored for her work. As divisions deepen, Kenyatta may be considering alternative partners like Senator Gideon Moi as Ruto's future at the International Criminal Court remains uncertain.
Maritime Piracy and Unlawful Acts against Safety of Lives at Sea: Inimical an...AJSSMTJournal
The protection of human rights through the justice delivery system is an indispensable feature of any system governed by the
rule of law. The protection of human rights have been acknowledged to a very large extent in most civilized or developed
countries of the world because of its necessity and global acceptance not just for the safety and sanctity of life. The
universality of human rights has been recognized by the United Nations as inherent in the very nature of human beings just
for its reflection. Today, the wave of economic globalization has given rise to increasing spread and sophistication of various
inimical activities and acts that negate the lofty ideals of the rule of law and protection of human lives at sea. The crossborder movement of ships with people and cargo, merchandise, investment and finance that encourage urbanization and
globalization has been in most recent times threatened by piracy and armed robbery at sea, torture and various clandestine,
unholy attitudes that are antithetic to fundamental human rights and has opened door for global criminal economy to
flourish. Among the questions this paper seeks to address are, what is the link between trans-border or sea crime and
globalization? What is piracy (Hosti-Humanis)? Why is piracy targeted at the sea..? Why does it occur most in Nigeria and
some countries in the West African sub-region? What are the economic benefits from the sea that are being threatened by
piracy and other crimes? And what efforts are being made by Nigeria and the West African sub-region including international
cooperation’s to address the issue? Above all, to construct the way forward to arrest the ugly situation.
The document discusses the differences between the Arab world, Middle East, and Muslim world. It notes that the Arab world consists of 22 countries in the Middle East and North Africa, while the Muslim world has 55 member states, and only Egypt is an Arab country among the top 10 countries by Muslim population. Most Arabs are Muslim, but most Muslims are not Arab. There are also Christian and Jewish Arabs.
The document discusses several issues related to conflicts in Southeast Asia, including oppressive regimes in Myanmar and other countries, sovereignty disputes between countries in the region, and intra-state conflicts within countries. It describes human rights abuses and oppression of minority groups by the military regime in Myanmar. It also outlines territorial disputes between Indonesia and East Timor, the Philippines and Malaysia, and Malaysia and Singapore. Civil conflicts within Myanmar and other Southeast Asian countries over separatist and autonomy issues are also summarized.
Everyday like 9 11 terrorism timeline in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document provides an overview of terrorism globally and in Nigeria. It defines terrorism and outlines its historical origins dating back to 1948 with Palestinian suicide bombings resisting Israeli occupation. It then discusses the rise of terrorist groups in various countries in the 1970s and the different motivations for terrorism, both by state and non-state actors. The bulk of the document focuses on the rise of Boko Haram terrorism in Nigeria since 2009, providing a timeline of its bombings targeting government, military, media and religious sites. It analyzes Boko Haram's modus operandi and argues that containment requires improved law enforcement measures like surveillance cameras, DNA databases and international intervention rather than just military options.
1) Dr. Warren Kizza Besigye joined Yoweri Museveni's rebel group in the 1980s in an act of defiance against Milton Obote's government. As a medical doctor, Besigye provided vital medical care to wounded rebels.
2) Many politicians and soldiers fled Uganda and formed opposition groups in exile during Idi Amin's military rule in the 1970s, carrying out clandestine operations such as recruiting rebels and sabotage within Uganda in defiance of Amin's government.
3) Museveni continued to lead defiant operations against both Obote and Amin, surviving attempts to arrest him. Invasion attempts by exile groups in 1972 were defeated by the Ugandan armed forces
This document outlines a 6-day lesson plan on teaching about the Rwandan genocide. Day 2 provides background on the origins of the genocide, including how Belgian colonialism exacerbated tensions between the Hutu and Tutsi ethnic groups by privileging Tutsis. It discusses the plane crash that killed Rwanda's president in 1994, fueling revenge killings. Day 4 discusses the limited response of the UN despite its purpose to prevent threats to international peace. Statistics are provided on the approximate 800,000 Tutsi and moderate Hutus killed by Hutu militias over 100 days. The aftermath involved Hutu refugees and attempts at reconciliation are discussed for Days 5 and 6.
Mohamed Bouazizi, a Tunisian street vendor, set himself on fire in December 2010 after police confiscated his wares and humiliated him, sparking protests against poverty and corruption. The protests led to the ousting of Tunisia's long-time president and inspired similar uprisings across the Middle East against authoritarian regimes, becoming known as the Arab Spring. Uprisings in countries including Egypt, Libya, and Yemen resulted in regime changes, civil wars, or ongoing political instability and violence. The events highlighted issues such as unemployment, inequality, lack of political freedom, and calls for greater democracy and human rights in the region.
This Keynote Address highlights the tragic accounts of the rise of insurgency under Boko Haram, inactions of governments fuelled by conspiracy theories and praxis of inactions and assessment of calamities experienced by citizens caught under the crisis. By all estimation, HE Shettima’s Keynote Address is an important leadership guide to managing humanitarian crisis and truly epitomizes Gen. Murtala's courage in leadership.
This document provides background information on ethnic and religious conflicts in Nigeria, specifically in Jos, Plateau State. It discusses the long-standing tensions over indigenous rights and political representation in Jos that have led to protracted communal conflict since 2001, resulting in thousands of deaths. Competing claims over resources, fears of religious domination, and land disputes have amalgamated into explosive violence between Christian and Muslim groups. Well-organized armed groups and proliferation of weapons have increased risks of future large-scale violence. The conflicts have taken a huge human and economic toll, displacing thousands and destroying homes and livelihoods.
The article discusses lessons that could be learned from South Africa's democratic transition and applied to resolving the Palestine-Israel conflict. It notes that South Africa experienced 50 years of racial segregation policies before transitioning to democracy. Key factors in South Africa's transition included the ANC's strategy of non-violent civil disobedience, international pressure and sanctions on South Africa, and ultimately a negotiated political settlement and power sharing agreement. The article suggests these lessons could provide a model for resolving the long-standing Israel-Palestine conflict through non-violent action and an eventual negotiated political settlement.
Impact of Social Media on Political Landscape Paayal Dharmani
The document discusses the significant impact of social media on politics and social movements. It provides examples of how social media helped Barack Obama get elected in 2008 through innovative online strategies. It also describes how social media played a key role in revolutions in Tunisia and Egypt during the Arab Spring uprisings in 2011 by helping spread awareness and organize protests. Further, it outlines how social media was used by the Occupy Wall Street and India Against Corruption movements to connect people and amplify their causes.
This document summarizes a visit by the Humanitarian Aid Relief Trust (HART) to Sudan and South Sudan in January 2015. It reports that the Government of Sudan has been targeting civilians and civilian infrastructure through aerial bombardment in Blue Nile State. Refugees from Blue Nile State described regular bombings by planes and shelling, with no safe places to hide. The bombing has had severe humanitarian and psychological impacts on communities. Many refugees from Blue Nile State are now trapped between the two conflicts in Sudan and South Sudan. The population remaining in Blue Nile State is isolated and in dire need of humanitarian assistance.
The Rwandan genocide of 1994 saw the mass murder of between 500,000 to 1,000,000 Rwandans over 100 days. The Hutu militia groups Interahamwe and Impuzamugambi carried out the killings of Tutsis and moderate Hutus following the assassination of President Habyarimana. Over 2 million Hutus later fled as refugees from retaliation by the Tutsi RPF who took control of the country. The UN and international community failed to respond swiftly to stop the genocide. Lessons include the need to improve early warning of crises, speed up intervention, and call such crimes 'genocide' from the outset.
