International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
A Political Economy of Trans-Border Migration Crises and Human Trafficking in...Przegląd Politologiczny
Encouraged by porous border boundaries in Africa, trafficking in persons and objects is
a demand-driven global venture that has market potential for: commercial sex, cheap labour, terrorism, and drug-related crimes. Most African States, especially Nigeria, have been reputed as hardliners
in encouraging these illicit trends. Chief among the motivating factors include: domestic insecurity,
political instability, economic recession, and institutional failure, etc. Amongst other instigating factors however, this paper takes a cursory look at the relationship between the twin crime of trans-border
migration crises and human trafficking in Nigeria, and the attendant political economic implications on
the Nigerian polity. Data relied on are largely gotten from secondary sources. The paper employs the
neoclassical political economic theory of migration. Findings from conceptual and theoretical reviews
of literatures show that the incentive for human trafficking and migration-related offences is not only
profit driven but also a fall-out from institutional failure. The paper recommends a taut border security,
which can disallow border-related crimes like drug and human trafficking. The paper also sues for
people-oriented leadership that will eschew illicit crimes such as the above.
http://my-writing-expert.com/ .That's a sample paper - essay / paper on the topic "Violation of human rights in nigeria" created by our writers!
Disclaimer: The paper above have been completed for actual clients. We have acclaimed personal permission from the customers to post it.
A Political Economy of Trans-Border Migration Crises and Human Trafficking in...Przegląd Politologiczny
Encouraged by porous border boundaries in Africa, trafficking in persons and objects is
a demand-driven global venture that has market potential for: commercial sex, cheap labour, terrorism, and drug-related crimes. Most African States, especially Nigeria, have been reputed as hardliners
in encouraging these illicit trends. Chief among the motivating factors include: domestic insecurity,
political instability, economic recession, and institutional failure, etc. Amongst other instigating factors however, this paper takes a cursory look at the relationship between the twin crime of trans-border
migration crises and human trafficking in Nigeria, and the attendant political economic implications on
the Nigerian polity. Data relied on are largely gotten from secondary sources. The paper employs the
neoclassical political economic theory of migration. Findings from conceptual and theoretical reviews
of literatures show that the incentive for human trafficking and migration-related offences is not only
profit driven but also a fall-out from institutional failure. The paper recommends a taut border security,
which can disallow border-related crimes like drug and human trafficking. The paper also sues for
people-oriented leadership that will eschew illicit crimes such as the above.
http://my-writing-expert.com/ .That's a sample paper - essay / paper on the topic "Violation of human rights in nigeria" created by our writers!
Disclaimer: The paper above have been completed for actual clients. We have acclaimed personal permission from the customers to post it.
Caveat - VOLUME 03/I, AUGUST 2009 - LBH MasyarakatLBH Masyarakat
Ever since two near-simultaneous explosions struck hotels in Jakarta mid-July, Indonesia has been at odds over how to best execute counterterrorism measures. While nobody can question the necessity for comprehensive and effective prevention mechanisms – and requirement for severe
punishment for those responsible – the actions of the Indonesian military, police force and government have made us question the cost of freedom. Local human rights groups have criticized the counterterrorism actions of the government as being excessive and disproportionate,
and highlighted the threat posed to our own civil rights as the crackdown on terrorism continues unchallenged.
Several recent cases, including the arrest of Muhammad Jibril and the Temanggung siege, have brought into question the State’s commitment to protect human rights throughout its counterterrorism activities. In the case of Jibril, a terrorist suspect, was he kidnapped by the police or was he legally
arrested, and what implications does his suspension of rights have on justice for all?
The case of the raid in Central Java, which involved an 18 hour siege, shootout and deaths carried out by police’s crack counterterrorist squad, was filmed live on air and created superfluous hysteria. In this atmosphere of redemption and fear, it is very easy for the public to wrongly justify the arbitrary arrest, detention, and – as some high-profile cases have shown, torture – of people suspected of being linked to terrorism.
In August, Indonesia hosted the 9th International Congress on AIDS in Asia and the Pacific (ICAAP IX). In Indonesia, people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHAs) have for too long stigmatized and discriminated for their illness. The Indonesian National AIDS Commission (KPAN) has to play a more active role in ensuring that not just AIDS is
reduced, but beyond that that PLHAs will no longer be stigmatized and discriminated against. A human rights based-approach in its National Strategy would be a good
starting point for combating HIV/AIDS and the human rights violations which surround it.
The last section of this month’s CAVEAT draws on the experience of our organization to examine the issue of torture through a law and economic perspective. In his article entitled, “Torture and Bribery Codependent in Indonesia,” Ricky Gunawan argues that paying bribes neither ends a victim’s suffering nor decreases the likelihood of attack. Rather, bribes simply institutionalize
the practice of torture. The State needs to show it takes torture seriously by criminalizing torture, so both victims and their families feel the need to speak out about their suffering and break the cycle.
