Презентация содержит основные фрагменты исследования одного из классиков урбанистики Амоса Рапопорта. Автор исследует взаимосвязь культуры и форм жилых домов.
A review of the House, Form and Culture by Amos Rapoport Prasad Thanthratey
A presentation on review of the book "House, Form, and Culture" by Amos Rapoport from students of 6th Semester of architecture at VNIT, Nagpur (Jan-March 2016)
Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, better known as Le Corbusier, was a pioneering Swiss-French architect, designer, painter, urban planner, writer, and one of the pioneers of what is now called modern architecture. Some of his most notable works included the Villa Savoye in Paris, the city of Chandigarh in India, and the Unite d'Habitation in Marseille, France. He was influential in establishing the International Style of architecture and is widely regarded as one of the most influential architects of the 20th century.
The Incremental Housing project in CBD Belapur designed by Charles Correa featured clusters of 7-12 pairs of courtyard homes arranged to achieve high density using simple materials. Each family could independently extend their home, which started with a basic structure. Over time, many original homes were demolished and replaced with larger concrete structures, though the courtyard layout remained. While the flexibility initially provided benefits, maintenance of common spaces became an issue as the community changed.
This document discusses vernacular architecture, including:
- Vernacular architecture refers to buildings constructed using local resources and traditions to address local needs, as opposed to buildings designed by architects.
- It is influenced by factors like climate, available materials, construction techniques, culture, and more.
- Vernacular architecture can be classified chronologically (tribal, pre-industrial, post-independent, modern), functionally (residential, farm-related, industrial, places of worship) and by settlement (rural vs. urban).
- The process of constructing vernacular buildings typically involves the owner working with a local mason or craftsman to modify standard plans to suit the site, family
This document summarizes the Experimental Housing Project (PREVI) built in Lima, Peru between 1969-1973. The project comprised 1500 row houses on 40 hectares of land for low-income families. It used an open design approach with 24 different house designs and construction methods. The goal was to regulate the uncontrolled urban growth. The flexible and adaptable housing units allowed residents to modify and expand their homes over time. PREVI became a dense but diverse community where residents from different social classes chose to stay. It served as a model for integrating top-down planning with informal growth.
The Belapur Housing project in Navi Mumbai, also known as the Artist's Village, was designed by architect Charles Correa in 1986 to provide affordable housing for artists. The project consisted of 550 low-rise dwelling units spread across 6 hectares of land in a high-density development. Each unit was placed on its own plot to allow residents to freely modify and expand their homes over time. While originally intended for artists, few artists ultimately lived there as it was located far from Mumbai's urban center. Over the decades, residents have significantly modified the structures, often expanding vertically rather than horizontally as originally planned.
Louis Isadore Kahn was a 20th century American architect, educator, and philosopher. Some key aspects of his work include redefining architecture through structure, form, space and light. He is known for his use of geometric shapes, solid materials like brick and concrete, and intentional use of natural light. Two important projects he designed were the Indian Institute of Management in Ahmedabad, characterized by its diagonal layout and use of local brick, and the Salk Institute characterized by its two symmetrical buildings separated by a courtyard and stream.
"warm and humid" climate and their designsAnubhav Arora
in this ppt you will know how and what should we design in the warm and humid climate area like Kerala, it is best example for warm and humid zone.
Hope it will be useful for you.
A review of the House, Form and Culture by Amos Rapoport Prasad Thanthratey
A presentation on review of the book "House, Form, and Culture" by Amos Rapoport from students of 6th Semester of architecture at VNIT, Nagpur (Jan-March 2016)
Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, better known as Le Corbusier, was a pioneering Swiss-French architect, designer, painter, urban planner, writer, and one of the pioneers of what is now called modern architecture. Some of his most notable works included the Villa Savoye in Paris, the city of Chandigarh in India, and the Unite d'Habitation in Marseille, France. He was influential in establishing the International Style of architecture and is widely regarded as one of the most influential architects of the 20th century.
The Incremental Housing project in CBD Belapur designed by Charles Correa featured clusters of 7-12 pairs of courtyard homes arranged to achieve high density using simple materials. Each family could independently extend their home, which started with a basic structure. Over time, many original homes were demolished and replaced with larger concrete structures, though the courtyard layout remained. While the flexibility initially provided benefits, maintenance of common spaces became an issue as the community changed.
This document discusses vernacular architecture, including:
- Vernacular architecture refers to buildings constructed using local resources and traditions to address local needs, as opposed to buildings designed by architects.
- It is influenced by factors like climate, available materials, construction techniques, culture, and more.
- Vernacular architecture can be classified chronologically (tribal, pre-industrial, post-independent, modern), functionally (residential, farm-related, industrial, places of worship) and by settlement (rural vs. urban).
- The process of constructing vernacular buildings typically involves the owner working with a local mason or craftsman to modify standard plans to suit the site, family
This document summarizes the Experimental Housing Project (PREVI) built in Lima, Peru between 1969-1973. The project comprised 1500 row houses on 40 hectares of land for low-income families. It used an open design approach with 24 different house designs and construction methods. The goal was to regulate the uncontrolled urban growth. The flexible and adaptable housing units allowed residents to modify and expand their homes over time. PREVI became a dense but diverse community where residents from different social classes chose to stay. It served as a model for integrating top-down planning with informal growth.
The Belapur Housing project in Navi Mumbai, also known as the Artist's Village, was designed by architect Charles Correa in 1986 to provide affordable housing for artists. The project consisted of 550 low-rise dwelling units spread across 6 hectares of land in a high-density development. Each unit was placed on its own plot to allow residents to freely modify and expand their homes over time. While originally intended for artists, few artists ultimately lived there as it was located far from Mumbai's urban center. Over the decades, residents have significantly modified the structures, often expanding vertically rather than horizontally as originally planned.
Louis Isadore Kahn was a 20th century American architect, educator, and philosopher. Some key aspects of his work include redefining architecture through structure, form, space and light. He is known for his use of geometric shapes, solid materials like brick and concrete, and intentional use of natural light. Two important projects he designed were the Indian Institute of Management in Ahmedabad, characterized by its diagonal layout and use of local brick, and the Salk Institute characterized by its two symmetrical buildings separated by a courtyard and stream.
"warm and humid" climate and their designsAnubhav Arora
in this ppt you will know how and what should we design in the warm and humid climate area like Kerala, it is best example for warm and humid zone.
Hope it will be useful for you.