The document discusses human smuggling from Sri Lanka to Australia in the post-war period from 2009-2016. It provides background on human smuggling and trafficking globally and in Sri Lanka. It finds that human smuggling increased significantly after the end of the 30-year civil war in 2009, especially among Tamils. By 2013 the trend had declined some. Over 4,500 people were arrested for smuggling attempts in this period, most of whom were Tamil. The document aims to analyze how the post-war political, legal, security, economic and social environments in Sri Lanka impacted levels of human smuggling.
Future challenges to international securityParas Bhutto
The document outlines several structural challenges to international security, including terrorism, cyberterrorism, nuclear proliferation, China's rise, the crisis in the Middle East, corruption, and climate change. It provides details on each challenge, such as how terrorism is difficult to define but has been an effective tactic, how cyberterrorism allows terrorists to wage war in cyberspace, and how climate change will cause global instability and pressure on resources. The conclusion states that the current rapid rate of change outpaces human and state abilities to cope, putting pressure on nation states and potentially fueling issues like terrorism.
Unity, Betrayal and Failed States in Modern TimesDr. Dan EKONGWE
The politics of identity and wars of fragmentation of states stern from broken promises by political leaders and state authorities to respect the convenants reached by founding fathers of most modern states thereby leading to increasing ethno/cultural nationalism and wars of identity. We have seen these across the literature from former Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia, Rwanda, Sudan, Cameroon, Togo, Ghana, Central African Republic, Zimbabwe, Nigeria and Ivory Coast.. The application of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) in its pre UN non approval in Europe to the post application by UN in Lybia has given us the reason to believe that sustainable peace in each state must respect the foundation doctrine of which each country was created, else Africa in particular will continue to witnessed endless wars in age when drone technology and assymetric warfare has gained currency.
Revisiting ethno nationalism in the niger delta of nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document examines the achievements and prospects of ethno-nationalism in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. It argues that while ethno-nationalist militancy in the region helped elevate international awareness of issues in the Niger Delta and compelled some concessions from the Nigerian government, the major beneficiaries have actually been political elites and leaders of ethno-nationalist groups rather than the local populations. Using Gramsci's theory of hegemony, the document posits that if the underlying causes of ethno-nationalism are not addressed, counter-hegemonic forces may soon emerge again in the region.
This document summarizes research on multi-step processes for decomposing water into hydrogen and oxygen. It discusses:
1) The thermodynamic limitations of a single-step process based on entropy and temperature considerations.
2) How a multi-step process can reduce the work requirement by varying reaction entropy changes across steps and operating different reaction groups at different temperatures.
3) The theoretical minimum work of separating reaction products based on free energy and entropy, and how this sets a lower limit than the standard free energy change of the overall reaction.
4) An analysis of the vanadium chloride four-step process as an example, finding it is less efficient than water electrolysis. The document aims to understand why
Voice Recognition Wireless Home Automation System Based On ZigbeeIOSR Journals
This document describes a voice recognition wireless home automation system based on Zigbee. The system uses a microcontroller connected to a HM2007 speech recognition chip and Zigbee modules to allow voice control of home appliances from a base station. The base station takes voice commands, which are processed by the HM2007 chip and sent via Zigbee to a remote station. The remote station then controls connected devices like lights, fans, and sensors based on the commands. The system is designed for elderly and disabled users to easily operate home automation and appliances with voice.
The document provides exercises for students to demonstrate their understanding of concepts in organizational behavior, including completing tables and charts with missing information, answering true/false questions, and matching definitions to relevant terms.
This document provides an overview of the Indian pharmaceutical industry and its quest for global leadership. It discusses the size and growth of the Indian pharmaceutical market, India's strategy to become a preferred global manufacturing base through low costs and regulatory approvals. It also outlines how Indian companies are establishing a global presence through acquisitions and partnerships. The document reviews India's policy and pricing framework, industry partnerships and deals, as well as contract research, manufacturing, clinical trials and drug development activities in India. It concludes with an outlook on future growth areas for the Indian pharmaceutical industry.
This document discusses repetition structures in C programming, including while, for, and do-while loops. It covers the basic components of loops, different types of loops, and common errors. Key topics include using while loops to compute sums and averages, using for loops with initializing, testing, and altering expressions, applying different loop programming techniques, and nesting loops within each other.
Black holes are formed when giant stars explode at the end of their life cycle. After several stages as a nebula, protostar, and main sequence star, the giant star expands enormously as a red supergiant before its outer layers explode in a supernova. If the remaining core is sufficiently massive, more than three times the sun's mass, it will collapse further into a black hole characterized by its extreme gravity from which not even light can escape. Astronomers believe a supermassive black hole exists at the center of the Milky Way galaxy.
The document discusses several issues related to conflicts in Southeast Asia, including oppressive regimes in Myanmar and other countries, sovereignty disputes between countries in the region, and intra-state conflicts within countries. It describes human rights abuses and oppression of minority groups by the military regime in Myanmar. It also outlines territorial disputes between Indonesia and East Timor, the Philippines and Malaysia, and Malaysia and Singapore. Civil conflicts within Myanmar and other Southeast Asian countries over separatist and autonomy issues are also summarized.
Everyday like 9 11 terrorism timeline in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document provides an overview of terrorism globally and in Nigeria. It defines terrorism and outlines its historical origins dating back to 1948 with Palestinian suicide bombings resisting Israeli occupation. It then discusses the rise of terrorist groups in various countries in the 1970s and the different motivations for terrorism, both by state and non-state actors. The bulk of the document focuses on the rise of Boko Haram terrorism in Nigeria since 2009, providing a timeline of its bombings targeting government, military, media and religious sites. It analyzes Boko Haram's modus operandi and argues that containment requires improved law enforcement measures like surveillance cameras, DNA databases and international intervention rather than just military options.
1) Dr. Warren Kizza Besigye joined Yoweri Museveni's rebel group in the 1980s in an act of defiance against Milton Obote's government. As a medical doctor, Besigye provided vital medical care to wounded rebels.
2) Many politicians and soldiers fled Uganda and formed opposition groups in exile during Idi Amin's military rule in the 1970s, carrying out clandestine operations such as recruiting rebels and sabotage within Uganda in defiance of Amin's government.
3) Museveni continued to lead defiant operations against both Obote and Amin, surviving attempts to arrest him. Invasion attempts by exile groups in 1972 were defeated by the Ugandan armed forces
This document outlines a 6-day lesson plan on teaching about the Rwandan genocide. Day 2 provides background on the origins of the genocide, including how Belgian colonialism exacerbated tensions between the Hutu and Tutsi ethnic groups by privileging Tutsis. It discusses the plane crash that killed Rwanda's president in 1994, fueling revenge killings. Day 4 discusses the limited response of the UN despite its purpose to prevent threats to international peace. Statistics are provided on the approximate 800,000 Tutsi and moderate Hutus killed by Hutu militias over 100 days. The aftermath involved Hutu refugees and attempts at reconciliation are discussed for Days 5 and 6.
Mohamed Bouazizi, a Tunisian street vendor, set himself on fire in December 2010 after police confiscated his wares and humiliated him, sparking protests against poverty and corruption. The protests led to the ousting of Tunisia's long-time president and inspired similar uprisings across the Middle East against authoritarian regimes, becoming known as the Arab Spring. Uprisings in countries including Egypt, Libya, and Yemen resulted in regime changes, civil wars, or ongoing political instability and violence. The events highlighted issues such as unemployment, inequality, lack of political freedom, and calls for greater democracy and human rights in the region.
This Keynote Address highlights the tragic accounts of the rise of insurgency under Boko Haram, inactions of governments fuelled by conspiracy theories and praxis of inactions and assessment of calamities experienced by citizens caught under the crisis. By all estimation, HE Shettima’s Keynote Address is an important leadership guide to managing humanitarian crisis and truly epitomizes Gen. Murtala's courage in leadership.
