The document describes a study that evaluated and compared the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets cured with either a conventional halogen light or LED curing unit when exposed to different curing times. The study found that LED curing achieved adequate bond strength with less curing time compared to halogen light. Statistical analysis revealed that bond strength increased with longer curing times and LED curing performed comparably to halogen curing.
The document discusses a study that compares the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets cured with a conventional halogen light curing unit versus a light emitting diode (LED) curing unit. 120 teeth were divided into 6 groups and bonded with brackets cured for different times with each light. Shear bond strength testing found bonding for 10 seconds with halogen produced significantly lower bond strength than other groups cured for longer or with LED. Analysis of adhesive remnant showed LED cured similar to halogen with longer cure times. The study aims to evaluate LED curing unit efficiency compared to halogen and determine optimal LED curing times.
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF SHEAR BOND STRENGTH OF CONVENTIONAL HALOGEN LIGHT ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses semi-permanent crowns used in pediatric dentistry. It begins by introducing the author and defining semi-permanent crowns. It then covers the indications and contraindications for full coverage restorations. Five different types of crowns are described in detail: 1) preformed metal crowns, 2) stainless steel crowns with composite facings, 3) composite crowns, 4) preveneered stainless steel crowns, and 5) zirconia crowns. The conclusion reiterates that various crown options exist for restoring carious primary teeth, each with their own advantages and disadvantages.
This document discusses the history and current state of CAD/CAM systems for fabricating dental crowns and bridges. It describes how early systems from the 1970s took direct digital impressions but lacked accuracy. The CEREC system introduced in the 1980s could fabricate ceramic inlays chairside. Later systems from the 1980s digitized stone models to make crowns with improved accuracy. Current networked CAD/CAM systems can fabricate frameworks out of materials like zirconia and alumina in centralized machining centers.
The document discusses dental implants and biomaterials used for dental applications. It introduces dental implants and how they interface with bone. It then summarizes four main biomaterials used for dental implants - composites, ceramics, metals, and polymers. For each material, it outlines their dental applications, advantages, and disadvantages. Key biomaterials discussed include titanium, zirconia, gold alloys, PMMA, and others. The document concludes that dental implant success depends on patient health and biomechanical forces, and that well-integrated implants can last 10-15 years.
This document discusses biomaterials and their uses in medicine and dentistry. It covers the history and development of biomaterials from first-generation inert materials to newer bioactive materials. Examples of biomaterial applications discussed include joint replacements, cardiovascular repairs, dental fillings, bridges, crowns, and dentures. The requirements for biomaterials to be biocompatible while providing necessary mechanical and physical properties are also outlined.
Biomaterials are materials used in medicine and dentistry that come into contact with living tissue. Common biomaterials include metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites. Biomaterials are used for applications like dental fillings, implants, prosthetics, and more. The requirements for biomaterials are that they must be biocompatible, with appropriate mechanical and physical properties for their application. Both inert materials and bioactive materials that bond to tissue are used. Developments focus on improving biocompatibility and reducing issues like loosening, wear, and corrosion.
The document discusses a study that compares the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets cured with a conventional halogen light curing unit versus a light emitting diode (LED) curing unit. 120 teeth were divided into 6 groups and bonded with brackets cured for different times with each light. Shear bond strength testing found bonding for 10 seconds with halogen produced significantly lower bond strength than other groups cured for longer or with LED. Analysis of adhesive remnant showed LED cured similar to halogen with longer cure times. The study aims to evaluate LED curing unit efficiency compared to halogen and determine optimal LED curing times.
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF SHEAR BOND STRENGTH OF CONVENTIONAL HALOGEN LIGHT ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses semi-permanent crowns used in pediatric dentistry. It begins by introducing the author and defining semi-permanent crowns. It then covers the indications and contraindications for full coverage restorations. Five different types of crowns are described in detail: 1) preformed metal crowns, 2) stainless steel crowns with composite facings, 3) composite crowns, 4) preveneered stainless steel crowns, and 5) zirconia crowns. The conclusion reiterates that various crown options exist for restoring carious primary teeth, each with their own advantages and disadvantages.