Charles Correa was an Indian architect born in 1930. He received his education in India and the United States. Some of his notable works include the Kovalam Beach Resort in Kerala, the Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalaya in Ahmedabad, and the Kanchenjunga Apartments in Mumbai. Correa's works were influenced by modernism but adapted it to local contexts and vernacular styles. He emphasized principles like incrementality, identity, pluralism, and equity. Correa received many awards over his career and is considered one of India's most important architects.
architectural case study
Asian games village designed by ar. raj rewal
B.Arch 4th-year sem 7
detailed zoning
analysis and survey
concept execution
referral links
https://www.scribd.com/document/415212492/Asian-Games-Village-Final
https://portfolio.cept.ac.in/fp/from-utopias-to-heterotopias-migrant-housing-values-of-time-density-culture-and-energy-ur2005-monsoon-2019/building-blocks-of-migrant-housing-monsoon-2019-ug180076
https://www.slideshare.net/WaseemNoor3/raj-rewal-asian-games-village
https://www.archdaily.com/903782/asian-games-village-residence-iii-viueller-architects
https://rajrewal.in/portfolio/asian-games-village-1980-1982/
https://qdoc.tips/asiad-villagegrp-6-pdf-free.html
https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/media.archnet.org/system/publications/contents/2850/original/DPT0402.pdf?1384768113
https://prezi.com/zj7br3xisvu8/asiad-village/
The document summarizes Charles Correa's incremental housing project in CBD Belapur, India. It describes the project's low-cost housing typologies designed around communal courtyards. Housing was organized into clusters of 7-12 pairs of freestanding homes arranged around shared spaces. This allowed residents to independently modify their own homes over time. While many original structures have been replaced, the hierarchy of community spaces remains intact decades later. The project demonstrated high-density affordable housing built at a human scale with simple materials. However, maintaining common spaces and adapting to changing aspirations have presented challenges over time.
He was an architect, designer, urbanist, writer, and one of the pioneers of what is now called modern architecture.
He was a pioneer in studies of modern high design and was dedicated to providing better living conditions for the residents of crowded cities
The presentation covers general details about architect , Villa Sovoye, Centre Le Corbusier and few other works
Villa verde housing 2013 constitución by shubham harlalka.docxshubham harlalka
This project provided worker housing in Villa Verde, Chile following a severe 2010 earthquake. The architect Alejandra Aravena designed the homes using an incremental construction approach. Residents were provided an initial base build home that could be expanded over time as funds allowed. The base build comprised a kitchen/living area, bathroom and two bedrooms on the ground and first floors. An open space next to each home allowed for future expansion. This approach aimed to provide better quality initial shelters that could grow with residents' means, rather than building incomplete small homes.
Laurie Baker was a British architect who came to India in 1945 as a missionary. He lived and worked in India for over 50 years, obtaining Indian citizenship in 1989. Baker is renowned for his initiatives in low-cost housing and sustainable architecture using locally available materials. Some key aspects of his work included using cost-effective materials like brick, laterite, mud and cow dung in innovative construction techniques like rat trap bond. He designed over 1000 residences and 40 other buildings in Kerala emphasizing natural ventilation, privacy and historical influences. Baker received the Padma Shri award in 1990 for his contributions to architecture.
Baker studied architecture in Birmingham and graduated in 1937, aged 20, in a period of political unrest for Europe.During the Second World War, he served in the Friends Ambulance Unit in China and Burma.He worked as an architect for an international and interdenominational Mission dedicated to the care of those suffering from leprosy. He focused on converting or replacing asylums once used to house the ostracized sufferers of the disease - "lepers".He Used indigenous architecture and methods of these places as means to deal with his once daunting problems.
Baker's designs invariably have traditional Indian sloping roofs and terracotta Mangalore tile shingling with gables and vents allowing rising hot air to escape curved walls to enclose more volume at lower material cost than straight walls.Designing and building low cost, high quality, beautiful homes
Suited to or built for lower-middle to lower class clients.
Irregular, pyramid-like structures on roofs, with one side left open and tilting into the wind.Brick jali walls, a perforated brick screen which utilises natural air movement to cool the home's interior and create intricate patterns of light and shadow.
The Palace of Assembly in Chandigarh, India was designed by modernist architect Le Corbusier. It features a circular assembly chamber and was designed to be accessible and stair-free. Le Corbusier conceived of the building as a horizontal rectangular structure with a monumental portico facing the main plaza. Key aspects of the design include the use of reinforced concrete, a modular design based on the Golden ratio, and incorporating Le Corbusier's five points of architecture.
Laurie Baker was a British-Indian architect known for his pioneering low-cost and sustainable housing designs using locally available materials. Some of his notable projects include his home in Trivandrum called The Hamlet, built in 1969 avoiding cutting trees and reusing materials. He also designed the Centre for Development Studies in Trivandrum in 1971 with structures responding to the sloping terrain and preserving trees. His designs prioritized cost-effectiveness, environmental friendliness, and vernacular styles.
Presentation cased study communal centreAffif Mazlan
1) The Prospect Road Community Center in Halifax, Canada was designed to be a sustainable multi-purpose neighborhood recreational facility.
2) The design incorporated elements like a green roof, rainwater collection, and geothermal heating and cooling to reduce environmental impact and operating costs.
3) The center provides a variety of spaces and programming to bring the community together including a gymnasium, fitness areas, art studios, meeting spaces, and programming for all ages.
Laurie Baker was a British-Indian architect known for his low-cost, sustainable building designs for lower-income communities in Kerala. He emphasized natural ventilation and light through techniques like irregular pyramidal roofs, brick net walls, and rat trap bond. His designs for the Loyola Chapel in Trivandrum combined an auditorium and chapel in a single building to reduce costs, using brick jali walls to ventilate both spaces and admit some natural light.
Charles Correa was an Indian architect known for his sensitivity to the needs of the urban poor. He developed master plans for cities like Navi Mumbai that focused on decentralization into self-sufficient townships with residential neighborhoods organized by income level. At the micro level, his designs for low-income housing emphasized open-to-sky spaces, courtyards, and terraces to accommodate community needs within a limited footprint. His works show an adaptation of modernism to local culture through vernacular influences like tiled roofs, brick walls, and operable wooden louvers.
This document discusses urban design principles and controls. It begins by defining urban design and its role in shaping public spaces and urban patterns. It then covers various design principles like scale, enclosure, grain, texture and morphology. It discusses the importance of factors like building height, ground coverage, and floor area ratio that are regulated through urban controls. The document uses examples from Chandigarh to explain how zoning and architectural controls were used to shape its development according to Le Corbusier's plan. In summary, the document outlines key urban design concepts and analyzes how regulations and controls were applied in Chandigarh to achieve its planned urban form.
This document discusses organic architecture, which aims to create harmony between man-made structures and their natural environments. It was pioneered by Frank Lloyd Wright, who believed buildings should complement their surroundings. Organic architecture uses curvilinear and natural forms inspired by nature, with an emphasis on allowing materials to perform as their innate properties. It focuses on integrating buildings with their sites in a cohesive, unified way. The document outlines the objectives and advantages of organic architecture, providing examples of how it can be incorporated into home design through natural materials, ventilation, daylighting, and complementing the landscape.