This document provides background information on ethnic and religious conflicts in Nigeria, specifically in Jos, Plateau State. It discusses the long-standing tensions over indigenous rights and political representation in Jos that have led to protracted communal conflict since 2001, resulting in thousands of deaths. Competing claims over resources, fears of religious domination, and land disputes have amalgamated into explosive violence between Christian and Muslim groups. Well-organized armed groups and proliferation of weapons have increased risks of future large-scale violence. The conflicts have taken a huge human and economic toll, displacing thousands and destroying homes and livelihoods.
The article discusses lessons that could be learned from South Africa's democratic transition and applied to resolving the Palestine-Israel conflict. It notes that South Africa experienced 50 years of racial segregation policies before transitioning to democracy. Key factors in South Africa's transition included the ANC's strategy of non-violent civil disobedience, international pressure and sanctions on South Africa, and ultimately a negotiated political settlement and power sharing agreement. The article suggests these lessons could provide a model for resolving the long-standing Israel-Palestine conflict through non-violent action and an eventual negotiated political settlement.
Impact of Social Media on Political Landscape Paayal Dharmani
The document discusses the significant impact of social media on politics and social movements. It provides examples of how social media helped Barack Obama get elected in 2008 through innovative online strategies. It also describes how social media played a key role in revolutions in Tunisia and Egypt during the Arab Spring uprisings in 2011 by helping spread awareness and organize protests. Further, it outlines how social media was used by the Occupy Wall Street and India Against Corruption movements to connect people and amplify their causes.
This document summarizes a visit by the Humanitarian Aid Relief Trust (HART) to Sudan and South Sudan in January 2015. It reports that the Government of Sudan has been targeting civilians and civilian infrastructure through aerial bombardment in Blue Nile State. Refugees from Blue Nile State described regular bombings by planes and shelling, with no safe places to hide. The bombing has had severe humanitarian and psychological impacts on communities. Many refugees from Blue Nile State are now trapped between the two conflicts in Sudan and South Sudan. The population remaining in Blue Nile State is isolated and in dire need of humanitarian assistance.
The Rwandan genocide of 1994 saw the mass murder of between 500,000 to 1,000,000 Rwandans over 100 days. The Hutu militia groups Interahamwe and Impuzamugambi carried out the killings of Tutsis and moderate Hutus following the assassination of President Habyarimana. Over 2 million Hutus later fled as refugees from retaliation by the Tutsi RPF who took control of the country. The UN and international community failed to respond swiftly to stop the genocide. Lessons include the need to improve early warning of crises, speed up intervention, and call such crimes 'genocide' from the outset.
The document discusses human smuggling from Sri Lanka to Australia in the post-war period from 2009-2016. It provides background on human smuggling and trafficking globally and in Sri Lanka. It finds that human smuggling increased significantly after the end of the 30-year civil war in 2009, especially among Tamils. By 2013 the trend had declined some. Over 4,500 people were arrested for smuggling attempts in this period, most of whom were Tamil. The document aims to analyze how the post-war political, legal, security, economic and social environments in Sri Lanka impacted levels of human smuggling.
Future challenges to international securityParas Bhutto
The document outlines several structural challenges to international security, including terrorism, cyberterrorism, nuclear proliferation, China's rise, the crisis in the Middle East, corruption, and climate change. It provides details on each challenge, such as how terrorism is difficult to define but has been an effective tactic, how cyberterrorism allows terrorists to wage war in cyberspace, and how climate change will cause global instability and pressure on resources. The conclusion states that the current rapid rate of change outpaces human and state abilities to cope, putting pressure on nation states and potentially fueling issues like terrorism.
Unity, Betrayal and Failed States in Modern TimesDr. Dan EKONGWE
The politics of identity and wars of fragmentation of states stern from broken promises by political leaders and state authorities to respect the convenants reached by founding fathers of most modern states thereby leading to increasing ethno/cultural nationalism and wars of identity. We have seen these across the literature from former Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia, Rwanda, Sudan, Cameroon, Togo, Ghana, Central African Republic, Zimbabwe, Nigeria and Ivory Coast.. The application of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) in its pre UN non approval in Europe to the post application by UN in Lybia has given us the reason to believe that sustainable peace in each state must respect the foundation doctrine of which each country was created, else Africa in particular will continue to witnessed endless wars in age when drone technology and assymetric warfare has gained currency.
Revisiting ethno nationalism in the niger delta of nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document examines the achievements and prospects of ethno-nationalism in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. It argues that while ethno-nationalist militancy in the region helped elevate international awareness of issues in the Niger Delta and compelled some concessions from the Nigerian government, the major beneficiaries have actually been political elites and leaders of ethno-nationalist groups rather than the local populations. Using Gramsci's theory of hegemony, the document posits that if the underlying causes of ethno-nationalism are not addressed, counter-hegemonic forces may soon emerge again in the region.
This document summarizes research on multi-step processes for decomposing water into hydrogen and oxygen. It discusses:
1) The thermodynamic limitations of a single-step process based on entropy and temperature considerations.
2) How a multi-step process can reduce the work requirement by varying reaction entropy changes across steps and operating different reaction groups at different temperatures.
3) The theoretical minimum work of separating reaction products based on free energy and entropy, and how this sets a lower limit than the standard free energy change of the overall reaction.
4) An analysis of the vanadium chloride four-step process as an example, finding it is less efficient than water electrolysis. The document aims to understand why
Voice Recognition Wireless Home Automation System Based On ZigbeeIOSR Journals
This document describes a voice recognition wireless home automation system based on Zigbee. The system uses a microcontroller connected to a HM2007 speech recognition chip and Zigbee modules to allow voice control of home appliances from a base station. The base station takes voice commands, which are processed by the HM2007 chip and sent via Zigbee to a remote station. The remote station then controls connected devices like lights, fans, and sensors based on the commands. The system is designed for elderly and disabled users to easily operate home automation and appliances with voice.
The document provides exercises for students to demonstrate their understanding of concepts in organizational behavior, including completing tables and charts with missing information, answering true/false questions, and matching definitions to relevant terms.
This document provides an overview of the Indian pharmaceutical industry and its quest for global leadership. It discusses the size and growth of the Indian pharmaceutical market, India's strategy to become a preferred global manufacturing base through low costs and regulatory approvals. It also outlines how Indian companies are establishing a global presence through acquisitions and partnerships. The document reviews India's policy and pricing framework, industry partnerships and deals, as well as contract research, manufacturing, clinical trials and drug development activities in India. It concludes with an outlook on future growth areas for the Indian pharmaceutical industry.
This document discusses repetition structures in C programming, including while, for, and do-while loops. It covers the basic components of loops, different types of loops, and common errors. Key topics include using while loops to compute sums and averages, using for loops with initializing, testing, and altering expressions, applying different loop programming techniques, and nesting loops within each other.
Black holes are formed when giant stars explode at the end of their life cycle. After several stages as a nebula, protostar, and main sequence star, the giant star expands enormously as a red supergiant before its outer layers explode in a supernova. If the remaining core is sufficiently massive, more than three times the sun's mass, it will collapse further into a black hole characterized by its extreme gravity from which not even light can escape. Astronomers believe a supermassive black hole exists at the center of the Milky Way galaxy.
Double Diaspora in Sephardic Literature 1200-1600David Wacks
The document discusses Sephardic literature from 1200-1600 and the concept of "double diaspora". It examines how Sephardic Jewish writers in exile engaged with the cultures of their hostlands through their literature while maintaining their Jewish identity and affiliation with classical Hebrew literary traditions. Case studies show how writers like Jacob ben Elazar adapted courtly romance conventions to Hebrew and Solomon ibn Verga combined humanist historiography with accounts of persecution to refute accusations against Jews. Their works demonstrate the tension and dynamism of diasporic identity.