Library and information services for nationalOnyema Nsirim
This paper discussed the library and information services for national security and fight against insurgency. It traced the emergence of insecurity, the causes, security information needs by different groups: policy makers, security agents, citizens and children/youths. The importance of national security and stresses how library and information services are the best point of contact on the issue of national security. It was therefore recommended that: there should be collaboration between libraries and security agencies on security matters. Local, state and federal governments should synergize in the funding of the library and library services so that research works emanating from universities and research institutes could be utilized effectively.
There are four major types of global interaction and these include:
a) Communication, or the movement of information, including
the transmission of beliefs, ideas, and doctrines
b) Transportation, the movement of physical objects, including
war material and personal property as well as merchandise
c) Finance, the movement of money and instruments of credit
d) Travel and movement of persons. This includes voluntary
movement which is travel and migration as well as involuntary
movement which is human trafficking and forced migration
Assessing the impact_of_globalization_on_human_traJohnGacinya
Ever since contemporary globalization came on the world scene around 1990s, free movement of goods, services and ideas grew as a result of reduced barriers to international movement trade and investment. The economic flow of goods and services has gone along with movement of people across the globe. The voluntary and involuntary movement of people occurs around world and is associated with opportunities that exist out there. Communication and flow of information is in real time in the current period from one corner of the globe to the other is occurring at high speed. Beliefs, ideas and culture have been relayed fast through the Internet, Smart Phones and other Communication devices.
Political Stewardship: Why Draconian Acts and Laws Are Not Compatible With Ou...Thesigan Nadarajan
The word draconian itself has a history of severity, harshness and cruelty. Draconian stands for everything that is inhuman, unreasonable and plainly devilish. Draconian laws not only disregard all human rights but even are prepared to desecrate whatever is sacred to humanity and gods.
Deadly but Preventable Attacks: Killings and Enforced Disappearances of Those...Amnesty India
3,500 human rights defenders have been killed worldwide since 1998
281 HRDs killed globally in 2016—a significant increase from 156 defenders killed in 2015 and 136 in 2014
48 journalists killed worldwide in 2016 according to the Committee to Protect Journalists
India among deadliest countries for defenders of rights related to land, environment
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Autorretratos bajo los efectos de las drogasMireia moll?
Brian Lewis Saunders (1969 Washington, D.C) es un artista performance, conocido, principalmente, por sus actuaciones en las que predomina el género trágico.
Caveat - VOLUME 03/I, AUGUST 2009 - LBH MasyarakatLBH Masyarakat
Ever since two near-simultaneous explosions struck hotels in Jakarta mid-July, Indonesia has been at odds over how to best execute counterterrorism measures. While nobody can question the necessity for comprehensive and effective prevention mechanisms – and requirement for severe
punishment for those responsible – the actions of the Indonesian military, police force and government have made us question the cost of freedom. Local human rights groups have criticized the counterterrorism actions of the government as being excessive and disproportionate,
and highlighted the threat posed to our own civil rights as the crackdown on terrorism continues unchallenged.
Several recent cases, including the arrest of Muhammad Jibril and the Temanggung siege, have brought into question the State’s commitment to protect human rights throughout its counterterrorism activities. In the case of Jibril, a terrorist suspect, was he kidnapped by the police or was he legally
arrested, and what implications does his suspension of rights have on justice for all?
The case of the raid in Central Java, which involved an 18 hour siege, shootout and deaths carried out by police’s crack counterterrorist squad, was filmed live on air and created superfluous hysteria. In this atmosphere of redemption and fear, it is very easy for the public to wrongly justify the arbitrary arrest, detention, and – as some high-profile cases have shown, torture – of people suspected of being linked to terrorism.
In August, Indonesia hosted the 9th International Congress on AIDS in Asia and the Pacific (ICAAP IX). In Indonesia, people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHAs) have for too long stigmatized and discriminated for their illness. The Indonesian National AIDS Commission (KPAN) has to play a more active role in ensuring that not just AIDS is
reduced, but beyond that that PLHAs will no longer be stigmatized and discriminated against. A human rights based-approach in its National Strategy would be a good
starting point for combating HIV/AIDS and the human rights violations which surround it.
The last section of this month’s CAVEAT draws on the experience of our organization to examine the issue of torture through a law and economic perspective. In his article entitled, “Torture and Bribery Codependent in Indonesia,” Ricky Gunawan argues that paying bribes neither ends a victim’s suffering nor decreases the likelihood of attack. Rather, bribes simply institutionalize
the practice of torture. The State needs to show it takes torture seriously by criminalizing torture, so both victims and their families feel the need to speak out about their suffering and break the cycle.
Library and information services for nationalOnyema Nsirim
This paper discussed the library and information services for national security and fight against insurgency. It traced the emergence of insecurity, the causes, security information needs by different groups: policy makers, security agents, citizens and children/youths. The importance of national security and stresses how library and information services are the best point of contact on the issue of national security. It was therefore recommended that: there should be collaboration between libraries and security agencies on security matters. Local, state and federal governments should synergize in the funding of the library and library services so that research works emanating from universities and research institutes could be utilized effectively.