The document describes the Artists Village housing project in Belapur, Navi Mumbai. It was originally built to house artists but now has mixed occupancy. The project demonstrated high-density affordable housing through low-rise courtyard homes arranged in clusters around shared spaces. While some design aspects like ample green space were successful, other issues emerged over time like a lack of parking and commercial spaces leading to encroachment. The unique village character has been lost due to urbanization, though security and community aspects remain.
1.4 town planning ancient india vedic buddha periodSachin PatiL
Necessity scope principles of Town Planning,
Present status of town planning in India,
Contribution of town planners in modern era,
Sir Patrick Geddes,
Sir Ebenezer Howard,
Clarence stein,
Sir Patrick Abercrombie,
Le Corbusier,
The document summarizes an architect's studio building designed by B.V. Doshi in Ahmedabad, India between 1979-1981. Some key features of the building include its integration with the outdoor spaces to minimize solar radiation, its vaulted roof and stack effect ventilation system to maximize air flow and keep lower volumes cool, and its use of local materials, waste products, and passive design strategies like underground insulation to reduce costs and energy usage. The building successfully lowers indoor temperatures by 8°C with a 6 hour time lag between indoor and outdoor heat transfer.
Auroville, City of dawn is located in state of Tamil Nadu, India, near Pondicherry in South India. .Auroville was founded as a project on experimental basis of the ‘Sri Arbindo Society’ on Wednesday 28 February 1968. The basic idea originated from Mirra Alfassa ‘The Mother ‘who was spiritually related to India.
Ma envisaged Auroville as an international township for 50,000 residents on the shape of a flower. Architect Roger Anger refined the planning and designed it in shape of Universe.He placed Matrimandir at the center of this city.
Mary Alfassa in her first message regarding the town stated that, "Auroville is meant to be a universal town where men and women of al countries are able to live in peace and progressive harmony, above all creeds, all politics and all nationalities”
.
Charles Correa was an Indian architect born in 1930. He received his education in India and the United States. Some of his notable works include the Kovalam Beach Resort in Kerala, the Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalaya in Ahmedabad, and the Kanchenjunga Apartments in Mumbai. Correa's works were influenced by modernism but adapted it to local contexts and vernacular styles. He emphasized principles like incrementality, identity, pluralism, and equity. Correa received many awards over his career and is considered one of India's most important architects.
architectural case study
Asian games village designed by ar. raj rewal
B.Arch 4th-year sem 7
detailed zoning
analysis and survey
concept execution
referral links
https://www.scribd.com/document/415212492/Asian-Games-Village-Final
https://portfolio.cept.ac.in/fp/from-utopias-to-heterotopias-migrant-housing-values-of-time-density-culture-and-energy-ur2005-monsoon-2019/building-blocks-of-migrant-housing-monsoon-2019-ug180076
https://www.slideshare.net/WaseemNoor3/raj-rewal-asian-games-village
https://www.archdaily.com/903782/asian-games-village-residence-iii-viueller-architects
https://rajrewal.in/portfolio/asian-games-village-1980-1982/
https://qdoc.tips/asiad-villagegrp-6-pdf-free.html
https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/media.archnet.org/system/publications/contents/2850/original/DPT0402.pdf?1384768113
https://prezi.com/zj7br3xisvu8/asiad-village/
The document summarizes Charles Correa's incremental housing project in CBD Belapur, India. It describes the project's low-cost housing typologies designed around communal courtyards. Housing was organized into clusters of 7-12 pairs of freestanding homes arranged around shared spaces. This allowed residents to independently modify their own homes over time. While many original structures have been replaced, the hierarchy of community spaces remains intact decades later. The project demonstrated high-density affordable housing built at a human scale with simple materials. However, maintaining common spaces and adapting to changing aspirations have presented challenges over time.
He was an architect, designer, urbanist, writer, and one of the pioneers of what is now called modern architecture.
He was a pioneer in studies of modern high design and was dedicated to providing better living conditions for the residents of crowded cities
The presentation covers general details about architect , Villa Sovoye, Centre Le Corbusier and few other works
Villa verde housing 2013 constitución by shubham harlalka.docxshubham harlalka
This project provided worker housing in Villa Verde, Chile following a severe 2010 earthquake. The architect Alejandra Aravena designed the homes using an incremental construction approach. Residents were provided an initial base build home that could be expanded over time as funds allowed. The base build comprised a kitchen/living area, bathroom and two bedrooms on the ground and first floors. An open space next to each home allowed for future expansion. This approach aimed to provide better quality initial shelters that could grow with residents' means, rather than building incomplete small homes.
Laurie Baker was a British architect who came to India in 1945 as a missionary. He lived and worked in India for over 50 years, obtaining Indian citizenship in 1989. Baker is renowned for his initiatives in low-cost housing and sustainable architecture using locally available materials. Some key aspects of his work included using cost-effective materials like brick, laterite, mud and cow dung in innovative construction techniques like rat trap bond. He designed over 1000 residences and 40 other buildings in Kerala emphasizing natural ventilation, privacy and historical influences. Baker received the Padma Shri award in 1990 for his contributions to architecture.
Baker studied architecture in Birmingham and graduated in 1937, aged 20, in a period of political unrest for Europe.During the Second World War, he served in the Friends Ambulance Unit in China and Burma.He worked as an architect for an international and interdenominational Mission dedicated to the care of those suffering from leprosy. He focused on converting or replacing asylums once used to house the ostracized sufferers of the disease - "lepers".He Used indigenous architecture and methods of these places as means to deal with his once daunting problems.
Baker's designs invariably have traditional Indian sloping roofs and terracotta Mangalore tile shingling with gables and vents allowing rising hot air to escape curved walls to enclose more volume at lower material cost than straight walls.Designing and building low cost, high quality, beautiful homes
Suited to or built for lower-middle to lower class clients.
Irregular, pyramid-like structures on roofs, with one side left open and tilting into the wind.Brick jali walls, a perforated brick screen which utilises natural air movement to cool the home's interior and create intricate patterns of light and shadow.
The Palace of Assembly in Chandigarh, India was designed by modernist architect Le Corbusier. It features a circular assembly chamber and was designed to be accessible and stair-free. Le Corbusier conceived of the building as a horizontal rectangular structure with a monumental portico facing the main plaza. Key aspects of the design include the use of reinforced concrete, a modular design based on the Golden ratio, and incorporating Le Corbusier's five points of architecture.