La pandemia de COVID-19 ha tenido un impacto significativo en la economía mundial. Muchos países experimentaron fuertes caídas en el PIB y aumentos en el desempleo debido a los cierres generalizados y las restricciones a los viajes. Aunque las vacunas ofrecen esperanza de una recuperación económica en 2021, el camino a seguir sigue siendo incierto dado el riesgo de nuevas variantes del virus.
The document provides instructions for operating a remote control for hearing instruments. It describes the different buttons on the remote, including using the ear selection switch to control either one hearing instrument or both, using volume and mute buttons, and using favorite and home buttons to control settings. It also provides information on FCC regulations and warnings about potential interference with other devices.
The document discusses marketing farm products to "green" consumers interested in sustainable and organic foods. It summarizes research from the Hartman Group that found about half of consumers represent a market opportunity for these products. The research also identified key criteria for green consumers, such as environmental concerns about water contamination and pesticides, as well as priorities around price, taste, and convenience. The document recommends studying the detailed Hartman Group reports to better understand potential green markets and determine if alternative marketing approaches may be viable options.
Organization’s readiness to deliver on customer experienceBert Paesbrugghe
Based on a dataset of 150 respondents, we present you the results of a quantitative study we conducted in collaboration with MCH Consultancy on the organization's readiness to deliver on customer experience.
Dioz Group is a family controlled organizationDioz Group
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SECURITY IN NIGERIA AND ITS INFRINGEMENT ON HUMAN RIGHTS.pptGeorginaSule
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TORTTURE AND INHUMAN ACTS IN NIGERIA, WHATS NIGERIA GOVERNMENT DO WITH HUMAN ...Lynn University
INTRODUCTION
Democracy is a legendary system of government in which every countries of the world, today it is desires to have democracy or claims to be one. Today if truly democracy and human rights are incompatible in certain situation, it means freedom and justice and equality for all branch of people are guaranteed. Democracy ensure human rights to be primarily virtuous, balance and adequate of moderation, furthermore , democracy ensure human right broadly, human right include: right to life, liberty, right of property , freedom of speech ,and security of individual, which have been definite in the constitution. But, in Nigerian torture has been considerable through human rights mismanagement. The government agencies, such as military and police brutalize the people by torturing them. However, torture and inhuman acts are commonly carried out by government agencies such as police and soldiers. During the military regime in Nigeria, time torture and inhuman acts gained more power for the misdeed of the citizens in Nigeria. Such conditions; torture thoroughly undermined due process and the rule of law, and other inhuman acts were a confirmed routine. Meanwhile inhuman act and torture were implemented by government agencies, such as soldiers; army forces and polices; they thought that torture and abuse of human rights were the best tools to get equitable and eloquent information from suspects. This book concerns with torture and inhuman acts in Nigeria; what is the Nigerian government response to human rights violation; also it would talks about Nigeria economics, poverty and corruption in Nigeria.
The Main Responsibility for Torture and Cruel Act in Nigeria.
The main groups responsible for torture and inhuman acts in Nigeria were the police’s and soldiers mostly using inhuman acts and torture as a way of disarranging suspects of crimes. Torture and inhuman acts were rampant within the soldier’s barracker and polices custody. The military and police were said to carry out inhuman and torture as the best way for investigated any crimes or as a way of beating in order to getting eloquent information. However, inhuman acts and torture had become such a fundamental guarding and scouting in the country which many polices headquarters in Nigeria use formal torture.
Library and information services for nationalOnyema Nsirim
This document discusses the role of library and information services in addressing national security and insurgency in Nigeria. It outlines the security information needs of different groups like policymakers, security agents, citizens, and youths/children. It also examines the causes of insurgency in Nigeria and traces the emergence of groups like Boko Haram. The document recommends that libraries should collaborate with security agencies to provide relevant security information to different groups. It argues that an informed society through effective library services can help address the root causes of insecurity and promote peace.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document summarizes the foreign influence on the Nigerian terrorist group Boko Haram. It discusses how some members of Boko Haram received training in bomb-making in Afghanistan from the Taliban. The document also mentions reports that Boko Haram received funding from al-Qaeda linked groups in Sudan. While some argue foreign powers are trying to destabilize Nigeria, others believe the roots of Boko Haram's terrorism lie within Nigeria's own challenges. Overall, the document examines the international dimensions and connections of the Boko Haram terrorist organization in Nigeria.
The document discusses human rights and provides examples of violations. It defines human rights as those inherent to human dignity. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights established international standards in 1948. Examples of violations include over 400 children dying from lead poisoning in Nigeria, over 1,000 Rohingya homes burned in Myanmar, and the death of Syrian refugee Aylan Kurdi attempting to reach Canada. The conclusion calls for more effective protection of rights through United Nations organizations and other advocates.
Tactful Intelligence Sharing and Synergy among the Nigerian Security Operativ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Nigeria‟s peace and human security is currently engulfed in turmoil. And one of the notable
problems of insecurity in the country is menace of advanced cult killings on daily basis most especially the
upsurge of a dreaded cult group known as “Badoo”, that carries out attacks on human lives in Ikorodu suburb of
Lagos State, Nigeria. Residents of Ikorodu and others suburbs in Lagos State, Nigeria now live in perpetual
phobia and the menace has forced several others to have fled the state. The dreaded “Badoo” cult group killings
and attacks pose dangerous threats to human lives, national peace and security. Among the notable factors
aiding the emergence of such dreaded cult group in the state are; poor intelligence gathering and synergy on the
part of Nigerian security operatives, frustration, financial assistance, injustice, forced membership,
unemployment among youths, get-rich-quick syndrome on the part of many Nigerian youths, drug abuse among
others. The study examines threats posed by the menace to human lives, state‟s peace and security; it assesses
the concerted efforts of Nigerian government and security operatives in combating the menace. The study
concludes that, lack of adequate intelligence gathering, general insecurity in the country, corruption, abject
poverty and youth unemployment remain the factors hindering a total arrest of the menace in Nigeria. It also
requests the need for giving adequate support to security operatives by the citizens; continuous
orientation/education for the youths, good laws and governance, adequate intelligence gathering on the part of
security agents to nip the menace in the bud.
KEYWORDS: Badoo cultists, Human security, Security intelligence, Unemployment, Good governance,
Lagos.
Human rights protection in nigeria the past, the present and goals for role a...Alexander Decker
This document provides a historical overview of human rights protections in Nigeria from pre-colonial times to the present. It discusses how human rights were recognized and protected to some degree in traditional Nigerian societies prior to colonialism, though the specific rights differed from contemporary conceptions and varied between groups. The document then examines Nigeria's increasing engagement with international human rights law and institutions post-independence, alongside ongoing issues in fully realizing rights. It concludes by recommending roles for the government and NGOs to further promote human rights protections in Nigeria.
Theoretical understanding of conflicts and violence in nigeria the niger delt...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper that explores theories to explain violence in Nigeria perpetrated by the Boko Haram militant group in the north and militant groups in the Niger Delta region. It discusses concepts of conflict and violence, and reviews literature on causes of conflicts. The paper aims to examine theories like relative deprivation, class conflict, and anomie to understand the violence in Nigeria, and suggest ways the government can manage these crises. Unemployment, poverty, and corruption are identified as major causes of violence in the country.