There are four major types of global interaction and these include:
a) Communication, or the movement of information, including
the transmission of beliefs, ideas, and doctrines
b) Transportation, the movement of physical objects, including
war material and personal property as well as merchandise
c) Finance, the movement of money and instruments of credit
d) Travel and movement of persons. This includes voluntary
movement which is travel and migration as well as involuntary
movement which is human trafficking and forced migration
Assessing the impact_of_globalization_on_human_traJohnGacinya
Ever since contemporary globalization came on the world scene around 1990s, free movement of goods, services and ideas grew as a result of reduced barriers to international movement trade and investment. The economic flow of goods and services has gone along with movement of people across the globe. The voluntary and involuntary movement of people occurs around world and is associated with opportunities that exist out there. Communication and flow of information is in real time in the current period from one corner of the globe to the other is occurring at high speed. Beliefs, ideas and culture have been relayed fast through the Internet, Smart Phones and other Communication devices.
Political Stewardship: Why Draconian Acts and Laws Are Not Compatible With Ou...Thesigan Nadarajan
The word draconian itself has a history of severity, harshness and cruelty. Draconian stands for everything that is inhuman, unreasonable and plainly devilish. Draconian laws not only disregard all human rights but even are prepared to desecrate whatever is sacred to humanity and gods.
Deadly but Preventable Attacks: Killings and Enforced Disappearances of Those...Amnesty India
3,500 human rights defenders have been killed worldwide since 1998
281 HRDs killed globally in 2016—a significant increase from 156 defenders killed in 2015 and 136 in 2014
48 journalists killed worldwide in 2016 according to the Committee to Protect Journalists
India among deadliest countries for defenders of rights related to land, environment
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Autorretratos bajo los efectos de las drogasMireia moll?
Brian Lewis Saunders (1969 Washington, D.C) es un artista performance, conocido, principalmente, por sus actuaciones en las que predomina el género trágico.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Corruption Political Party System and Nigerian Democracy An Historical Analys...ijtsrd
Liberal democracy all over the world is a welcome phenomenon. In every modern society the game of politics is influenced tremendously by the elite class that projects the political culture which could make or mar democracy, as a result of the activities of the political parties. The adoption of western democracy is a mixed bag of blessing and catastrophes in the body politics of the country. Today, it is difficult to reconcile Nigerian democracy with that of the advanced democratic Countries. In Nigeria, politics is regarded as a “dirty game” which scares away the down trodden people. It has been noted that the level of socio economic development in the country is significantly related to the nature of politics in vogues. Political parties are primarily aimed at primitive accumulation of wealth. Where, “the end justifies the means” . The prevailing election rigging, thuggery, corruption, fear and intimidation by security agencies as well as hate speech in the campaigns of the politicians reflect value degeneration with the attendant instability in the country’s democracy. To this send, the paper examined political parties in Nigeria An historical Perspective from 1960 – 2019 looking at the roles of political parties as they affect the consolidation of democracy in Nigeria. Three 3 theoretical frameworks were used in the study namely Social learning theory SLT , Social Disorganization theory SDT and Corruption Permissiveness theory CPT .The study noted that Nigeria’s political parties from 1960 2019 has witnessed some challenging situation like ethnicity, corruption, violence, military intervention, civil and electoral deficiencies. Based on the findings, the study recommended among others that registered political parties should not be vehicles for the articulation and implementation of ethnic, religious or regional projects and programmes and that they should remain national in scope, courage and orientation. Aristotle Isaac Jacobs | Tarabina Veronica Pamo | Abidde Kilegha Victoria "Corruption, Political Party System and Nigerian Democracy: An Historical Analysis from 1960 – 2019" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38079.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/38079/corruption-political-party-system-and-nigerian-democracy-an-historical-analysis-from-1960-– -2019/aristotle-isaac-jacobs
Political Violence and the Sustenance of Democracy In Nigeriaiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Primordial Politics and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria’s Fourth Republicijtsrd
This paper is an inquisition on the impact of primordial politics on democratic consolidation in Nigerias fourth republic. Data for the research was gathered from secondary sources including Books, Journals, Newspapers, Magazines, and the Internet. The analysis of the data gathered was based on the historical descriptive method which attempts to understand the phenomenon of primordial politics by determining it process of evolution, growth, and dynamic of internal changes. Findings revealed that socio political and economic deprivation amounting to internal colonialism by one section of the country over the others has bred frustration leading to recourse to ethnicism as expressed in the pattern of voting. The paper therefore recommends, Constitutional amendments, rotational presidency and two party system as a panacea for nationalism. Diri, Benjamin B. | Godwin Isaiah Jaja "Primordial Politics and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38537.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/38537/primordial-politics-and-democratic-consolidation-in-nigeria’s-fourth-republic/diri-benjamin-b
Accountability and corruption in public organizationResearchWap
One of the fundamental problems of contemporary Nigeria is corruption. It has thrived; progressed and flourished unabated .Corruption has been institutionalized to the point of accepting it as part of our system. This study examined the incidence of corruption in the Nigerian Public Service with particular focus on Isiala Mbano LGA from 1999 to 2012. Specifically, the study investigated whether motivational incentives provided for civil servants contributes to their greater involvement in corruption in Imo State from 1999 to 2012. The study also examined the impact of weak internal control mechanism on the incidence of looting of state treasury by politicians in Imo State within the same period. We predicated our analysis on The General Systems Theory, adopting David Easton’s Political System theory. As for method of data collection, the study employed qualitative and quantitative method of data collection. As for sources of data, we principally relied on primary and secondary sources. The data so generated were analyzed accordingly using Likert measurement scale. The findings reveal that motivational incentives provided for civil servants contribute to their greater involvement in corruption. Based on the findings also, weak internal control mechanism was identified to have contributed to incidence of looting of state treasury by politicians in Imo State. We therefore recommend adequate motivation of civil servants through improved salary,prompt payment of all their entitlements and good working condition, government should strengthen internal control mechanism to forestall incidence of looting of state treasury which could have been averted. These recommendations if properly implemented would be a panacea for the eradication of
corruption.