Laurie Baker was a British-Indian architect known for his pioneering low-cost and sustainable housing designs using locally available materials. Some of his notable projects include his home in Trivandrum called The Hamlet, built in 1969 avoiding cutting trees and reusing materials. He also designed the Centre for Development Studies in Trivandrum in 1971 with structures responding to the sloping terrain and preserving trees. His designs prioritized cost-effectiveness, environmental friendliness, and vernacular styles.
Presentation cased study communal centreAffif Mazlan
1) The Prospect Road Community Center in Halifax, Canada was designed to be a sustainable multi-purpose neighborhood recreational facility.
2) The design incorporated elements like a green roof, rainwater collection, and geothermal heating and cooling to reduce environmental impact and operating costs.
3) The center provides a variety of spaces and programming to bring the community together including a gymnasium, fitness areas, art studios, meeting spaces, and programming for all ages.
Laurie Baker was a British-Indian architect known for his low-cost, sustainable building designs for lower-income communities in Kerala. He emphasized natural ventilation and light through techniques like irregular pyramidal roofs, brick net walls, and rat trap bond. His designs for the Loyola Chapel in Trivandrum combined an auditorium and chapel in a single building to reduce costs, using brick jali walls to ventilate both spaces and admit some natural light.
Charles Correa was an Indian architect known for his sensitivity to the needs of the urban poor. He developed master plans for cities like Navi Mumbai that focused on decentralization into self-sufficient townships with residential neighborhoods organized by income level. At the micro level, his designs for low-income housing emphasized open-to-sky spaces, courtyards, and terraces to accommodate community needs within a limited footprint. His works show an adaptation of modernism to local culture through vernacular influences like tiled roofs, brick walls, and operable wooden louvers.
This document discusses urban design principles and controls. It begins by defining urban design and its role in shaping public spaces and urban patterns. It then covers various design principles like scale, enclosure, grain, texture and morphology. It discusses the importance of factors like building height, ground coverage, and floor area ratio that are regulated through urban controls. The document uses examples from Chandigarh to explain how zoning and architectural controls were used to shape its development according to Le Corbusier's plan. In summary, the document outlines key urban design concepts and analyzes how regulations and controls were applied in Chandigarh to achieve its planned urban form.
This document discusses organic architecture, which aims to create harmony between man-made structures and their natural environments. It was pioneered by Frank Lloyd Wright, who believed buildings should complement their surroundings. Organic architecture uses curvilinear and natural forms inspired by nature, with an emphasis on allowing materials to perform as their innate properties. It focuses on integrating buildings with their sites in a cohesive, unified way. The document outlines the objectives and advantages of organic architecture, providing examples of how it can be incorporated into home design through natural materials, ventilation, daylighting, and complementing the landscape.
The document describes the Artists Village housing project in Belapur, Navi Mumbai. It was originally built to house artists but now has mixed occupancy. The project demonstrated high-density affordable housing through low-rise courtyard homes arranged in clusters around shared spaces. While some design aspects like ample green space were successful, other issues emerged over time like a lack of parking and commercial spaces leading to encroachment. The unique village character has been lost due to urbanization, though security and community aspects remain.
1.4 town planning ancient india vedic buddha periodSachin PatiL
Necessity scope principles of Town Planning,
Present status of town planning in India,
Contribution of town planners in modern era,
Sir Patrick Geddes,
Sir Ebenezer Howard,
Clarence stein,
Sir Patrick Abercrombie,
Le Corbusier,
The document summarizes an architect's studio building designed by B.V. Doshi in Ahmedabad, India between 1979-1981. Some key features of the building include its integration with the outdoor spaces to minimize solar radiation, its vaulted roof and stack effect ventilation system to maximize air flow and keep lower volumes cool, and its use of local materials, waste products, and passive design strategies like underground insulation to reduce costs and energy usage. The building successfully lowers indoor temperatures by 8°C with a 6 hour time lag between indoor and outdoor heat transfer.
Auroville, City of dawn is located in state of Tamil Nadu, India, near Pondicherry in South India. .Auroville was founded as a project on experimental basis of the ‘Sri Arbindo Society’ on Wednesday 28 February 1968. The basic idea originated from Mirra Alfassa ‘The Mother ‘who was spiritually related to India.
Ma envisaged Auroville as an international township for 50,000 residents on the shape of a flower. Architect Roger Anger refined the planning and designed it in shape of Universe.He placed Matrimandir at the center of this city.
Mary Alfassa in her first message regarding the town stated that, "Auroville is meant to be a universal town where men and women of al countries are able to live in peace and progressive harmony, above all creeds, all politics and all nationalities”
.
Этот удивительный коттедж, органично связанный с окружающей средой, появился благодаря творческому тандему заказчика, желавшего жить в гармонии с внутренним и внешним миром, и архитектора, специализирующегося на органической архитектуре.
Pavel Kamynin, Maria Semenova. New Paradigm of Education: Youth VisionPavel Kamynin
Click to edit publication descriptionIf you want to change the world for the better - education is the key. The article observes the field of opportunities for youth initiatives concerned the field of education.
Презентация по известной книге Льюиса Мамфорда "Культура городов", одной из важнейших работ по урбанистике, культуре городов. Книга на русский не переведена. Презентация содержит множество цитат автора, дублированных на английском языке. http://avangard-ru.org
Презентация по известной книге Льюиса Мамфорда "Город в истории", одной из важнейших работ по урбанистике, культуре городов. Книга на русский не переведена. Презентация содержит множество цитат автора, дублированных на английском языке. http://avangard-ru.org
Micro Dwellings is a modular housing system that can be configured in many ways and adapted based on changing lifestyle needs. Pad is an example of modular construction with interchangeable rooms built off-site for quick assembly. Smartshax cabins are meant to blend into natural surroundings. The Seoul Commune towers propose separating functions into public, private, and commercial spaces with rooms, communal areas, and services, built with photovoltaic glass and plants for environmental benefits.
2. Карта “House form & culture”
Введение
Основная гипотеза
Типы архитектур
Vernacular Architecture
Пример
Характеристики
Цель изучения
Социально-культурные факторы формы Genre de vie
Физические факторы формы дома
Климат
Материалы, конструкции и технологии
Место
Защита
Экономика
Социальные факторы, семья
Религия, ритуал
Применение в современности
Полезность старых форм
Американский дом мечты
Символ дома
Требования к жилью
Об авторе
3. Введение
Книга американского архитектора и специалиста по кросс-культурным
исследованиям Амоса Рапопорта «House Form & Culture», вышедшая в
1969 г., стала первой работой по влиянию социо-культурных факторов на
физические формы домов и строений.
После выхода книги существенно возрос интерес специалистов по жилью,
архитекторов и урбанистов к теме Vernacular Architecture (народная,
традиционная архитектура) (см. типологию архитектур).