Insecurity a threat to human existence and economic development in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document examines the causes and effects of insecurity in Nigeria. It discusses how insecurity has become a major problem that threatens human existence and economic development. Some of the key causes identified include political factors like the power shift from northern to southern rule, as well as unemployment, jobs racketeering, and poor leadership. Insecurity has led to bombings, killings, kidnappings and destruction of property. It has also negatively impacted people's well-being and the economy through business disruptions and relocations. The study recommends allowing dialogue between ethnic and minority groups to find more peaceful solutions to insecurity in Nigeria.
Mass Killing in the Amhara Region by the National Defense Force Implications ...fasil12
The mass killing in the Amhara region by the national defense force has significant implications for peace and stability in Ethiopia. The incident highlights the fragility of peace in the region, as well as the urgent need for accountability, reconciliation, and dialogue among different communities. The government must take decisive action to address the root causes of violence and ensure the protection of all its citizens to prevent further bloodshed and suffering. Failure to do so risks further destabilization and conflict, with devastating consequences for the people of Ethiopia.
The document discusses power sharing in Nigeria between Muslims and Christians. It provides background on the ethnic and religious composition of Nigeria. Power sharing is seen as important to respect democracy and avoid conflicts between social groups. However, the introduction of Sharia law in Muslim-majority states led to tensions between 1999-2000. Violence has occurred periodically since then, with the conflict becoming more violent due to Boko Haram's armed rebellion against the secular government since 2009. Over time, more states adopted Sharia law fully, exacerbating the religious divide in Nigeria.
Uganda faces many problems that inhibit development, such as civil war and corruption. Joseph Kony's Lord's Resistance Army has abducted tens of thousands of children and committed brutal acts of violence. While the US initially did not want to get involved, citizen advocacy groups helped pressure the US to send troops to Africa to try to stop Kony, though his attacks continue today. Idi Amin's regime from 1971-1979 was also very brutal, killing thousands of citizens, and his mismanagement weakened Uganda economically and internationally.
This document discusses various human rights violations that have occurred throughout history, including during World War 2 under the Nazi regime and more recently in conflicts like Darfur. It outlines how the UN was formed after WWII to establish international agreements like the UDHR to protect human rights following the atrocities of that war. However, it notes that many violations still occur regularly in areas like torture, slavery, right to life and security of person. Specific examples of recent violations are provided for several articles of the UDHR.
The document discusses power sharing and its importance in a democratic system. It provides several reasons why power sharing is essential: (1) It respects the spirit of democracy by allowing all communities and social groups a say in governance; (2) It helps avoid conflicts between different groups by ensuring no group feels excluded; (3) It prevents tyranny of the majority by not allowing the majority to dominate the minority groups. Maintaining the democratic spirit is the key moral reason for power sharing.
Primordial Politics and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria’s Fourth Republicijtsrd
This paper is an inquisition on the impact of primordial politics on democratic consolidation in Nigerias fourth republic. Data for the research was gathered from secondary sources including Books, Journals, Newspapers, Magazines, and the Internet. The analysis of the data gathered was based on the historical descriptive method which attempts to understand the phenomenon of primordial politics by determining it process of evolution, growth, and dynamic of internal changes. Findings revealed that socio political and economic deprivation amounting to internal colonialism by one section of the country over the others has bred frustration leading to recourse to ethnicism as expressed in the pattern of voting. The paper therefore recommends, Constitutional amendments, rotational presidency and two party system as a panacea for nationalism. Diri, Benjamin B. | Godwin Isaiah Jaja "Primordial Politics and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38537.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/38537/primordial-politics-and-democratic-consolidation-in-nigeria’s-fourth-republic/diri-benjamin-b
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An analysis of human rights violation by the nigerian security services
1. Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3240 (Paper) ISSN 2224-3259 (Online)
Vol.30, 2014
1
An Analysis of Human Rights Violation by the Nigerian
Security Services
FELIX DANIEL NZARGA
School of Law, Nigerian Law School, Yola Campus Nigeria P.M.B 2171,Yola Town
Postal Code 640101
*Email felixnzarga@gmail.com
Abstract
This paper is aimed at examining what is human rights and what constitutes human rights violation, the
analysis of various violations of human rights by the men of Nigeria security services. The paper shall look
at circumstances leading to such violations, as reported by the media and the impediments to the realization
of human rights, the possible prospects for its amelioration in form of recommendation.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The security services of any nation are an integral part of the society that cannot be dispensed with and
their responsibilities with regard to securing lives and properties cannot be overemphasized. -This is why
it is, ironical that the ones who are supposed to safe-guard and protect turn around to -trample upon and
violate the rights of the citizenry.
The security services in Nigeria include:
The Nigerian Armed Forces i.e. Army, Air Force and Navy.
The Nigeria Police Force
The State Security Services (SSS)
Nigerian Security and Civil Defence Corps.
The Nigerian Prisons Service
The Nigerian Customs. Service
The Nigerian Immigration Service
Some of the functions of these security agencies as provided by law include
amongst others the preservation of law and order, detection of any crime within Nigeria,
maintenance of internal security, the protection and preservation of all non military
classified matters concerned with the internal security of Nigeria.1
Other functions of these security agencies are defending the nation from external
aggression, maintaining its territorial integrity and securing violations on land, sea or air
suppressing insurgency and acting in aid of civil authorities to restore order when they
are called upon to do so by the President.2
Human Rights have been variously defined. For instance Nnamdi J. Aduba in his book defined Human
Rights as those rights that are in the very nature of human persons. They define and affirm humanity, they
exist to ensure that Human -Rights remain sacred and guarantee that inhumanity and injustice are
prevented or redressed3
Human Rights are rights possessed by all persons by virtue of their common
humanity to live a life of freedom and dignity. 4
Human Rights are universal they
Are the same for everyone' everywhere. They are inalienable; they are neither be
taken away nor given up and they are indivisible, there is no hierarchy among rights and
no right can be suppressed in order to promote another right.5
The United -Nations in 1987 described Human .Rights in the" following manner:
Human Rights could be generally defined as those 'rights without which we cannot
1
National Security. Agency Act 2004 51 Cap N74 LFN
2
Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 19995217 (as amended)
3
Aduba, J. N, "Inquiries on Human Rights Practice in Nigeria Past, Present and Future" being an Inaugural
Lecture delivered the University of Jos Inaugural lecture series, 54 on 29th June, 2012. P. 8
4
Ibid
5
Ibid
2. Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3240 (Paper) ISSN 2224-3259 (Online)
Vol.30, 2014
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function as human beings1
In view .or the fact that Human Rights are backed by provisions of the law, for
there to be a violation of Human Rights, there must be a form of infringement of rights
guaranteed under an existing law. To violate the most basic Human Rights is to deny
individuals their fundamental moral entitlements. It is in a sense, to treat them if they
are less than human and undeserving of respect and dignity. Examples of violations
include acts typically deemed crimes against humanity such as genocide, torture,
slavery, rape, deliberate starvation etc.