Youth in Contemporary Politics Roles and Benefits in Nigeriaijtsrd
The youth in contemporary Nigerian politics has played the role of acting the political thug for older politicians in the country. In this study, the researchers set out to examine the role and benefits of the youth in modern-day politics with specific reference to the recent Nigerias ‘‘Not-Too-Young-to-Run Bill. It is in this light that this paper adopted Role theory in explaining the role of the youth in contemporary Nigerian politics. It is obvious that with the Not-Too-Young-to-Run Bill, the youth in Nigeria can now participate effectively in the nations political processes, and not continue to play the dirty role of hooligan on the payroll of the sit-tight political leader who wants to perpetuate himself in power. The paper contends that the Federal government and the electoral umpire body, the Independent National Electoral Commission INEC , should make it a priority to fully implement the Not-Too-Young-to-Run Bill, to give many more youths the opportunity to vie for electoral offices in the country. In addition, youths should be included in the nations political processes by enlightening them on their role and benefits in such processes not just to function as political thugs but to aspire to run for electoral offices themselves. Patrick Oromareghake, PhD | Oluka, Nduka Lucas "Youth in Contemporary Politics: Roles and Benefits in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21518.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/21518/youth-in-contemporary-politics-roles-and-benefits-in-nigeria/patrick-oromareghake-phd
The Myth and Reality of Womens’ Political Marginalization In Nigeriainventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Impact of Corruption on Insurgency in the North-Eastern Region of NigeriaIOSRJBM
This study is on the Impact of Corruption on Boko Haram Insurgency in the North Eastern Region of Nigeria, specifically, Adamawa, Borno and Yobe States. The study adopted content and observational analysis. Documentary ideas as expressed in text books, journal articles, magazines, Internet and Newspapers was analysed and utilised. The documentary materials were complemented with the observation methodology of data collection. The period of the study is 2009 to 2015. In the course of the study, it was discovered that the failure of the Nigerian Military to defeat the Boko Haram Insurgents within the study period was due to corruption perpetuated by the office of the former National Security Adviser. In conclusion, it was clear without doubt that corruption had negatively impacted on the war against insurgency in the North Eastern Region of Nigeria and this was due to the sharing of the $2.1 billion dollars and the questionable contracts awarded which were not executed by some companies and persons. The study therefore recommended that the Federal Government under President Muhammadu Buhari should continue with his war against corruption and ensure that all outstanding funds with the former National Security Adviser and his collaborators were retrieved.
Predictors and Incidence of Kidnapping in Contemporary Nigeria: A Socio-Crimi...paperpublications3
Abstract: In this paper, which is essentially a literature review, the researcher undertook a critical investigation into the major predictors and incidence of kidnapping in contemporary Nigeria. The paper further reviewed the various scholars’ and media pundits’ perspectives on kidnapping. Nigeria is in the throes of kidnapping occasioned by a multiplicity of both individual risk factors and social forces. The rising incidence of kidnapping is disturbingly high and destructive to both human and capital development in the country. The current pattern or trend of kidnapping in contemporary Nigeria is a basket case; little wonder therefore that the latest global ranking placed Nigeria as the fourth most notorious kidnapping nation where people can be easily kidnapped with impunity. The quest to settle political differences, inordinate ambition to acquire and accumulate wealth, poverty and social exclusion, perpetual pains of unemployment, and reaction to existing detestable social and political developments are some of the main causes of kidnapping in Nigeria. The central policy implication of this paper is that it will guide security agencies and policy makers on crime and criminality in making reliable policies that will reduce the incidence of kidnapping in Nigeria to the barest minimum.