Архитектура без архитектора? Vernacular Architecture демонстрирует
множество успешных решений, созданных без усилий профессионалов.
Успешность решений:
•доказанность временем,
•простота, отсутствие эстетики,
•дополнительное качество: вариативность, открытая природа
(незавершенность), взаимодействие элементов, не вытекающих из их
природы.
Дизайн современных домов с использованием успешных решений из
области Vernacular Architecture . Рефлексия понятия жилища.
3
4. 4
Vernacular
architecture
Народное жилище догонов
Абу-даби , Африка
Пример
Характеристики
Зачем ее изучать?
5. Пример
One day the owner of the neighboring
garden brought a carpenter to the site and
told him to build-up a house. They stopped
on a spot where the ground sloped gently
downwards. The carpenter had a look at
the trees, the ground, the environments,
and the town in the valley. Then he
proceeded to extract from his cummerbund
some pegs, paced off the distances, and
marked them with the pegs. (Note that
there is no question of what type of house
is to be built – there is a self-evident
accepted model). Thus he came to his
main task. He asked the owner which trees
might be sacrificed, moved his pegs for a
few feet, nodded and seemed satisfied. He
found that the new house would not
obstruct the view from the neighboring
structures… (and then he goes on to
examine light, sun, water, and so on).
5
Цитата из D.Grabrijan, J.Neithardt, Architecture of Bosnia, с. 313
Однажды хозяин соседнего сада привел
плотника на место и попросил его
построить дом. Они остановились на
месте, где был небольшой спуск.
Плотник посмотрел на деревья, землю,
окружение и город в долине. Потом он
стал помечать расстояния колышками.
(Обратите внимание, что нет вопроса
какого типа дом надо построить – есть
самоочевидная модель). Так он пришел
к своей главной задаче. Он спросил
хозяина, чьи деревья должны быть
срублены, и подвинул колышки на
несколько футов, кивнул и был доволен.
Он убедился, что новый дом не
испортит вида для соседей… (а потом
он продолжил изучать свет, солнце,
воду и так далее).
6. Vernacular architecture
•Lack of theoretical or aesthetic pretensions;
•working with the site and micro-climate;
•respect for other people and their houses
and hence for the total environment, man-made
6
as well as natural;
•and working within an idiom with variations
within a given order.
Основные характеристики:
•Отсутствие теоретических или
эстетических притязаний;
•работа с местом и микро климатом,
•уважение к другим людям и их
домам, а, следовательно, ко всему
окружению, как рукотворному, так и
природному;
•работа в одном стиле с вариациями
в рамках одного порядка.
Жилище из прутьев и обмазки, Кения
7. Характеристики vernacular
Although a vernacular
always has limitations in
the range of expression
possible, at the same time
it can fit many different
situations, and create a
place at each. It is of
course, precisely this
limitation of expression
which makes any
communication possible.
To communicate, one
must be prepared to learn
as well as use the
language – which implies
the acceptance of
authority, trust, and a
shared vocabulary.
7
Ограниченность в выражении - возможность коммуникации
Хотя народность ограничена в диапазоне выражений, в
то же время она подходит ко многим разным ситуациям,
и всегда уместна. Конечно, именно эта ограниченность
в выражении делает любую коммуникацию возможной.
Чтобы коммуницировать, каждый должен выучить язык,
что предполагает признание власти, доверие и общий
лексикон.
Бамбуковое жилище, Эквадор
8. Характеристики vernacular
Another characteristic of vernacular is
its addictive quality, its unspecialized,
open-ended nature, so different from
the closed, final form typical of most
high-style design. It is this quality
which enables vernacular buildings to
accept changes and additions which
would visually and conceptually
destroy a high-style design.
Vernacular is also characterized by
the greater importance and
significance of relationships between
elements, and the manner in which
these relationships are achieved,
rather than by nature of the elements
themselves.
8
Дополнительное качество – открытость
Другая характеристика народности – это
ее дополнительное качество, ее
неспециализированность, ее природная
незавершенность, так отличающаяся от
закрытых, законченных форм, типичных
для большинства творений дизайна
высокого стиля. Именно это качество
позволяет народным зданиям принимать
изменения и дополнения, которые бы
визуально и концептуально разрушили
дизайн высокого стиля. Народность
также характеризуется скорее большей
важностью и значимостью отношений
между элементами, и манерой, в которой
эти отношения выражены, чем природой
самих элементов.
9. Характеристики vernacular
The model itself is the result of the
collaboration of many people over
many generations as well as the
collaboration between makers and
users of buildings and other artifacts,
which is what is meant by the term
traditional.
Since knowledge of the model is
shared by all, there is no need for
drawings or designers. A house is
meant to be like all the well built
houses in a given area. The
construction is simple, clear, and easy
to grasp, and since everyone knows
the rules, the craftsman is called in
only because he has a more detailed
knowledge of these rules.
9
Традиция, общее знание
Сама модель (дома, прим. ред.) есть
результат сотрудничества многих людей
сквозь многие поколения, также как и
сотрудничества изготовителей и
пользователей зданий и других
артефактов, что и имеется в виду под
словом традиционный.
Поскольку знание модели разделяется
всеми, рисунки или дизайнеры не нужны.
Дом будет таким же, как и большинство
хорошо построенных домов в данной
местности. Конструкция проста, чиста и
легко схватывается, и поскольку каждый
знает правила, ремесленника зовут
только потому, что он имеет более
детальное знание этих правил.
10. Характеристики vernacular
Size, layout, relation to site, and other variables can be
decided by discussion and, if necessary, set down in a
written contract. The aesthetic quality is not specially
created for each house – it is traditional and handed
down through the generations.
10
Традиционная эстетика, а не индивидуальная
Размер, план, отношение
к месту и другие
переменные могут быть
определены в ходе
обсуждения, и, если
надо, закреплены в
письменном договоре.
Эстетическое качество
не создается специально
под каждый дом – оно
традиционно и
выдерживается
поколениями.
Каменные дома, Греция
11. Типология «архитектур»
11
Первобытная, примитивная (primitive)
•очень мало типов строений,
•модели с несколькими индивидуальными вариациями,
•строятся всеми.
Доиндустриальная народность (preindustrial vernacular)
•много типов строений,
•более индивидуальные вариации модели,
•строятся ремесленниками.
Высокий стиль и современность (high-style and modern)
•огромное множество специализированных типов строений,
•каждая постройка почти всегда оригинальна,
•разрабатывается и строится множеством профессионалов и
специалистов.
12. Зачем изучать народную архитектуру?
12
Во-первых, с практической точки зрения, разные культуры и
субкультуры сосуществуют в наших городах с последовательной
необходимостью в разном жилье и структур поселения, в еще большей
степени это касается развивающихся стран. Во-вторых, в целом, такого
рода сравнения будут способствовать пониманию основ природы укрытия
и «жилища» в процессе дизайна и значения «основных нужд».