This document discusses the history and current state of CAD/CAM systems for fabricating dental crowns and bridges. It describes how early systems from the 1970s took direct digital impressions but lacked accuracy. The CEREC system introduced in the 1980s could fabricate ceramic inlays chairside. Later systems from the 1980s digitized stone models to make crowns with improved accuracy. Current networked CAD/CAM systems can fabricate frameworks out of materials like zirconia and alumina in centralized machining centers.
The document discusses dental implants and biomaterials used for dental applications. It introduces dental implants and how they interface with bone. It then summarizes four main biomaterials used for dental implants - composites, ceramics, metals, and polymers. For each material, it outlines their dental applications, advantages, and disadvantages. Key biomaterials discussed include titanium, zirconia, gold alloys, PMMA, and others. The document concludes that dental implant success depends on patient health and biomechanical forces, and that well-integrated implants can last 10-15 years.
This document discusses biomaterials and their uses in medicine and dentistry. It covers the history and development of biomaterials from first-generation inert materials to newer bioactive materials. Examples of biomaterial applications discussed include joint replacements, cardiovascular repairs, dental fillings, bridges, crowns, and dentures. The requirements for biomaterials to be biocompatible while providing necessary mechanical and physical properties are also outlined.
Biomaterials are materials used in medicine and dentistry that come into contact with living tissue. Common biomaterials include metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites. Biomaterials are used for applications like dental fillings, implants, prosthetics, and more. The requirements for biomaterials are that they must be biocompatible, with appropriate mechanical and physical properties for their application. Both inert materials and bioactive materials that bond to tissue are used. Developments focus on improving biocompatibility and reducing issues like loosening, wear, and corrosion.
The black box of orthodontic research is now in its second edition. This book is considered as a reference for orthodontic professionals who look for validation
and optimization of their basic knowledge, experience and updated research concerning
the orthodontic field.
The continuing development in orthodontic materials and mechanics led researchers
from different countries to employ their efforts and capabilities to investigate any relation
between these and their use in orthodontic treatment. Running multiple studies scenarios
for different populations, needs to be organized and ranked according to article type and
methodology incorporated to simplify the process of referencing and validating each
orthodontic procedure used.
For this, it was my honorable opportunity to give a hand in this issue. For most orthodontic
subjects encountered daily in practice, the most leading results, statements and conclusions
of concern mentioned in literature will be documented in order of publishing time.
Considering theses, beside focusing on the mentioned reference, will give orthodontists
the whole picture of the stroy.
It should be stated here that more focus on the leading orthodontic journals will be
noticed. Any valuable notes for the purpose of improving the way the book is presented
for audience will be of our great appreciation.
Raed H. Alrbata
Hydroxyapatite and their use as coating material in dentistryPushpendu Sarkar
This document summarizes the use of hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings on dental implants. It begins by defining dental implants and coatings. HA is described as a naturally occurring mineral found in bone, making it biocompatible. HA coatings on implants are applied using plasma spraying and provide advantages like faster bone formation. While HA coatings improve bone bonding, issues like coating delamination can occur. Studies found high success rates of 76-95% for HA-coated implants, though some saw bone loss. Overall, HA coatings help integration but manufacturing standards need improvement to reduce variability.
Publishid Simplyfinig direct post pattern technique using fiber postReda Dimashkieh
This article presents a simplified direct-indirect technique for fabricating custom cast post and core restorations using prefabricated fiber posts and polyvinyl siloxane material. A post space is prepared and a fiber post is selected to match the drill size. The fiber post is placed in polyvinyl siloxane putty to create a mold, which is filled with resin to create a preformed post pattern. The pattern can be customized intraorally before being cast to create the final post and core restoration, allowing fabrication of multiple patterns chairside in a simplified manner compared to conventional direct techniques.
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
MATERIALS USED FOR DENTAL IMPLANT/orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses bioceramic materials used in endodontics, focusing on mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). It provides details on the composition, properties, and clinical applications of MTA. MTA has favorable biocompatibility and bioactivity, stimulating tissue regeneration. It forms an excellent seal with good marginal adaptation and push-out bond strength to dentin. MTA is useful for pulp capping, pulpotomies, apexification, and other procedures due to its ability to encourage hard tissue formation.