Increase Wave of Violent Crime and Insecurity: A Threat to Socio-Economic Dev...iosrjce
Within the framework of deprivation theory, the paper critically examines the issue of high rate of
violent crime in Nigeria and its implication on socio-economic development. Research has revealed an increase
dimension in the pattern and trend of crime and other forms of insecurity in Nigeria on a geometric rate which
constitutes serious threat to lives and properties, hinders business activities and discourages local and foreign
investors. The rising wave of violent crime if not properly checked could become a threat to socio-economic
development of the country The paper submits that, apart from given critical attention to issue of security in the
areas of intelligence gathering and synergy among security agencies; adequate and appropriate training in line
with global best practices; logistics; motivation of members of the security agents; and deploying advanced
technology in the fight against the emerging crime as well as addressing the issue of unemployment so as to
reduce crime rate in the country and by implication enhanced the socio – economic development in Nigeria..
9
All Lives Matters Campaign
All lives Matter Campaign
Name
Course
Tutor
Date of Submission
This essay is to the young American who are the most frequent users of social media. We at least have witnessed the police brutality against our peers on the basis of their color.
On August 9th 2014, an 18yr old black male by the name Michael Brown was fatally shot by a Caucasian police officer, Darren Wilson in Ferguson Missouri. From accounts of the eye witnesses, Michael was unarmed. Michael brown was shot 12 times with two of the bullets on his right hand possibly having his arms. Earlier on July 12th 2014, Erick Garner, a 43 years old African American died in the hands of police who were arresting him. From the medical report on his death, it was established that he died from choking inflicted on him by the NYPD officer who was arresting him (CNN, 2014). These killings made the public very angry and demonstrations arose from different parts of the country. In Ferguson, unrest continued for a whole week as people tried to present their grievances. The “Black Lives Matters” campaign started with the aim of fighting against the stereotypes on the African American race. The police were accused of disregarding the dignity of black people and thus killing voluntarily. The killings were condemned countrywide and from the demonstration are a clear indication of the people’s anger.
All Lives Matter; what it entails
The Black Lives Matters campaign is a noble campaign. However, the major flaw with the campaign is that most of the supporters think that the victimization is only towards the colored. However, as can be seen from the video on the cited link below, brutality by the police is across all races (You Tube, 2016).
“All Live Matters campaign” is an all-inclusive campaign with the bigger picture of not only black people but the social respect of all human beings in light of law enforcement. The campaign is to sensitive the government and all the law enforcers to be fair in dispensation of their duties. It call for fairness and respect of human life regardless of the race. The recent killings by the police are clear indication of the disrespect of the human life that is slowly being cultivated to a culture. Our country stands for respect of the human life and this serves as a wakeup call for the general public and the governing institutions. The campaign aims at bringing reforms within the police department and ensure that the unfortunate cases will not be repeated again. All Lives Matters Campaign aims at bringing the wrongs within the disciplinary forces to the general public. The hope is to sensitive the law enforcers to accountably dispense their duties and services. Also hopes that all unlawful acts of the police department will be prosecuted and punished. The campaign also sensitizes the general public to respect the rule of law and also defend the constitution by supporting the law enforcer. The call is for everyone to join the ca.
Similar to International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) (20)
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
The authors explained that while machine translation (MT) previously relied heavily on linguists, the landscape has shifted. “Linguistics is no longer front and center in the way we build NLP systems,” they said. With the emergence of LLMs, which can generate fluent text without the need for specialized modules to handle grammar or semantic coherence, the need for linguistic expertise in NLP is being questioned.
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role of women and girls in various terror groupssadiakorobi2
Women have three distinct types of involvement: direct involvement in terrorist acts; enabling of others to commit such acts; and facilitating the disengagement of others from violent or extremist groups.
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हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
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International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)
1. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714
www.ijhssi.org Volume 2 Issue 9 ǁ September. 2013ǁ PP.46-50
Crime, Vigilantism, and Electoral Violence
In Nigeria.
AZOGU F. ADIGWE
Department of Political Science, College of Management and Social Sciences.Rhema University,
153/155 Aba-Owerri Road, P.M.B.7021, Aba, Abia State, Nigeria
ABSTRACT: High rate of crime is always a concern to any society. The transition to democratic rule in May
1999 was accompanied with sudden rise in crime. There were attempts by individuals, groups, communities and
the government to address the rising crime wave across the country. One of such response was the
establishments of vigilante groups by the citizens. Communities and neighbourhoods formed vigilantes to
protect their lives and properties. The co-option of these vigilante groups during elections by politicians to assist
in the manipulations of elections contributes to violence and other criminal activities. They serve as ready army
that can be deployed by politicians during elections for their electoral gains. The constant squabbles and
factionalisation in almost every „vigilante‟ group across the country can be attributed to political influence and
interference. This study is an attempt to ascertain the roles of vigilante groups during elections vis-a-vis the fight
against crime.
KEY WORDS: Vigilantism, crime, violence and election.
I.
INTRODUCTION
Vigilantism has become one of the ways the citizens‟ respond to crime fighting in the country. The
failure of the government to provide security for her citizens drives the people to this self-help effort. The retreat
of the military to the barracks as they handed over political power to civilian elected leaders heralded upsurge in
crime and violent agitations across the country. (See; Alubo, 2011, Azogu, 2013) Transition from totalitarian,
dictatorial or one-party state to liberal democracy has been found to generate unanticipated upsurge in crime.