First, from the practical point of view, different cultures and subcultures
coexist in our cities, with the consequent need for different housing and
settlement patterns; this applies with even more force to the development
countries. Second, and more generally, comparisons of this type can offer an
insight into the basic nature of shelter and “dwelling,” of the design process and
the meaning of “basic needs.”
13. Физические факторы
формы дома
Климат
Материалы, конструкция и
технологии
Место
Защита
Экономика
13
Иглу, жилище эскимосов
14. Климат
Для защиты от солнца
Ашанти сначала
строят деревянный
каркас, на который
кладут очень толстый
слой грязи.
А Йокут строят
дополнительный
навес, а сами дома
– из очень толстого
слоя глины, что
позволяет
максимально долго
сохранить
прохладу
14
16. Климат
The verandah provides sitting and sleeping space
intermediate between outdoors and indoors (even when it
rains), shades the walls and windows, and provides the
possibility of continuing the ventilation of the house during
violent rains.
16
Поскольку иммигранты
часто приносят формы с
собой, к которым они
сильно привязаны, не
смотря на то, что они не
подходят к местному
климату, тем не менее,
делаются адаптации к
новым условиям.
While the immigrants often bring forms with them to which
they cling with great tenacity in spite of unsuitability for the
climate, adaptations to the new climate are finally made.
Веранда обеспечивает
место для сидения и сна
между внутренним и
внешним пространством
дома даже когда идет
дождь, затеняет стены и
окна и позволяет
проветривать дом в
течение затяжных ливней.
19. Климат
Дом семинолов (Флорида) строится на опорах для
защиты от влаги, насекомых и животных. Отсутствие
стен – для проветривания.
19
20. Климат
Такие иглу
сооружают
эскимосы
Вигвам с
устройством
для
вентиляции
20
21. Климат
21
It has been suggested that
house building is not a natural
act and is not universal, since
South East Asia, South America,
and Australia contain a number
of tribes without houses. A most
telling example are the Ona of
Tierra del Fuego. Although the
climate there is almost arctic,
and the ability to build well is
shown by the presence of
elaborate conical huts for ritual
purposes, only windbreaks are
used as dwellings.
Уже говорилось о том, что
строительство домов не является
естественным и всеобщим, так как в
Юго-Восточной Азии, Южной Америке
и Австралии есть несколько племен,
которые не строят домов. Наиболее
яркий пример – племя Она с Огненной
Земли. Несмотря на то, что климат
там почти арктический, а возможность
строительства хорошо доказана
наличием тщательно отстроенных
конических хижин для ритуальных
целей, в качестве жилища
используется только защита от ветра.
23. Материалы, конструкция и технологии
Якутский. дом из дерева и земли в разрезе, Сибирь
23
Часто одни и те же материалы
используются в самых разных
формах.
Frequently the same
materials can result in very
different forms.
26. Материалы, конструкция и технологии
26
There are also situations in
which climatic needs have led to
structurally nonoptimal forms, as
in the Ashanti and Iranian huts
with heavy walls and especially,
roof on a slender frame. In other
cases the reasons for irrational
structure may be religious or
social. In any event, structural
techniques and materials by
themselves do not seem to fully
explain the nature and diversity
of the forms which we find.
Также бывают ситуации, в которых
климатические условия привели к
структурно неоптимальным формам,
как хижины Ашанти или иранские
жилища с тяжелыми стенами и,
особенно, крышей на тонком каркасе.
В других случаях причины
нерациональной структуры могут быть
религиозными или социальными. В
любом случае, конструкции и
материалы сами по себе не могут
служить полным объяснением
природы и разнообразия форм,
которые мы обнаруживаем.
27. Место
27
Very similar sites often show
very different forms; for
example on the coast one
can aim for the view or turn
away from it. Even sites as
forceful as mountains,
deserts, and jungles have
produced great variations in
house forms.
В одинаковых местах можно
найти самые разные формы,
например, на побережье одни
ориентированы на вид, а другие
отворачиваются от него. Даже
такие места как горы, пустыни и
джунгли дают огромное
разнообразие форм дома.
Attitude toward nature and site
would be an important aspect of
the creation of house form.
Отношение к природе и
месту будет важным
аспектом создания формы
дома.
28. Место
28
Выбор места зависит в
большей степени от
социально-культурных
ценностей, что объясняет,
почему Мео в Юго-Восточной
Азии выбирают холмы для
своих домов в то время как
человек с таким окружением и
типом хозяйства выбирает
плоские площади.
Choice of site depends largely on
socio-cultural values, which helps
explain why the Meo in the
Southeast Asia pick hills for their
houses, while the Man with a
similar setting and economy, pick
flat areas.
Деревня племени Мео, построенная
на холмах
29. Защита
Defense, however, never fully accounts
the form and may even be symbolic, as
has been suggested for the Pueblos.
29
Защита, тем не менее, никогда полностью
не определяла форму и могла быть даже
символической, как это обсуждалось с
Пуэбло.
Прим. ред. Жилища
индейцев Пуэбло,
построенные около 1200
г. Н.Э.
Национальный парк Mesa
Verde, Колорадо
J.B. Jackson в своей
работе «Архитектура
Пуэбло и наша» пишет,
что это вовсе не
крепость, а
символическое
сооружение для защиты
священной комнаты.
30. Защита
Even where defense
is obviously of great
importance, as
among the Masai, the
specific form of the
dwelling is related to
their attitude to cattle,
which is a very
different matter. The
Masai warriors’ kraal,
which is also
defensive, has a form
very different from
the “normal” kraal
and no fence.
30
Даже там, где защита явно очень важна, как среди Масаи,
специфичная форма жилища зависит от позиции по
отношению к скоту, что уже совсем другое дело. При этом
Крааль воинов Масаи, также оборонительный, совсем
другой формы, чем «нормальный» крааль, и не имеет
забора.
Крааль Масаи. Сами
дома используются
только ночью или когда
идет дождь.
32. Экономика
32
На севере Италии почти
одинаковые элементы дают
планировку, весьма отличную от
французских ферм (рис. 2.8, 2.9), в
то время как швейцарские фермы
демонстрируют множество
расположений хозяйственных
элементов: дома, конюшни и гумна
(рис. 2.10), сводящихся к двум
основным структурам, внутри
которых существует бесчисленное
количество вариантов.
In the North of Italy, almost the same
elements produce a plan very
different from the French farmhouse
(figs. 2.8, 2.9), while Swiss
farmhouses show many
arrangements of the economically
required elements – house, stable,
and threshing floor (Fig. 2.10) falling
into two basic patterns, within which
are innumerable variants.