Human rights violations cut across all spheres of man’s existence and the
Nigerian security services have been accused of being one of the greatest violators of
the said rights in Nigeria.2
Having looked at what Human Rights are and what constitutes Human Rights violations, we shall
consider the various violations that have been reported in Nigeria, the circumstances leading to such
violations, how and when they occurred as well as proffer suggestions aimed at minimizing such
violations:
2.0 ANALYSIS OF HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN NIGERIA
The Nigeria Constitution 1999 (as amended) has captured the various human rights which the law seek to
protect under section 33 to 46 which are:
Right to life
Right to dignity of human person
Right to personal liberty
Right to fair heaving
Right to private and family life
Right to freedom of thought
Conscience and Religion
Right to freedom of expression and press
Right to peaceful assembly and association
Right to freedom of movement
Right to freedom from discrimination
Right to Acquire and own immovable property anywhere in region
Right to compensation (compulsory acquisition of property)
Restriction on and derogation from fundamental right
Special Jurisdiction of High Court and Legal and
The above mentioned are the basic right, which the Nigeria Security Services never attached any
importance to safeguard rather a constant violation as analyze below:
2.1 ODI MASSACRE
On the 20th
of November, 1999 defenseless and unarmed civilians were massacred in Odi, a village in
Bayelsa State by the Nigerian military' as an- off shoot of an ongoing conflict in the Niger Delta over
indigenous rights to oil resources and environmental protections. According to Human Rights Watch
(HRW), over 2,500 lives were lost in that incident.3
This was a clear violation of the right to life of the
affected individuals under former President Olusegun Obasanjo. Apart from the loss of lives of the
Nigerians in question, it is ,worthy of ·note that the .violation of the fundamental human rights of these
people by Nigerian security agencies is to cost the Federal Government a whopping sum of N37.6 Billion
1
Ibid p.9
2
Oluwaige,1 and Anaba, I "Human Rights situation in Nigeria" The Vanguard Newspaper Friday, 5 March 2004
pp. 21-23; and 26; Agunloye, R. Y"lge's Killers May never be found" This Day Newspaper 12 September 2004
p.1 and 4; Nwokocha, J "Lagos Tragedy We want Deceased 'Families The vanguard Newspaper, 14 September
2003 P. 18; Njoku, L "Dead or Alive I want to see my Son" The Guardian Newspaper 14 September 2003 p.30;
Orji, G "Police Probe Killing of General's Son" This Day Newspaper 13 September 2003 p.2; Balogun, J "State
of Security in the Country" The Guardian, Friday 7 Ju1Y.2004 p.9 and 10 AI-Ghazali, M "The value of Nigerian
Life" Daily Trust Newspaper Tuesday, 11 August 2009 p. 56.
3
www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odi massacre. Accessed on 22/05/2013
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ISSN 2224-3240 (Paper) ISSN 2224-3259 (Online)
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by way of-compensation to Odi people.1
2.2 ZAKI BIAM MASSACRE
The Human Rights Watch (HRW) again in its report of 26 October 2001 in New York condemned the
massacre of over 100 civilians by Nigerian soldiers in several villages in Benue state. According to the
report. Militia of Tiv ethnic group were believed to have abducted and murdered about 19 soldiers sent to
restored peace in the crisis, between' the Tivs and the Jukuns. The soldiers. mutilated bodies were Later
found in the village of Zaki Biam.2
The Nigerian Human Rights group stated that the military operation
which massacred the people of Zaki Biam, Vasea Anyirn Lorlo. Ugba, and Sankera begari on Monday 22
October, 2001 and was carried' out by soldiers from 23rd
Armored Brigade of the Nigerian Army, These
villagers were said to have been rounded up by the soldiers for a 'meeting after which the men were
separated from the others, shot and later set ablaze. This is nothing short of violation of the right to life of
these victims which contravenes the 'provision of-section 33'of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal
Republic ·of Nigeria as amended which provides:3
"that every person shall be entitled to life and no one shall be" deprived intentionally of his life, save in
the execution of a sentence of a court in respect of a criminal offence of which he has been found guilty
of in Nigeria."
2.3 RAPE OF A THREE YEAR OLD GIRL IN .GWAGWALADA, ABUJA
In 2007, a three year' old girl was raped by a- Mobile Policeman in Gwogwalada; Abuja. The officer
allegedly called out the victim from her home, took her to a nearby stream and raped her. He then handed
her over to a neighbor who took her to her mother. The matter was first aired on Nigerian Television
Authority before it was formally taken up by the National Human- Rights Commission.4
This was a clear
violation of her right to dignity of human person as guaranteed under the constitution.
2.4 KILLING Of A THREE YEAR OLD ALONG WARRI-SAPELE ROAD
On the 22nd
of December, 2010, little Wilfred Egogo was enjoying a ride with her father
and other siblings on their way home when she was hit in the head by a bullet. She
slumped and died immediately. What happened was that a Mobile Policeman at a check
point along Warri-Sapele rood flagged down her father and when another officer sensed
that he wasn't going to stop, he pulled the trigger and the bullet hit the innocent girl.5
2.5 KILLING OF A FEMALE BANKER AT MPAPE, ABUJA,
Similarly, on the 31st
of March, 2011, Mrs. Doris Nonye Okere, a banker who lived at
Mpape, a suburb of the FCT, Abuja boarded a cob to her place of work. On her way she
was shot and killed in cold-blood by a plice guard at Zenith bank located in the area.
She left behind a husband and eight month old baby.6
2.6 PRESS FREEDOM'
Aside from brutality and massacre of the citizens by the security is the violation of press
freedom in Nigeria. Despite the transition from military to civilian rule in 1999,
clampdowns assault, beatings unfair arrests and police raids against producers of print
media have continued. Between June 2002 and September 2003 alone Media Rights'
Agenda - (MRA), a Lagos based- Non-Governmental Organization which promotes,
press freedom and freedom of expression recorded more than fifty cases of reported
abuse of journalists' rights and other violations of freedom of expression,7
1
The Nation Newspaper Wednesday, 20th February 2013.
2
www.en.wikipedia.org!wiki/victor malu - Accessed on 24/05/2013
3
CFRN 1999 s33 (as amended)
4
National Human Rights Commission Newsletter, (December 2007) Vol 7 .pg 26
5
National Human Rights Commission Newsletter, (July - Sept 2011) Vol 12 Pg 2'-
6
Ibid
7
ChurchHiJ.!, O' “imprisonment of Press Freedom in Nigeria" this day Newspaper, Tuesday 4 May 2010 p.7
4. Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization www.iiste.org
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The Media Watchdog Reporters without Borders ,Listed the Nigerian Police as
the leading 'violator of Journalists' rights, On Sundoy. April 24, 2010, Ed-Ugbagwu, a
judicial correspondent of The Nation newspaper was murdered in lagos. Also, Godwin
Abgroko end Abayomi Ogundeji of THISDAY newspaper, Omololu Falobi and Boyo
Ohu of the Guardian newspaper were all brutally killed in Lagos' by unknown gunmen
recently, All these killings and the reluctance of the National Assembly to pass the
Freedom of Information Bill have further raised the question of press freedom once
more in Nigerian democracy, The assault on the press' freedom is a fundamental breach
of democratic norms, Proponents of free press believe it is uncalled for and reminds
Nigerians of the dark days of impunity during the military era.1
With Nigeria operating a
democratic system of government, the freedom of expression, including the, freedom to
hold opinions receive and impart ideas without interference should be a' fundamental
right guaranteed under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), the African
Charter 'on Peoples Rights, (ACHPR), the Constitution .of the Federal Republic 'of
Nigeria 1999 and other regional and international treaties to which Nigeria is a party,
Moreover" Section 39 (1) of the 1999 Constitution of FRN (as amended) provides that
Every person shall be entitled to freedom of opinion and impart ideas and
information without interference.
Media owners say that if politics is about development and the ultimate goal of
any 'political system is to ensure the improvement of the security and welfare of the
citizenry, then the resort to assault on the media negates fundamental rights and the rule
of law, It merely demonstrates impunity and intolerance to alternative views, The brutal
murder of Dele Giwo should specially' be remembered this day and the question
repeated: Who-killed Dele GiWa?