According to Peter Blau and W. Scott;
Change whether due to new external developments impinging on the organization or to
internal modifications, produces situations without precedents. Besides, some exigencies that
may arise cannot be anticipated. (Quoted in Dixon, 2000, P.1)
In Nigeria, the change from military dictatorship to civilian democratic rule was unanticipated and sudden
following the death of Gen. Abacha, then military dictator. The democratization triggered high expectations of
better living standard by the populace after long-crushing dictatorial military rule. The then Minister for Police
Affairs General (rtd) David Jemibewon in an opening address presented at a conference in South Africa
acknowledged that;
The sudden change which the transition from long years of military rule to a democratic
dispensation brought on the country (Nigeria) was so monumental and managing it was
daunting.
The daunting challenge of which violent crime is one has remained, despite many efforts. He went further to say
that;
The Nigerian Police that we inherited could be said to have suffered gravely from lack of such
regulatory institutions and lack of focus … our new found democracy became to some extent
a source of insecurity and lawlessness,…The Police which was not adequately prepared for
the violent and criminal eruptions that heralded our democratic rebirth was therefore stretched
to the maximum of their capability. (Quoted in Equal Justice, April, 2002, P3)
They people responded by seeking self-help measures to protect themselves and their properties collectively and
individually.
In the semi-urban centers and rural communities, youths formed vigilante groups to police towns and villages.
These vigilantes were welcomed due to the menace of armed robbery attacks. People could go to bed with the
assurance that some people are keeping watch. This was a relief to the people.
The vigilantes were well received initially by the people. However, this did not take long to wean as the people
started witnessing the atrocious acts being committed by some members of these vigilantes. Another major
concern was the co-option of these vigilantes by politicians who made them their hit-squads and storm-troopers
in their political quest. The co-option of these vigilantes by political office holders jeopardized the original role
of these vigilantes in the communities. They could no longer be called to order by the people. They switched
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2. Crime, Vigilantism, And…
their allegiance and loyalty to their political godfathers. And they enjoyed the protection of these politicians
from the law and its enforcement agencies.
They politicians saw in them ready tools that could to be used for their selfish electoral successes. They propped
them and made them their unofficial „police‟, introduced the payment of salaries to them and they became an
appendage of their political structure.
II. RESEARCH PROBLEM
Violence and electoral fraud have trailed most elections in African countries. There are always
complains and claims of violence in the run-ups to elections, during and after an election. In Nigeria, the first
post independence election was characterised by violence. The trend has remained the same. In the current
democratic dispensation, many of the elections have witnessed outbreaks of violence from local to national
levels. This violence has resulted to the loss of lives and properties. The violence is perpetrated by what we refer
to „political thugs‟. There have always been claims that these groups are sponsored by people with political
interests. Researchers have shown that there is a correlation between democratic transition and crime (see,
Nedcor, 1996, Zveki,c 1998, Savelsberg, 1995, Crilinskiy, 1998, Okechukwu Nwanguma, 2002, Azogu 2013)
Vigilantes are organized, and ready to resist or cause violence. In any community where they exist, they are one
of the gate-keepers and politicians understand this , hence the need to co-opt them. Vigilante groups have been
linked to „political thuggery‟. Some receive backings and sponsorship of politicians. And they are turned against
political opponents during elections, using them to intimidate, and suppress oppositions. In some extreme cases
they are used to eliminate (murder) opponents. The destructions and violence during elections involving
members of vigilantes are in some cases alarming.
Okonta (2005) gave a chilling account of such violence that took place during electioneering;
By the evening of July 6, when primary elections came to an end in Nembe and the other local
councils in Bayelsa State, 40 people had been killed in election-related violence, most of them in
Nembe and Brass... The two factional leaders and their storm troopers were at the heart of the
political violence that engulfed Nembe and forced many of its residents to flee. …one the factional
leaders was head of … a cultural organization … that metamorphosed into one of the most feared
youth vigilante groups in Nembe.
This narration is not far from what obtains in other communities during elections. Eliminating electoral
violence is one the greatest challenges facing democracy in Nigeria.
We examined the involvement of vigilante in crime fighting and electoral and election related violence as to
ascertain the connection, if any.
III. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The emergent of vigilante groups in fighting crime is not new. The pre-colonial African societies have
one form of security apparatus or the other. Some had standing armies and police that maintained law and order,
others were operated in ad hoc fashion. In the South-Eastern part of Nigeria where they operated acephalous
system, the security of the communities was the duty of young able bodied men. They enforce the decisions of
the council of elders, arrest and hand over people violating the laws and customs of the people.