33. 33
Экономика
Дома полукочевников тропических лесов, вынужденных
периодически передвигаться из-за быстрого «уставания» почвы,
различаются от больших домов разных видов до маленьких
индивидуальных жилищ. При том что все эти люди ведут
одинаковую хозяйственную деятельность, их отличающиеся
формы домов отражают различные варианты, как они видят их
жизненное пространство.
The houses of the seminomadic slash and burn (swidden type)
agriculturalists of the tropical forests, who have to move periodically
because of rapid soil exhaustion, vary from very large houses of various
kinds to small individual houses. Since these are all people of similar
economic activity, their differing house forms reflect the different ways
in which they visualize the setting for life.
39. Даже в случае с современными
американскими зданиями, где, казалось бы,
экономические аспекты доминируют, было
замечено, что рост небоскребов в 19 веке в
Чикаго в то время не имел экономического
оправдания из-за проблем с фундаментом и
прочими факторами. Факт в том, что каждый
город хочет высокое здание как элемент
престижа. Подобные аспекты могут до сих пор
влиять на жилье в разных сферах.
Even in the case of modern American buildings,
where the economic aspects would seem to be
dominant, it has been pointed out that the rise of
the skyscraper in nineteenth century in Chicago
had no economic justification at the time,
because of foundation problems and other
factors. The fact that every town wants a tall
building is also a matter of prestige, and such
aspects may still affect housing in many areas.
Экономика
40. Основная гипотеза
Моя основная гипотеза в том, что форма дома – это не просто
результат действия физических сил или какого-то случайного
фактора, но последовательность целого спектра социально-
культурных факторов в самом широком смысле.
My basic hypothesis, then, is that house form is not simply the result of
physical forces or any single casual factor, but is the consequence of a
whole range of socio-cultural factors seen in the broadest terms.
40
41. Социально-культурные
факторы формы дома
41
Социальные (каста, семья, род,
позиция женщины)
Культурные
Ритуальные (религия, сакральность)
Этос (ethos), нравственный характер
Мировоззрение (world view)
Национальный характер
Тамбаран, церемониальный мужской дом,
Океания
42. Социально-культурные факторы
Если предоставление укрытия есть пассивная функция
дома, то его подлинное предназначение в создании
окружения, наилучшим образом приспособленного к образу
жизни людей, другими словами, социальной единицы
пространства.
If provision of shelter is the passive function of the house, than
its positive purpose is the creation of an environment best suited
to the way of life of a people – in other words, a social unit of
space.
42
43. Genre de vie
Термин genre de vie, введенный Максом Сорром,
включает все культурные, духовные, материальные и
социальные аспекты, влияющие на форму. Мы можем
сказать, что дома и поселения есть физическое
выражение genre de vie, и это составляет их
символическую природу.
Я предполагаю, что социально-культурная компонента
genre de vie есть сумма понятий культуры, Этоса,
мировоззрения и национального характера, которыми
пользовался Редфилд.
Макс Сорр
(1880-1962)
The term genre de vie used by Max Sorre includes all
Французский географ
cultural, spiritual, material, and social aspects which affect
form. We can say that houses and settlements are the
physical expression of the genre de vie, and this constitutes
their symbolic nature.
I would further suggest that the socio-cultural component of
the genre de vie is the sum of the concepts of culture, Ethos,
world view, and national character used by Redfield. 43
44. Genre de vie по Редфилду
Культура – все собрание идей, институтов и
конвенциональных активностей людей.
Этос – организованное понятие Долга.
Мировоззрение – то, как люди характерно смотрят на
мир.
Национальный характер – тип личности, тип человека,
который, в основном, встречается в данном обществе.
Culture – the total equipment of ideas and institutions and
conventionalized activities of a people.
Ethos – the organized conception of the Ought.
World View – the way people characteristically look out upon
the world.
National Character – the personality type of a people, the
kind of human being which, generally, occurs in this society.
Роберт Редфилд
(1887-1958)
Американский
антрополог и этнолог
Прим. ред . цитата по Robert Redfield, The Primitive World and Its
Transformations (Ithaca, N. Y.: Cornell University Press, 1953), p. 85 44
45. Социальные факторы Зона приватности в разных культурах – разная.
В Японии сильная приватная зона находится за
пределами дома. Степень внутренней
приватности внутри дома низкая.
На Западе приватность вне дома
низкая, но внутри, наоборот,
очень высокая. 45
46. Социальные факторы
Положение границы приватного и публичного (порог)
в культурах Индии, Англии и США – разное.
46
47. Две системы поселения:
1. Жизнь, в основном, происходит
внутри дома, а пространство
поселения – вторично и
используется для связи.
(Свойственно для Средиземноморья,
народной архитектуры).
2. Все пространство поселения
используется для жизни, а дом –
приватная, закрытая зона.
(Свойственно для англо-
американского города,
современной архитектуры).
47
48. Семья
По расположению жилищ Юго-
Западных Помо (Калифорния)
трудно определить к какой
семье, чье жилище
принадлежит (только если
знать людей по именам)
Длинный многосемейный дом
ирокезов предполагает
отдельные ячейки для каждой
семьи
48
49. Семья
В зависимости от типа
семьи (моногамная или
полигамная) меняется
камерунская форма дома.
Существует строгий
порядок
взаиморасположения
членов семьи.
49
50. Религия
Традиционная для Центральной и Восточной Европы рассадка членов семьи за столом.
Ее основа – угол с религиозными предметами. 50
51. Мировоззрение, символизм
Самоа строят такие
дома на платформе,
облицованной
камнем.
51
Several families live in such a house,
which is merely a differentiation of
space from the outside realm, related
to the general importance of the
threshold, which divides two sorts of
space – the sacred and the profane –
with the house as the center of the
world.
В этом доме живут несколько
семей. Сам дом – только
лишь отделяет от внешнего
мира, его смысл – в пороге,
разделяющем два типа
пространств – священное и
мирское, а сам дом как центр
мира.
52. 52
The sanctity of the threshold is
also probably related to this
constant need to define territory,
but the specific manner in which it
is defined varies in different
cultures and periods.
Мировоззрение, символизм
Священность порога, возможно,
также связана с необходимостью
отделять территорию, но
специфическая сторона того, как
она определяется, в разных
культурах и периодах отличается.
53. Ритуал
Эскимосы используют землянки для лета и иглу
для зимы, но в любом случае место проведения
танцев расположено в центре
53
54. Ритуал
Племя Калаба (Новая Гвинея) строит огромные
ритуальные здания для мужчин.
В сравнении с женским жилищем.