This document discusses components of removable partial dentures, including denture bases and artificial teeth. It describes the functions of denture bases as attaching teeth, distributing forces, replacing missing tissue, and contributing to retention. The ideal properties of denture base materials are outlined. The main types - acrylic resin and metal bases - are then described in detail, including their indications, advantages, and disadvantages. Guidelines for denture base extension and finish lines are provided. Finally, the document discusses partial denture replacement teeth, including material types, tooth form selection, and modifications to improve esthetics.
Biomimeting agents are those which gives the dentist the power to work flawlessly and the patient recieves a life like result and working. It is the most discussed topics in the dental world at this time and indeed the most interesting too.
Biomaterials in dental implants 12 /orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Journal club presentaion on zirconia fixed partial dentured on endodonticaloy...NAMITHA ANAND
The study investigated the effects of different post and core material combinations on surface strain of zirconia fixed partial denture (FPD) margins. Artificial abutment teeth were restored with either resin composite cores with glass fiber posts or cast metal alloy posts and cores. Strain gauges measured surface strain on the zirconia frameworks and abutment roots under static loading. The results showed that restoring the premolar with a cast post and core and the molar with a resin composite core reduced stress concentration in both the frameworks and abutment teeth compared to the other combination. The study suggests considering post and core material properties and differences in abutment tooth morphology when selecting materials for zirconia FPD
Mech durability of bioactive glass _structure_solubility_incubation timeyiming li
This study investigated the mechanical durability and solubility of bioactive glasses as a function of their structure, solubility, and incubation time. Specifically, it examined a series of glasses that alternated the concentrations of sodium and strontium ions. Ion release profiles, pH changes, and mechanical strength were analyzed after 1, 7, and 30 days of incubation in water. The results showed that ion release and pH changes were reduced when the glasses crystallized compared to their amorphous counterparts. Additionally, hardness significantly decreased over time for amorphous materials but remained higher for crystallized materials. The solubility differences could be attributed to the sodium-containing glasses, which were the most soluble and induced higher pH changes.
Nano-technology in restorative dentistry and dental caries management Ali Alarasy
This document provides an overview of the applications of nanotechnology in restorative dentistry and dental caries management. It discusses 3 main topics: 1) remineralization of initial caries lesions using casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate nanocomplexes and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles, 2) addition of calcium-, phosphate-, and fluoride-releasing nanofillers to dental composites to prevent secondary caries, and 3) strategies for biomimetic enamel synthesis and repair of caries lesions using enamel-like nanomaterials. The focus is on how nanotechnology can help with remineralization, antibacterial effects, and mechanical properties of dental materials to better manage dental caries.
This document summarizes research on esthetic restorations for anterior primary (baby) teeth. It discusses various restoration options like stainless steel, composite strip crowns, and preformed metal crowns. It also describes restoring teeth with severe decay using posts and composites. Alternative fixed and removable esthetic options are evaluated. Biological restorations using natural tooth fragments as crowns and posts are described as providing excellent esthetics, function and preserving tooth structure, though obtaining matching fragments can be difficult. Overall, the document evaluates different esthetic restoration techniques for restoring decayed primary anterior teeth.
This document provides an overview of bioceramics. It discusses the history of bioceramics, general concepts including types (bioinert, bioactive, bioresorbable), advantages and disadvantages. The main types - alumina, glass ceramics, calcium phosphates, corals - are described. Applications include orthopedic and dental implants, bone grafts, fillers. Future directions include enhancing bioactivity, improving coatings, and developing smart biomimetic composites. Bioceramics have become integral to healthcare and their composition and properties will continue to be tailored for specific tissues.