The origin of vigilante in Nigeria has been traced to pre-colonial administration in Nigeria. (See Baker, 2002a,
CLEEN, 2002)
The modern state maintains the monopoly of force, however with the high incidents of crime and the
inability of the police to protect the people, gave rise to the current trend of vigilantism in the country. Vigilante
groups gained popularity with increased crime waves across the country that followed military hand-over of
power to civilian leaders when the military dismantled their security outfits. They activities of some of these
vigilantes have left many in doubt as to their usefulness to the society. CLEEN in one their document accused
them of promoting disunity in the country and being politically partisan, (CLEEN, 2002,)
The activities of vigilante groups in Nigeria are well documented. They have been accused of
criminality, abuse of authority and violation of human rights. They have even been fingered in the exacerbation
of ethnic and communal violence.
Pratten (2008), argues that,
Since the return to democracy in 1999…vigilante groups have proliferated. Beyond fighting crime,
these groups spearhead contemporary political contests between the politics of identity and
citizenship, and represent divergent aspirations for Nigeria's future, including a pro-shari'a movement
in the north and ethnic nationalism in the west. (P1).
The vigilante groups have remained inconsistent in their goals and objectives. This is buttressed by
CLEEN when they assert that;
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3. Crime, Vigilantism, And…
“Nigerian vigilante movements have an ambiguous relationship with the state. While they sometimes (in their
state-sponsored guise) defend against insurgency, they are also actively part of insurgent processes”. (CLEEN,
2002).
The roles of vigilante groups in crime fighting.
The sudden exit of the military from power and the run-down police force that they bequeathed to the
civilian regime made it impossible to cope with crime upsurge in the country. To fill the gap, people formed
vigilante groups. These vigilante groups go by different names across the country. The primary reason for
setting them up was to protect the people from incessant raids by armed robbers in their neighbourhoods. This
was captured by CLEEN when it put it thus;
Local communities across Nigeria, as in many other countries in Africa and elsewhere, have created
their own informal or sometimes formal structures to try to ensure the security of the population.
These groups have usually been composed of individuals from the local community. They have
derived their credibility, and unofficial authority, from the community in which they serve. One of
the main purposes of these initiatives has been to complement the police in identifying and handing
over criminal suspects to the appropriate judicial authorities. They have also sometimes tried to settle
other conflicts between individuals in the community. Local leaders have on occasion abused their
power and used these groups for other purposes. (CLEEN, 2002, P.3).
The vigilantes rose to the challenge of combating the spiraling crime waves across many cities in the
country especially in the early years of democratic transition. Initially there was a reduction in crime.
Commercial activities picked up in the commercial cities of Aba, Onitsha, Lagos, etc. and people could
move around freely once again. The acclaimed success of the Bakassi Boys in reducing crime in Aba,
resulted to the clamour for and the introduction of this group to Onitsha (Anambra), and Owerri (Imo).
Their feats in „catching‟ and „fishing-out‟ criminals were legendary across the south-east. They won the
admiration and goodwill of the people. However with time these vigilante groups in most cases deviated from
the original purpose for which they were formed to engaging in other activities such settling civil matters,
recovering debts, ejecting tenants for landlords and in some cases meddling in husband and wife matters, and
serving as ready hands to unleash violence during elections.
Vigilantism and political interference
These vigilantes made some successes in combating crimes in the country. Their operation restored
some sense of safety for the people. In some commercial cities where armed robbers almost paralyzed activities,
witnessed a returned to business as the armed robbers were either killed or chased away. Their successes within
those brief period won them peoples‟ goodwill, admiration and support. The politicians were quick to cash in on
the successes, public acclaim and respect that these vigilantes have gained for their own political survival. They
openly supported them. They initiated legislations to give them legal backings, and placed their members on
salaries. The leadership and control of these vigilantes were taken away from the people. It became the
prerogative the politicians to determine who leads them. The contestations for political space in the ensuing
elections since the 1998/99 transition have witnessed the deployment of violence by the various parties. From
internal parties‟ primaries elections to the general elections, violence is becoming a common feature. It now
seems that whosoever that is capable of deploying violence wins election. Politicians have taken over the control
of these vigilantes for their political gains. Just like the vigilante groups in the cities became the appendage of
the governors in those states, the community vigilantes came under the influence of the local government
chairmen. These local government chairmen control them through the payment of their monthly stipends and
provision of logistics for their operations such as vehicles; in some cases they secretly armed them. An excerpt
from CLEEN document puts it thus:
A combination of political, economic and social factors in Nigeria-including high unemployment,
poor relations between the police and local communities, widespread corruption, and absence of
confidence and trust in the state and its institutions-has meant that it has been easy to recruit people
to these vigilante groups, and for these groups to flourish. The situation has been aggravated by
influential political figures, including several state governors, who have sought to rely on armies of
thugs who are on standby to intervene when events do not go in their favor. In general, state
governments have tolerated if not encouraged these vigilante groups, and have been unwilling to take
decisive action to dismantle them or call their backers to account. (CLEEN, 2002, P.3)
IV. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The major objective of this study was to examine the relationship between vigilantism, crime and
electoral violence in Nigeria. Specifically, the study was designed to examine the role of vigilante groups in
crime fighting and their involvement in electoral violence.
