Ammonia Emissions poster graphs

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Data will be presented on the effect of manure source (anaerobically digested (AD) and non-AD manure), fiber, and manure additive.

Education

Typical NH3 Measurement with GasAlert
60
NH3 concentration (ppm)

50

40
Before stir
30
After stir
20

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Time (minutes)

Manure Temperature Treatment Comparison
17.0
Manure Temp (℃)

16.5 a
b b
b

16.0 c c c
d

15.5

15.0
No MTM MTM No MTM No MTM MTM No MTM MTM
MTM
W/o Solids With solids W/o solids With solids

AD manure Non -AD manure
Pabcd <0.004

Manure pH Treatment Comparison
9.0

8.5 a ab
ab b
Manure pH

8.0 c
d
7.5

e e
7.0

6.5
No MTM MTM No MTM MTM No MTM MTM No MTM MTM
W/o Solids With solids W/o solids With solids

AD manure Non -AD manure
Pabcde<0.06

Manure pH Week Effect Comparison
9.0
a
Manure pH

8.5 b
c
d d
8.0 e
g f
7.5 gh
i hi i

7.0

6.5
1st 2nd 3rd 5th 7th 8th 10th 11th 12th 13th 15th 17th
Estimate 7.3 7.2 7.3 7.2 7.4 7.5 7.8 8.1 8.1 8.3 8.4 8.5

Pabcdefghi <0.06

Pre and Post Mixing Average NH3 Treatment Comparison

40
35
Average NH3 (ppm)

30
25
20 a
Pre Mixing
a a a
PostMixing
15 a a a a
b b
10
b c c
5 b b b
0
No MTM MTM No MTM MTM No MTM MTM No MTM MTM
W/o Solids With solids W/o solids With solids

Pabc <0.03 AD manure Non -AD manure

Pre and Post Mixing NH3 Peak Treatment Comparison
40
Peak NH3 (ppm)

35
a a a a
30
a a a a
25
b b
20 Pre Mixing
15 b b PostMixing
c c
10 b b

5
0
No MTM MTM No MTM MTM No MTM MTM No MTM MTM
W/o Solids With solids W/o solids With solids

Pabc <0.03 AD manure Non -AD manure

Pre and Post stir NH3 Flux treatment comparison
140

120
(µg/min/m2)

100 a a a a

80 ab
a ab b Post Mixing
60 Pre Mixing
b b
b
40 c c b
c c

20

0
No MTM MTM No MTM MTM No MTM MTM No MTM MTM
W/o Solids With solids W/o solids With solids

AD manure Non -AD manure
Pabc <0.06

Full proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/72814 The phosphorus (P) index is the primary approach to identify field management strategies and/or manure application strategies likely to lead to excessive risk of P loss. It has been over 40 years since the first research connecting agronomic P management and water quality and over 20 years since the initial publication defining a P Index. This session will consider opportunities to build on and expand existing P Index strategies to make them more effective at protecting water quality and friendlier to the target user.

Phosphorus indices what is the water quality goal

LPE Learning Center

Full proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/72818 Phosphorus indices provide relative loss ratings that then have a corresponding management response. Because most state Phosphorus Indices are qualitative it is not clear how the relative loss rating corresponds to actual phosphorus inputs into the receiving water and how the receiving water would react to these additions. Even with qualitative Phosphorus Indices, unless the water resource has a specific Total Maximum Daily Load, it is not clear how losses correspond to water quality outcomes. These issues will be discussed in the context of the 590 Natural Resources Conservation Standard for nutrient management.

How legacy nutrients affect farm conservation measures

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Full proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/72868 There has been a tremendous amount of activity and funding of conservation programs with regional and watershed-specific cost-share initiatives. While there have been some successes, water quality response in many areas has not been as great as expected. This has led many to question the efficacy of these measures and to call for stricter land and nutrient management strategies. In many cases, this limited response has been due to the legacies of past management activities, where sinks and stores of phosphorus along the land-freshwater continuum mask the effects of reductions in edge-of-field losses of phosphorus.

Estimation of phosphorus loss from agricultural land in the southern region o...

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Estimation of phosphorus loss from agricultural land in the heartland region ...