Biotec dental implants are manufactured at our own state-of-the-art, in-house production facilities in Germany and comply with the highest standards. Our full Product Catalogue contains implants, prosthetics, CAD/CAM abutments as well as kits & tools. Download: http://biotec-implant.com
Dental implants are prosthetic devices implanted into the oral tissue or bone to support fixed or removable prosthetics. They can be classified based on design, attachment mechanism, body design, surface, or material. Common implant materials include titanium and its alloys, zirconium, stainless steel, cobalt-chromium alloys, and gold alloys. Ceramics and polymers are also used, such as glass ceramics containing leucite or lithium disilicate fillers. Implant design and materials have evolved significantly over time from early designs using materials like ivory, stone, and bone to modern titanium implants developed in the 1950s.
Ceramic biomaterials, also called bioceramics, are used to repair and replace damaged bone and teeth. Bioceramics have properties that make them suitable for medical applications, such as being highly inert, hard, and able to withstand high compressive strengths. Bioceramics can be classified as inert ceramics like alumina, or bioactive ceramics like glass ceramics and calcium phosphates, which are able to bond directly with living tissue.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The document discusses properties of zirconia dental implants. It begins by covering the evolution of implant materials, including the introduction of zirconia. The chemical composition, phases and physical/mechanical properties of zirconia implants are then described. Key points include zirconia's biocompatibility, aesthetics, osseointegration and how surface modifications can enhance integration. Advantages over titanium like opacity and reduced risk of allergy are noted. The document concludes by discussing future perspectives and applications of zirconia implants.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Basics of Edgewise technique / fixed orthodontics course onlineIndian dental academy
This document discusses the different types of bends used in standard edgewise orthodontic treatment:
First order bends contour the archwire to the teeth and help with rotation. Second order bends maintain tooth angulation and tip teeth. Third order or torque bends rotate teeth along their long axis.
The document explains each bend in detail, how they produce tooth movement, and examples like lateral insets, canine eminences, and torque. Pre-adjusted brackets include some bends but additional bends may be needed for individual teeth. Coordinating upper and lower bends is also discussed.
The black box of orthodontic research is now in its second edition. This book is considered as a reference for orthodontic professionals who look for validation
and optimization of their basic knowledge, experience and updated research concerning
the orthodontic field.
The continuing development in orthodontic materials and mechanics led researchers
from different countries to employ their efforts and capabilities to investigate any relation
between these and their use in orthodontic treatment. Running multiple studies scenarios
for different populations, needs to be organized and ranked according to article type and
methodology incorporated to simplify the process of referencing and validating each
orthodontic procedure used.
For this, it was my honorable opportunity to give a hand in this issue. For most orthodontic
subjects encountered daily in practice, the most leading results, statements and conclusions
of concern mentioned in literature will be documented in order of publishing time.
Considering theses, beside focusing on the mentioned reference, will give orthodontists
the whole picture of the stroy.
It should be stated here that more focus on the leading orthodontic journals will be
noticed. Any valuable notes for the purpose of improving the way the book is presented
for audience will be of our great appreciation.
Raed H. Alrbata
Hydroxyapatite and their use as coating material in dentistryPushpendu Sarkar
This document summarizes the use of hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings on dental implants. It begins by defining dental implants and coatings. HA is described as a naturally occurring mineral found in bone, making it biocompatible. HA coatings on implants are applied using plasma spraying and provide advantages like faster bone formation. While HA coatings improve bone bonding, issues like coating delamination can occur. Studies found high success rates of 76-95% for HA-coated implants, though some saw bone loss. Overall, HA coatings help integration but manufacturing standards need improvement to reduce variability.
Publishid Simplyfinig direct post pattern technique using fiber postReda Dimashkieh
This article presents a simplified direct-indirect technique for fabricating custom cast post and core restorations using prefabricated fiber posts and polyvinyl siloxane material. A post space is prepared and a fiber post is selected to match the drill size. The fiber post is placed in polyvinyl siloxane putty to create a mold, which is filled with resin to create a preformed post pattern. The pattern can be customized intraorally before being cast to create the final post and core restoration, allowing fabrication of multiple patterns chairside in a simplified manner compared to conventional direct techniques.
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
MATERIALS USED FOR DENTAL IMPLANT/orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses bioceramic materials used in endodontics, focusing on mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). It provides details on the composition, properties, and clinical applications of MTA. MTA has favorable biocompatibility and bioactivity, stimulating tissue regeneration. It forms an excellent seal with good marginal adaptation and push-out bond strength to dentin. MTA is useful for pulp capping, pulpotomies, apexification, and other procedures due to its ability to encourage hard tissue formation.