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4. Crime, Vigilantism, And…
V. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The theoretical approached used in this work is the Exchange theory as opined by Peter Blau. He
identified four stages in interpersonal social exchange. In his analysis, he focused on rewards and reactions of
social exchange. He maintains that once social associations are established, the rewards that this social
association provides to each other serve to maintain and enhance the bonds. The opposite situation is that with
sufficient rewards, an association will weaken or break.
In every social relationship there a reciprocal exchange that takes place, they can be intrinsic (love,
respect, affection) or extrinsic (money, physical labour). Almost all the members of these vigilantes come from
the poor and lower class. The poverty and high unemployment in the country makes this group vulnerable. The
political class offers money, jobs and protection from criminal prosecution (monetary and material) while the
vigilante members assist in neutralizing tough opponents, snatching and thumb printing ballot papers during
elections (physical) and other fraudulent acts to ensure their electoral victories.
VI. METHODOLOGY
The panel survey design was used in this study. This design is chosen because firstly, it affords us the
opportunity to study the society as it is. Secondly, it affords the possibility of carrying out a study of a social
process as being undertaken. Thirdly, it is the best non-experiential technique. Finally it generates a large body
of information about our respondents. The design is more suitable for longitudinal study of this sort.
The research setting
The research was carried out in Oguta Local Government of Imo State Nigeria. Ten autonomous
communities within the Local Government were selected.
Population of interest
Our population of interest consisted of members of the selected communities and the members of the
vigilante groups in the various communities, opinion leaders and traditional rulers, security personnel, and
politicians.
This study was carried out in ten autonomous communities in Oguta Local Government of Imo State.
The Local Government is divided into two; Oguta North and Oguta South for political convenience. We selected
5 communities from North and 5 communities from South. See the table below.
Table: Showing the sampled Respondents and Communities.
COMMUNITY
VIGILANTE
TRADITIONAL
RULER/LEADERS
COMMUNITY
Oguta
Orsu Obodo
Egbuoma
Nkweshi
Egwe
Umunwama
Izombe
Ejemekwuru
Awa
Mbano Agwa
Ezi Orsu
TOTAL
=120 samples
POLITICIANS
VIGILANTE
TRADITIONAL
RULER/LEADERS
POLITICIANS
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
COMMU
NITY
MEMBER
COMMU
NITY
MEMBER
5
5
5
5
5
5
3
3
3
3
30
2
2
2
2
20
2
2
2
2
20
5
5
5
5
50
Sampling techniques
In selecting our respondents, we adopted the purposeful sampling method. This technique was used in
selecting the entire 100 sample. The Local Council Area is divided into North and South for political
convenience. From the north we randomly selected (five) 5 communities and (five) 5 from the south. For the
traditional rulers, there was no need for sampling, but for opinion leaders we randomly selected from the names
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5. Crime, Vigilantism, And…
given to us. Some communities have no recognized traditional ruler due to internal dispute, in such case we used
opinion leader or respected member of the community. In the Focus Group Discussion (FGD) we engaged
members of the communities sampled. Our questionnaire was structure to meet the objective our study.
Method of data collection
Sources of Data Collected
Our data were obtained principally from two sources. They are the secondary and primary sources. The
secondary sources were; documentary which comprised of records from the Nigerian Police, the newspapers and
magazines reports, records from the local vigilante, while the primary sources were questionnaire, interview and
focus group discussion. Our questions and the questionnaire administered were structured to meet the objective
of the research. The FGDs were for the ordinary members of the communities, questionnaire for the security
office, (they were unwilling to engage us on further discussions for obvious reasons), the preferred anonymity,
interviews were with local vigilante members, traditional/ opinion leaders, and politicians.
Method of data analysis.
In analyzing the data collected in this study, the researchers made use of sample percentage, tables.
Also the descriptive method was employed in the presentation of findings.
Findings.
From the study we were able to find out the following;
1. The vigilantes engage in electoral violence.
2. They are willing tools in the hands of politicians due to some leverage the politicians have over them.
3. They are ready to create situation conducive for perpetrating rigging/manipulating elections results.
4. They act as thugs and enjoy protection from their political benefactors.
5. Their involvement in politics breaks their ranks, thereby leading to factionalisaton and intra-group conflicts.
6. They are emboldened to display open violence due to the protection they enjoy from their political backers
VII. CONCLUSION
From our findings, we were convinced that politicians contributed to a large extend in making the vigilante groups
part of the crime problem in the society. Despite the atrocities alleged to have been committed by members of these
vigilantes none has been charged to court or prosecuted. Whenever they are detained their political god-fathers quickly
intervened and got them freed from police detention. There was an instance of one who hacked another boy to dead in broad
daylight. The security agents did not arrest or detain him. He just disappeared from public view for a while and later
resurfaced.
They are dreaded by ordinary people in the towns because they can do anything and go scot-free. The security
agents, police and secret security service (SSS) can do little as long as they enjoy the covering of their political malfeasants.
They association is a mutual exchange that benefit both parties.
It is not surprising that the leaders lack the political will to address this problem because they are the beneficiaries.
The conduct of free and fair election in the country has remained an albatross in the country‟s history.
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