Civil rights claims are an important part of our legal system. Providing the
balance between the duty of law enforcement to uphold the laws and the rights, of
individuals to be' free from security services misconduct, the few circumstances stated
above are clear instances of infringement or violation of rights to freedom of expression,
human dignity and freedom from inhuman rights to freedom of expression, human
dignity and freedom 'from inhuman and degrading treatment:
2.7 RAPE OF FOUR WOMEN IN WUSE ZONE 2, ABUJA
In' December" 2012, .there was an act of rope, extortion and assault committed 'on some women by
security agent~ in Wuse Zone 2, Abuja.2
According to the report, the soldiers (Corporal Nse- Eyedip marri
ed, Emeze Uzonna single, Ugwu Matthew single) attached to the Guard Brigade were deployed to ·patrol
specific 'places in Abuja using a new patrol van, The soldiers allegedly resorted to raping girls including
married women and stealing valuables. They usually began chasing their victims in the middle of,the night
forcing them into their van before they would, take them to secluded areas in the Central Business District
where they would be bullied, raped and extorted, The Army has since dismissed them after conducting a
thorough investigation and testimonies were received by three of the victims.3
The above is a clear
violation of the right to private life and human dignity of these women.
2.8 TORTURE
One Lawal Ganiyu, 50 years old, was recently arrested and tortured by the Police over an alleged tour
million naira fraud. As a result of this he lost his' memory 'since April 25, 2013 when the incident took
place and as at May 3, 2013 when it was being reported, he was still unconscious in a hospital.4
This act
constitutes a gross violation of his right to dignity of human person as enshrined under section 34 of the -1
999 Constitution which provides that:
1I
bid'
2
www.alytrust.com.ng accessed on Wednesday 23 January, .2013.
3
www.ynaiia.com/nemesis-soldier-dis ... accessed on Saturday 25th May, 2013
4 “
victim of-police brutality still suffering" The Nation Newspaper of Monday 6th May 2013.
5. Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization www.iiste.org
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5
"Every individual is entitled to respect for the dignity of human·person and accordingly no person shall
be subjected to torture or to human degrading treatment”.
2.9 SHOOTING OF A TANKER DRIVER
The Association of Tanker/Trailer Drivers recently protested over the shooting of one of their members who was
con, cattle from Maiduguri to Kano by a mobile policeman. The report had it that the driver got to a check
point after Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil where he gave the
Policeman #100 bribe. Trouble ensued when the officer demanded that he should add #20 to make it #120. The
driver who refused on the-ground that spent a lot on the journey and had nothing else to add was shot by the
mobile policeman immediately. The "driver who was still recuperating in a hospital in Keno as at the time of
filing the report on Tuesday, May 7, 2013 was lucky that the violation of his human right did not lead to loss of
his life like many others who have had similar encounters on our roads.1
One Akintokunbo Adejurno recently
agreed with the revelation of the content of the damning 19 page report" by the Network on Police Reform in
Nigeria(NOPRIN) which monitored over 400 police stations in 13 states of Nigeria. They had concluded that:
"The Nigerian Police Force is now a danger to public safety and conduct of its personnel could be the
cause of a major public health and mortality emergency on anational scale.2
According to the writer, it is a most welcome and eye opening report which really further exposed the Nigerian
Police Force as one of the most incompetent, inefficient, corrupt, 'brutal security organizations in Nigeria. This
Report must be a real concern for the Nigerian Public because God help us, if it is not you today it might be a
family 'member or friend tomorrow-who will fall into the callous hands of this organization.3
He continues: in
'fact the Nigerian Police Force no longer protects the Nigerian public rather, the Nigerian public should 'be
protected from the men and women of this out dated force, and therein lies the problem because who is going to
protect the' public? The government or ourselves?" The NOPRIN's coordinator said:
“Commitment to the rule of law rings hollow as long as long as this administration takes no steps to
bring an end to the epidemic of police killings and other abuses in Nigeria. What use is the rule of law
if it cannot guarantee the right to life? A Police Force that kills this number of people cannot
guarantee public-safety.4
2.10 BAGA INVASION
One of the most recent cases of gross Human Rights violations is the Baga invasion by the Military Joint
Task Force (JTF). There are so many versions of what happened in the month of April, 2013 in Baga - a
fishing community in Borno State. The President and, Commander-in-Chief had consequently allowed an
independent inquiry by the Notional Human Rights Commission to unravel what' actually happened in that
community. But one report has it that the JTF having been frustrated by the uncooperative attitude of the
Sago community in exposing. Members of the insurgent group otherwise called Boko Haram and the
allegation that the insurgents launched on attack on the Joint Task Force which led to the death of one
soldier the military decided to invade the community with a view to fishing out members of the group who
would retreat to the community after unleashing violence on them.
The result is usually disastrous whenever the military are involved in such 'a
revenge mission'. To say therefore that Human Rights have been seriously violated in the
course of this invasion would be on understatement. Between 187 and 400 people, mostly
civilians were killed. Many of, the dead, were burnt beyond recognition when the homes
of member's of the community perceived to be harboring the fleeing members of-the
Boko Haram were
tortured by the military Joint Task Force (JTF), Many ‘including women and
children have been rendered homeless as a result of the unfortunate incident. An
Associated Press journalist who accompanied the State official to Saga said soldiers
purposefully set the fire during the attack.5
2.11 KILLING OF MEMBERS OF AN ISLAMIC GROUP
1
www.dailytru5t.com.ng news accessed on 24th may 2013
2
Akintok'unbo, A: The Nigeria Police and Public Safety-in Aduba, J. "The R. Right to Life" NIALS 2011 at P.
26.
3
Ibid.
4
Ibid
5
www.neNs.~tionalpost.com/2013
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6
It would be recalled that in June 2009, members of the Nigerian security forces during "Operation thunder
Storm" killed members of the once peaceful Islamic group while, the group members were on a funeral
procession over a traffic offence (for not using helmets). This marked the genesis, of the violent
confrontation that has persisted between the Boko Haram militant 9Coup and the Nigerian security
services.1
The leader of the group was later executed in police custody in" June/ July 2009
without adherence to any due process or the rule of law.2
2.12 THE BLACK MARIA EPISODE
In 1980, there was a Black Maria episode where the' police packed seventy people in a Black Maria truck
and left them standing for about three hours in the premises of a Lagos Magistrate Court. Though the
prisoners were shouting and banging on the door, the policemen refused to open the door until most of
them suffocated to death. President Shehu Shagari's order for the culprits ‘prosecution and was ignored.
3. IMPEDIMENTS TO THE REALIZATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
There are many factors responsible for the aggravation of Human Rights violations in Nigeria. Some of
these include:
3.1 Illiteracy/Lack of Adequate Training
Most Nigerians are largely· uneducated and consequently unaware of "their fundamental rights as
enshrined in the Constitution. They therefore do not know when such rights are infringed upon or
violated not to talk of seeking redress: On the part' of the security agents, we have Issues' ranging from
lack of proper orientation to lack of adequate training. We know the type 'of tough training usually given
to the military for instance, such training can never place them' in a good position to manage civil crisis
hence, there is violation of Human Rights and heavy casualties whenever they are involved.
The police is the number one culprit, when it comes to case of corruption and
illiteracy (some even entered the force through questionable processes such as forging
entry certificates) ill-trained, ill-equipped, ill-oriented etc. According to NOPRIN’s
coordinator.3
Their leaders both political and organizational are corrupt hence, they find
it difficult to operate as efficiently and humanely as one would expect in a normal
conducive society. They are therefore not wholly to blame. They have to eat, pay their
rent; send their children to school and generally exist like others, and because all these 6
basic necessities are not provided for them they have to resort to brutality, texture,
corruption and blatant disregard for human life. This he said is not an -excuse for their
bestiality but it should be recognized. He noted that: "Nigerian Police Force is ill-
trained,, ill-equipped; ill-orientated, ill-paid, ill-motivated and not respected. These
people work more than eight hours a day standing on the road blocks and just totting
their out - dated weapons. Even the ones in' the office - never seem to leave for home at
night. Are there set hours to work? Mind you, I still give them some respect. There have
been many instances of uncommon bravery and honesty in a few patches. Recently some
courageous policemen were killed while battling armed robbers in various places in the'
country. What happened to the families they left, behind? you ask me, if they will be
well compensated for their irretrievable loss. Is there any kind of life Insurance for
policemen killed in the course of duty as in many Western countries? What exactly do
Policemen in Nigeria benefit from?4
3.2 Lack of diligent prosecution of violators
This factor also contributes to exacerbate Human Rights violations when security officers are not taken to Court
and even when they are token 'to, Court, the matter is not prosecuted to the end. The extent of violation by these
1
Ibid,
2
Ibid,
3
www.dailytrust.com.ng/news accessed on 24th may 2013
4
Ibid P. 3.
7. Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization www.iiste.org
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7
security officers' is often down played, Sometimes when such cases are prosecuted to the end, the authorities
flaunt the orders of the court with unimaginable impunity. In the recent case of Qyang Azi & 4 Others v. Federal
Republic of Nigeria & 4, Other1
the cost or, award of damages to the tune of #10 million against the Federal
Government and the'4 Others in favor of the Plaintiffs for the violation of their fundamental rights - (Right to
personal liberty) is yet to receive any compliance.
3.3 Poverty
This is another reason why violations of Human Rights thrive in our society. As- a-result of the high level, of
poverty, many people whose rights are violated hardly seek redress when they consider the cost of legal
representation. Some even keep quiet to avoid who! they regard as stigmatization' especially when such violation
like rape is involved.
3.4 Ethnic/Religious Sentiments
Sometimes, if the violator is from the same -religious or ethnic group with the superior officers who is handling
the case, justice is often not served.
3.5 Attitude of Concerned Authorities
The Government most of the time lacks the political will to take issues of human rights seriously, The National
Human Rights Commission charged-with the, mandate of, protection and promotion of the rights of the citizenry
has not done enough primarily", because the organization is handicapped by the non-gazette of the National
Human Rights Act passed into law since 2010. Thus lawyers in the commission are unable to take up cases of
violations, of Human Rights especially those violations perpetrated by security agents as such cases could even
be taken up at the risk of their own lives. Suffice it also to say that inefficiency of government at all levels does
not only violate the social economic and - cultural rights of citizens, but, triggers other violations like
extrajudicial killings rape, torture, etc. it is also worthy of note that it is the violation of rights that brings about
insecurity and not the other way round.
3.6 Espirit de corps
In the forces is also encouraging violation of Human Rights for instance, where an officer commits an offence
that constitutes a violation of' Human Rights and is brought before his superior, such an offending officer is
shielded or when any action at all is taken, the officer involved in such violation is only dismissed and not
prosecuted to serve as a deterrent to others.
3.7 Lack of sufficient legal aid
As we mentioned earlier, most of the people violated do not know their rights and even if they know, the
financial implications of litigation and the rigorous court processes discourage them.
3.8 Lack of Accountability for Ammunition
Officers who are given ammunition especially the Nigerian Mobile Police use ammunition indiscriminately and
do not account for such ammunition, thereby promoting the violation of citizens' right to life.
4. CONCLUSION / RECOMMENDATIONS FOR LIMITING VIOLATIONS
4.1 Legal aid: Should be made accessible to the poor who are being violated. More Human rights
Organizations (e.g. NGOs) come up and volunteer to assist the poor in fighting for their rights
especially in the North where there are not' many NGOs.
4.2 Sensitization campaigns: should be held more often to educate or enlighten the masses on the existence
of their rights. Religious and traditional rulers should be encouraged to enlighten their subjects on their
rights and how to seek redress when such rights are violated.
4.3 Make full use of diplomatic pressure and sanctions to deter the security agents from actions that
constitute violations of Human Rights. Such pressure includes targeted sanctions, diplomatic isolation,
etc. For instance the United States of America usually supports the Nigerian military and security
agencies with capacity building, intelligence' and - weapons. However, this support was recently
withdrawn by the Obama government due to the gross destruction of lives and properties carried out in
1
Unreported suit delivered on the 26~ March, 2013 at Fed. High Court, Jos Judicial Division before Justice
A.L.. - ALLAGOA. w •
8. Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization www.iiste.org
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8
Baga town which constitutes a violation of right to life and property.1
4.4 Educate and enlighten, law" enforcement officers, .prosecutors and others charged with the duty of
protection' and promotion of -Human Rights on what constitutes the Human Rights. In this regard,
training and reorientation of officers should cut across all cadres and riot is restricted to the senior
officers. Also there should be an upgrade in the yardstick recruitment of security officers particularly
the Nigerian Police.' e.g. a degree or its equivalent should be considered. Furthermore officers should be
employed based on merit.
4.5 Violators should be diligently prosecuted to act as a deterrent to others. Modalities should be put in
place to enforce all laws that ensure the protection and promotion of Human Rights e.g. National
Human Rights Act, '2010.
4.6 Strict' measures should be put in place to ensure that ammunition is accounted for as this deter the
officers from using such ammunition indiscriminately.
4.7 There should be an improvement in the welfare packages of the security agents as this will go a long
way in combating corruption. The Inspector General of Police recently said that a new salary structure
is, being worked out for the Nigerian Police Force to compare with their counterparts abroad2
REFERENCE
1. Aduba, J.' N "Inquiries on Human Rights Practice in Nigeria Past, Present and Future" being an Inaugural
Lecture delivered at the Unijos Inaugural lecture series, 54 on 29th
June, 2012 P.8.
2. Agunloye, R.Y “lge’s Killers May never be found” This Day Newspaper 12 September 2004 p.1 and 4;
3. Akintokunbo, A “The Nigeria Police and Public Safety” in Aduba, J.N “The Right to Life ”NIALS 2011 at
P.26
4. Al-Ghazali, M “The value of Nigerian Life” Daily Trust Newspaper Tuesday, 11 August 2009 p. 56.
5. Church Hill, O “imprisonment of Press Freedom in Nigeria” thisday newspaper, Tuesday 4 May 2010 p.7
6. Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 (as amended)
7. National Human Rights Commission Newsletter, (December 2007) Vol 7 pg 26
8. National Human Rights Commission Newsletter, (July – Sept. 2011) Vol 12 pg 2
9. National Security Agency Act. 2004 Cap N74 LFN
10. Njoku, “Dead or Alive I want to see my Son” The Guardian Newspaper 14 September, 2003 p 30
11. Nwokocha J “Lagos Tragedy We want Justice Lament Deceased Families The Vanguard Newspaper
September 14 2003 p.18
12. Oluwalge, I and Anaba, I Human Rights situation in Nigeria” The Vanguard Newspaper Friday, 5 March
2004 pp. 21-23 and 26
13. Orji, G “Police Probe Killing of General’s Son” This Day Newspaper 13 September 2003p 2;
14. Balogun, J “State of Security in the Country” The Guardian. Friday 7 July 2004 p.9 and 10;
15. Unreported suit delivered on the 26th
March, 2013 at Fed. High Court, Jos Judicial Division before Justice
A. L. ALLAGOA
16. “Victim of police brutality still suffering” The Nation Newspaper of Monday 6th
May 2013.
17. www.dailytrust.com.ng accessed on Wednesday 23 January, 2013
18. www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odi massaccre. accessed on 22/05/2013
19. www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/victor malu accessed on 24/05/2013
20. www.information.com/bettersalaries accessed on 22/05/2013
21. www.ynaija.com/nemesis-soldies-dis...accessed on Saturday 25th May, 2013.
1
Online Daily Trust, May 2, 2013 local news
2
www.information ng.com/bettersakaries accessed on 22/05/2013.
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