This document discusses components of removable partial dentures, including denture bases and artificial teeth. It describes the functions of denture bases as attaching teeth, distributing forces, replacing missing tissue, and contributing to retention. The ideal properties of denture base materials are outlined. The main types - acrylic resin and metal bases - are then described in detail, including their indications, advantages, and disadvantages. Guidelines for denture base extension and finish lines are provided. Finally, the document discusses partial denture replacement teeth, including material types, tooth form selection, and modifications to improve esthetics.
Biomimeting agents are those which gives the dentist the power to work flawlessly and the patient recieves a life like result and working. It is the most discussed topics in the dental world at this time and indeed the most interesting too.
Biomaterials in dental implants 12 /orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Journal club presentaion on zirconia fixed partial dentured on endodonticaloy...NAMITHA ANAND
The study investigated the effects of different post and core material combinations on surface strain of zirconia fixed partial denture (FPD) margins. Artificial abutment teeth were restored with either resin composite cores with glass fiber posts or cast metal alloy posts and cores. Strain gauges measured surface strain on the zirconia frameworks and abutment roots under static loading. The results showed that restoring the premolar with a cast post and core and the molar with a resin composite core reduced stress concentration in both the frameworks and abutment teeth compared to the other combination. The study suggests considering post and core material properties and differences in abutment tooth morphology when selecting materials for zirconia FPD
Mech durability of bioactive glass _structure_solubility_incubation timeyiming li
This study investigated the mechanical durability and solubility of bioactive glasses as a function of their structure, solubility, and incubation time. Specifically, it examined a series of glasses that alternated the concentrations of sodium and strontium ions. Ion release profiles, pH changes, and mechanical strength were analyzed after 1, 7, and 30 days of incubation in water. The results showed that ion release and pH changes were reduced when the glasses crystallized compared to their amorphous counterparts. Additionally, hardness significantly decreased over time for amorphous materials but remained higher for crystallized materials. The solubility differences could be attributed to the sodium-containing glasses, which were the most soluble and induced higher pH changes.
Nano-technology in restorative dentistry and dental caries management Ali Alarasy
This document provides an overview of the applications of nanotechnology in restorative dentistry and dental caries management. It discusses 3 main topics: 1) remineralization of initial caries lesions using casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate nanocomplexes and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles, 2) addition of calcium-, phosphate-, and fluoride-releasing nanofillers to dental composites to prevent secondary caries, and 3) strategies for biomimetic enamel synthesis and repair of caries lesions using enamel-like nanomaterials. The focus is on how nanotechnology can help with remineralization, antibacterial effects, and mechanical properties of dental materials to better manage dental caries.
This document summarizes research on esthetic restorations for anterior primary (baby) teeth. It discusses various restoration options like stainless steel, composite strip crowns, and preformed metal crowns. It also describes restoring teeth with severe decay using posts and composites. Alternative fixed and removable esthetic options are evaluated. Biological restorations using natural tooth fragments as crowns and posts are described as providing excellent esthetics, function and preserving tooth structure, though obtaining matching fragments can be difficult. Overall, the document evaluates different esthetic restoration techniques for restoring decayed primary anterior teeth.
This document provides an overview of bioceramics. It discusses the history of bioceramics, general concepts including types (bioinert, bioactive, bioresorbable), advantages and disadvantages. The main types - alumina, glass ceramics, calcium phosphates, corals - are described. Applications include orthopedic and dental implants, bone grafts, fillers. Future directions include enhancing bioactivity, improving coatings, and developing smart biomimetic composites. Bioceramics have become integral to healthcare and their composition and properties will continue to be tailored for specific tissues.