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Full Proceedings is available at: http://www.extension.org/72813 Phosphorus (P) indices are a key tool to minimize P loss from agricultural fields but there is insufficient water quality data to fully test them. Our goal is to use the Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender Model (APEX), calibrated with existing edge-of-field runoff data, to refine P indices and demonstrate their utility as a field assessment tool capable of protecting water quality. In this phase of the project our goal is to use existing small-watershed data from the Heartland Region (IA, KS, MO and NE) to determine the level of calibration needed for APEX before using the model to generate estimates of P loads appropriate for evaluating a P Index.

Checking ambition with reality the pros and cons of different approaches to s...

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Full proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/72793 The revision of the USDA-NRCS national standard for nutrient management in 2011 was driven, in part, by inconsistencies in state phosphorus (P) indices, rekindling debates over standardizing indices at regional or national scales. Reasonable arguments exist for maintaining the status quo, which allows for state specific site assessment approaches, as well as for regional and national P Indices, which would take advantage of expertise, resources and technologies that may not exist locally. In addition, a diversity of site assessment approaches have now been proposed that differ from the original P Index. Understanding the benefits and limitations provided with these approaches is key to advancing site assessment for P management.

Removing phosphorus from drainage water the phosphorus removal structure

LPE Learning Center

Full proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/72839 We constructed a phosphorus (P) removal structure on a poultry farm in Eastern OK; this is a BMP that can remove dissolved P loading in the short term until soil legacy P concentrations decrease below levels of environmental concern. A P removal structure contains P sorbing materials (PSMs) and are placed in a location to intercept runoff or subsurface drainage with high dissolved P concentrations. As high P water flows through the PSMs, dissolved P is sorbed onto the materials by several potential mechanisms, allowing low P water to exit the structure. While they vary in form, P removal structures contain three main elements: 1) use of a filter material that has a high affinity for P, 2) containment of the material, and 3) the ability to remove that material and replace it after it becomes saturated with P and is no longer effective.

Legacy phosphorus in calcareous soils effects of long term poultry litter app...

LPE Learning Center

Full proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/72864 Livestock manures, including poultry litter, are often applied to soil as crop fertilizer or as a disposal mechanism near livestock housing. Manures can improve soil quality and fertility; however, over-application can result in negative environmental consequences, such as eutrophication of surface waters following runoff of soluble or particulate-associate phosphorus (P). In soil, P exists in many forms (inorganic/organic, labile/stable) and the fate of manure P is highly dependent upon soil properties, including soil texture and microbial activity. The Houston Black series is a calcareous (~17% calcium carbonate), high-clay soil that occupies roughly 12.6 million acres in east-central Texas. These Blackland vertizols are agronomically important for the production of cotton, corn, hay, and other crops, but their high calcium and clay content could lead to accumulation of P in forms that are not readily available for plant utilization. Accumulated P could serve as a source of legacy P if mineralized or otherwise transformed in situ or transported with soil particles in runoff.

Identify and synthesize methods to refine phosphorus indices from three regio...

LPE Learning Center

The full proceedings paper is at: http://www.extension.org/72867 This project was started to work with regional CIG projects to calibrate and harmonize Phosphorus Indices across the U.S., demonstrate their accuracy in identifying the magnitude and extent of phosphorus loss risk, and provide suggestions to refine or improve existing Indices. This research is important to provide consistency among state Phosphorus Indices and their subsequent recommendations.

Modeling phosphorus runoff in the chesapeake bay region to test the phosphoru...

LPE Learning Center

Full Proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/72795 The revision of USDA-NRCS’s standard for nutrient management coincided with significant assessment of the performance of Phosphorus (P) Indices in the six states that are tied to the Chesapeake Bay watershed. The 64,000 square mile watershed is the focus of unprecedented activity around nutrient management as a result of a 2011 Total Maximum Daily Load for P, nitrogen (N), and sediment under the Clean Water Act. In addition, the state of Maryland had required updates to it’s original P Index, resulting in broad scrutiny by various interest groups. Within this setting, USDA-NRCS funded a multi-state project to help advance the testing and harmonization of P-based management in the Chesapeake region.

Measuring Nitrous Oxide & Methane from Feedyard Surfaces - the NFT-NSS Chambe...

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Full proceedings at: http://www.extension.org/72909 Accurate estimation of greenhouse gas emissions, including nitrous oxide and methane, from open beef cattle feedlots is an increasing concern given the current and potential future reporting requirements for GHG emissions. Research measuring emission fluxes of GHGs from open beef cattle feedlots, however, has been very limited. Soil and environmental scientists have long used various chamber based techniques, particularly non-flow-through - non-steady-state (NFT-NSS) chambers for measuring soil fluxes. Adaptation of this technique to feedyards presents a series of challenges, including spatial variability, presence of animals, chamber base installation issues, gas sample collection and storage, concentration analysis range, and flux calculations.