54
55. Ритуал
Ронпила (Новая Гвинея) строят
специальные деревни для
проведения танцевальных
ритуалов
55
56. Применение в
современности
56
Американский дом мечты
Символ дома
Взгляд в настоящее
Требования к жилью
Дом в колониальном стиле, США
57. Полезность старых форм
Детерминанты формы дома
могут быть разделены на
постоянные и переменные. Вся
проблема постоянства и
перемены может быть по-
разному связана с формой
строения. Я уже отмечал
высокую стабильность форм и
то, что мы можем до сих пор
использовать старые формы с
достоянным успехом.
57
The form determinants of the
house can be divided into constant
and changeable ones, and that the
whole problem of constancy and
change can be related to build
form in this way for a number of
variables. I have already referred
to the great stability of forms and
the fact that we can still use old
forms with considerable success.
58. Американский дом мечты
Что означает дом для американцев? У них
есть мечта о домашнем очаге, слове, от
которого у моих соотечественников
выступают слезы, и строители и девелоперы
никогда не строят жилые здания, они строят
дома. Дом мечты окружен деревьями и
травой, в деревне или пригороде, и должен
быть в собственности, хотя американцы
редко остаются в одном доме более 5лет.
Это не необходимость, но символ.
Этот символ означает отдельно стоящий
дом для отдельной семьи, идеальный дом
эстетичен, а не функционален. В недавней
рекламе, показывающей 49 новых способов
использования алюминия в доме, форма
дома все равно колониальная, что есть
символ дома для многих американцев, даже
с материалами 20 века.
What then does «house» mean to
Americans? They have a dream «home –
the very word can reduce my compatriots to
tears», and builders and developers never
build houses, they build homes. The dream
home is surrounding by trees and grass in
either country or suburb, and must be
owned, yet Americans rarely stay in it more
than 5 years. It is not a real need but a
symbol.
This symbol means a freestanding, single
family house, not a raw house, and the ideal
of home is aesthetic, not functional. In a
recent advertising showing 49 new uses of
aluminum in a house, the form of the house
is colonial – the symbol of home to many
Americans even in a twentieth century
material.
58
59. Символ дома
Не смотря на серьезный прогресс в строительных технологиях, материалах
и т.д., культурная форма дома, которую воспроизводят дети, остается.
Дети США и Англии представляют именно такой образ дома, причем
многие из них никогда не жили в таких домах.
59
60. Взгляд в настоящее
Даже понимая, что люди больше не строят себе дома сами,
все равно, дома, которые они покупают, гораздо ближе к
общим целям и ценностям, чем субкультуры дизайнеров, а
такие дома составляют основную часть построенного
окружения.
Even thought people no longer build their own houses, the
houses they buy reflect popular values and goals more closely
than do those of the design subculture – and these houses
constitute the bulk of the built environment.
60
61. Взгляд в настоящее
Все эти свидетельства предполагают тесную связь культуры и формы, до
сих пор превалирующую. Игнорирование этого привело к тому, что
адвокаты жаловались на то, что в дизайне новых судов архитекторы,
стремясь к минимуму циркуляции (переходов прим. ред.) (одна из их
поддерживаемых ценностей), забыли о важности коридора для
неформальных сделок и договоренностей.
All of this evidence suggests the close relation still prevailing between culture
and form. The danger of ignoring it is brought out by a lawyer's compliant that,
in the design of new courthouses, architects, in their search for minimum
circulation (one of their currently held values) have neglected the importance of
the corridor for informal deals and conferences.
61
62. Требования к жилью
Все требования к жилью можно
свести к четырем целям:
•Оно должно подходить по социальным
и культурным основаниям. (Тут
традиционное жилье работает лучше
всего).
•Оно должно быть достаточно
экономичным, чтобы большинство
могло его себе позволить. (В
большинстве случаев, если не во всех
типах первобытного или народного
жилья, люди обеспечены домами).
•Оно должно поддерживать здоровье
своих жильцов. (В отношении климата
традиционное жилье успешно, но в
отношении санитарии, как правило,
проигрывает).
•Оно должно предполагать минимум
усилий по поддержанию здания в
течение его жизни (В этом случае
поровну).
All housing needs to achieve four
objectives in order to be
successful:
•It needs to be socially and culturally
valid. (Here traditional housing works
best.)
•It should be sufficiently economical to
ensure that the greatest number can
afford it. (In primitive and vernacular
contexts most, if not all, people have
houses.)
•It should ensure the maintenance of
the health of the occupants. (In
relation to climate traditional housing
succeeds, in relation to sanitation and
parasites it usually fails.)
•There should be a minimum of
maintenance over the life of the
building. (Here the evidence is
equivocal.)
62
63. Родился в 1929 г. в Варшаве. Закончил University of
Melbourne в 1955 г. Имея степень по архитектуре, в 1966 г.
закончил аспирантуру по городскому и региональному
планированию. Является квалифицированным
архитектором Австралии и ассоциации RIBA (Royal Institute
of British Architects).
В 1974 г. стал профессором архитектуры и антропологии в
University of Wisconsin (USA), в котором преподавал до
ухода на пенсию в 2001 г. Также преподавал в University of
California, Berkeley, and University College London.
Сфера интересов: изучение отношений окружения и
поведения EBS (environment-behavior studies), кросс-
культурные исследования, народный дизайн (vernacular
design), городской дизайн (urban design), жилье (housing) и
другое.
Об авторе
Амос Рапопорт
63
64. Топика “House form & culture”, 1969
Автор
Environment-behavior
studies
Кросс-культурные
исследовани
я
Архитектор
Против:
Детерминизм
Материализм,
марксизм
Цели
(книги и изучения «народной»
архитектуры):
Проекты строительства жилья в
развивающихся странах
Набор готовых и успешных
решений
Жилье для США (dream house)
Форма дома
(house form) (физическая)
Чем определяется?
Основная гипотеза
Социально-культурные:
•Социальные (каста, семья, род,
позиция женщины)
•Культурные
•Ритуальные (религия,
сакральность)
•Этос (ethos), нравственный
характер
•Мировоззрение (world view)
•Национальный характер
Предшественники:
Мамфорд (Mumford)
Редфилд (Redfield)
Факторы: (игра, interplay)
Определяющие и влияющие
Физические:
•Климат
•Материалы,
конструкция
и технологии
•Место
•Защита
•Экономика
Критичность
(criticality)
Типы архитектуры:
•Примитивная, первобытная
•Народная (vernacular), традиционная,
доиндустриальная
•Современная, high-style, grand
manner, профессионализированная
Методика:
Культура – поведение –
окружение – физическая форма
Понятия:
Изменяющееся (change) и
постоянное (constant) (в форме дома).
Постоянное:
•чувственная стимуляция,
•безопасность,
•ритуал,
•коммуникация.
Территориальность (territoriality)
Genre de vie
Примеры
(evidence)