Biotec dental implants are manufactured at our own state-of-the-art, in-house production facilities in Germany and comply with the highest standards. Our full Product Catalogue contains implants, prosthetics, CAD/CAM abutments as well as kits & tools. Download: http://biotec-implant.com
Dental implants are prosthetic devices implanted into the oral tissue or bone to support fixed or removable prosthetics. They can be classified based on design, attachment mechanism, body design, surface, or material. Common implant materials include titanium and its alloys, zirconium, stainless steel, cobalt-chromium alloys, and gold alloys. Ceramics and polymers are also used, such as glass ceramics containing leucite or lithium disilicate fillers. Implant design and materials have evolved significantly over time from early designs using materials like ivory, stone, and bone to modern titanium implants developed in the 1950s.
Ceramic biomaterials, also called bioceramics, are used to repair and replace damaged bone and teeth. Bioceramics have properties that make them suitable for medical applications, such as being highly inert, hard, and able to withstand high compressive strengths. Bioceramics can be classified as inert ceramics like alumina, or bioactive ceramics like glass ceramics and calcium phosphates, which are able to bond directly with living tissue.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The document discusses properties of zirconia dental implants. It begins by covering the evolution of implant materials, including the introduction of zirconia. The chemical composition, phases and physical/mechanical properties of zirconia implants are then described. Key points include zirconia's biocompatibility, aesthetics, osseointegration and how surface modifications can enhance integration. Advantages over titanium like opacity and reduced risk of allergy are noted. The document concludes by discussing future perspectives and applications of zirconia implants.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Basics of Edgewise technique / fixed orthodontics course onlineIndian dental academy
This document discusses the different types of bends used in standard edgewise orthodontic treatment:
First order bends contour the archwire to the teeth and help with rotation. Second order bends maintain tooth angulation and tip teeth. Third order or torque bends rotate teeth along their long axis.
The document explains each bend in detail, how they produce tooth movement, and examples like lateral insets, canine eminences, and torque. Pre-adjusted brackets include some bends but additional bends may be needed for individual teeth. Coordinating upper and lower bends is also discussed.
Asymmetric maxillary expansion (AMEX) appliance for treatment of true unilat...Indian dental academy
This document describes a study on using an asymmetric maxillary expansion (AMEX) appliance to treat true unilateral posterior crossbites. The AMEX provided significant expansion of the maxillary arch width on the crossbite side, moving the maxillary teeth buccally, while limiting expansion on the non-crossbite side. Measurements from pre- and post-expansion models and radiographs showed the crossbite side teeth moved buccally more than the non-crossbite side teeth. Some buccal crown tipping of the maxillary posterior teeth occurred due to the force point being below the resistance center, which could reduce anterior overbite. The AMEX was effective for correcting unilateral posterior cross
“Growth with Social Justice” has been the basic objective of the development planning in India since independence.In order to achieve these objectives,Government of India has launched several welfare schemes and programme for needy section of society. Different segment of population got benefitted by these welfare schemes, which have led to significant changes. Some of these changes are distinctly visible – especially in the economic sphere with the adoption of new technologies, diversified production, and sophisticated management. Changes have also taken place in the social sphere – with affirmative action for disadvantaged communities and with women enjoying by and large more freedoms than ever before. This seminar attempts to critically analyze the welfare efforts in India and how the changes occur over a period of time in these welfare programmes with special focus on poverty alleviation programme and women empowerment programmes.
El presidente Felipe Calderón declaró la guerra contra el narcotráfico en 2006, poniendo en riesgo la seguridad de México. El narcotráfico continuó agravando el problema y llevó a que la gente se defendiera por su propia mano. Se implementó un plan nacional de desarrollo con cinco ejes, incluyendo estado de derecho y seguridad. Las autoridades civiles no tenían los recursos para enfrentar el narcotráfico, por lo que se recurrió a las fuerzas armadas. Los operativos conjuntos se expandieron
Varsha Agarwalla has over 2.5 years of experience in audit and accounting roles. She has performed concurrent audits of treasury processes at State Bank of India and retail transactions at RBS Kolkata branch. She has also conducted internal audits of SBI Securities and ICICI Credit Middle Office Group. Her experience includes verifying accounting, examining expenses and TDS compliance, validating deals and reconciliations, and reviewing policies and regulatory guidelines. Prior to her audit roles, she worked as an article assistant preparing financial statements, tax filings and statutory audits for companies and individuals. She is a qualified CA with expertise in accounting software, financial modeling and analysis.