Feeding Strategies to Mitigate Cost and Environmental Footprint of Pig Produc...

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Full proceedings at: http://www.extension.org/72746 The livestock sector is one of main drivers of the environmental footprint. Animal feed is a key to sustainable meat production. Researchers are looking for environmentally sustainable feeding strategies that will lower diet cost, agricultural use of land, water depletion, and climate change impact. We used linear models to formulate 4 single-objective diets including least-cost, least-land use, least-water depletion, and least-climate change impact diets. Preliminary results showed that the use of wheat and wheat middlings hold potential to reduce pig diet cost and the environmental footprint.

Communicating science amidst controversy

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Often we believe “if they only understood the facts, they would agree with us.” However, this method only works with a small part of the population. Opinion formation is very complex and includes many other factors besides scientific facts, such as emotion, values, and trust. Fear-based messaging has been frequently used as an attempt to provide a spark that will lead to further learning and behavioral changes. However, these messages must be coupled with both information and support in order to be effective. Without these two resources, people often suffer from feelings of helplessness, remoteness, and lack of control over the situation which all prevent behavior change from occurring. For more, visit: http://www.extension.org/69114

Climate science part 3 - climate models and predicted climate change

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Many lines of evidence, from ice cores to marine deposits, indicate that Earth’s temperature, sea level, and distribution of plant and animal species have varied substantially throughout history. Ice cores from Antarctica suggest that over the past 400,000 years global temperature has varied as much as 10 degrees Celsius through ice ages and periods warmer than today. Before human influence, natural factors (such as the pattern of earth’s orbit and changes in ocean currents) are believed to be responsible for climate changes. For more, visit: http://www.extension.org/69150

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Ammonia Emissions poster graphs

1. Typical NH3 Measurement with GasAlert 60 NH3 concentration (ppm) 50 40 Before stir 30 After stir 20 10 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Time (minutes)

2. Manure Temperature Treatment Comparison 17.0 Manure Temp (℃) 16.5 a b b b 16.0 c c c d 15.5 15.0 No MTM MTM No MTM No MTM MTM No MTM MTM MTM W/o Solids With solids W/o solids With solids AD manure Non -AD manure Pabcd <0.004

3. Manure pH Treatment Comparison 9.0 8.5 a ab ab b Manure pH 8.0 c d 7.5 e e 7.0 6.5 No MTM MTM No MTM MTM No MTM MTM No MTM MTM W/o Solids With solids W/o solids With solids AD manure Non -AD manure Pabcde<0.06

4. Manure pH Week Effect Comparison 9.0 a Manure pH 8.5 b c d d 8.0 e g f 7.5 gh i hi i 7.0 6.5 1st 2nd 3rd 5th 7th 8th 10th 11th 12th 13th 15th 17th Estimate 7.3 7.2 7.3 7.2 7.4 7.5 7.8 8.1 8.1 8.3 8.4 8.5 Pabcdefghi <0.06

5. Pre and Post Mixing Average NH3 Treatment Comparison 40 35 Average NH3 (ppm) 30 25 20 a Pre Mixing a a a PostMixing 15 a a a a b b 10 b c c 5 b b b 0 No MTM MTM No MTM MTM No MTM MTM No MTM MTM W/o Solids With solids W/o solids With solids Pabc <0.03 AD manure Non -AD manure

6. Pre and Post Mixing NH3 Peak Treatment Comparison 40 Peak NH3 (ppm) 35 a a a a 30 a a a a 25 b b 20 Pre Mixing 15 b b PostMixing c c 10 b b 5 0 No MTM MTM No MTM MTM No MTM MTM No MTM MTM W/o Solids With solids W/o solids With solids Pabc <0.03 AD manure Non -AD manure

7. Pre and Post stir NH3 Flux treatment comparison 140 120 (µg/min/m2) 100 a a a a 80 ab a ab b Post Mixing 60 Pre Mixing b b b 40 c c b c c 20 0 No MTM MTM No MTM MTM No MTM MTM No MTM MTM W/o Solids With solids W/o solids With solids AD manure Non -AD manure Pabc <0.06

Ammonia Emissions poster graphs

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