This document discusses various scholars' views on Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan. It examines Indian historians' negative judgments of Jinnah and suggests their views were biased due to hatred and jealousy. It also analyzes Jinnah's personality and politics, describing him as a secular and liberal politician who fought tirelessly for Muslim rights in India, culminating in the creation of Pakistan to protect Muslims from domination by Hindus. The roots of Indian historians' hostility toward Jinnah are seen as lying in the partition of the subcontinent and ongoing tensions between India and Pakistan.
Casting alloys can be classified in several ways: by their noble metal content, mechanical properties, principal elements, dental application, or number of alloying elements. The desirable properties of casting alloys include biocompatibility, appropriate melting range, hardness, corrosion resistance, and low casting shrinkage. Newer alternatives to casting like CAD-CAM allow fabrication of restorations from non-castable materials like titanium and help avoid issues with impressions or shrinkage.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Yarn intelliegnce - decision making in yarn manufacturing on AI platformDebashish Banerjee
1) The document presents an AI-based decision making model for the textile manufacturing value chain to improve process optimization and predict outcomes.
2) It describes using a depth-first and breadth-last heuristic algorithm to evaluate influence variables like fiber properties and machinery settings to classify outcomes and determine influence weights.
3) The model integrates engineering, process, and product performance data in a matrix to help predict the effects of corrective measures and improve productivity by determining optimal work groups.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
El documento analiza la guerra contra el narcotráfico durante la presidencia de Felipe Calderón en México. Calderón declaró una nueva campaña contra el narcotráfico que involucró al ejército mexicano, lo que resultó en un aumento de las ejecuciones. Sin embargo, también se enfrentó a críticas por no abordar las raíces del problema y por los efectos negativos en la economía y la gobernabilidad. El documento examina los valores en conflicto y las lecciones sobre la necesidad de un enfoque más integral.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Comparison of light emitting diode curing unit and halogen based light curing...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Recent advances in orthodontic materials 8th ios-pgsc /certified fixed orth...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Recent advances in orthodontic materials /certified fixed orthodontic cours...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Acid etches bridges and its scope/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indi...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document provides information on banding instruments and procedures in pediatric dentistry. It discusses the history of bands, various band materials and sizes, advantages and disadvantages of bands, ideal band material requirements, instruments used for banding, and banding techniques. The key points are:
- Bands are thin metal rings placed on teeth, typically molars, to secure orthodontic appliances. Accurate band placement is important for fitting appliances.
- Stainless steel is commonly used due to properties like resistance to tarnish and springiness. Band sizes vary based on tooth type.
- Banding provides strong attachment but risks caries if cement seals fail. Autoclaving is the most reliable steril
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of different endodontic sealers and luting cements on fiber post retention and microleakage. Specifically, it:
1. Compared post retention when using zinc oxide eugenol or glass ionomer sealers with a self-adhesive or dual-cure cement.
2. Compared microleakage of zinc oxide eugenol and glass ionomer sealers by measuring dye penetration.
3. Found no significant differences in post retention or microleakage based on the sealer or cement used.
An acrylic partial denture (APD) is one of the options available for replacing missing teeth and is the most cost effective treatment option. However, APDs have disadvantages like poor strength and are generally not considered a permanent treatment. They are commonly used as permanent prostheses in less affluent societies due to their low cost. Principles of design for APDs are the same as for metal partial dentures, emphasizing tooth support, retention, and a single path of insertion. With proper design and techniques, the disadvantages of APDs can be minimized.
This document summarizes a study that compares the bond strength of orthodontic brackets bonded to enamel surfaces prepared by different methods: phosphoric acid etching, Er:YAG laser etching, a combination of acid etching and laser etching, and laser etching followed by acid etching. Sixty human premolars were divided into four groups based on the enamel preparation method used. Brackets were bonded to the prepared enamel surfaces using a standard protocol. The bond strength of each sample was then tested using a universal testing machine. The study aims to investigate methods that provide maximum bond strength and analyze the fracture mode for each preparation method.
This document provides an overview of all-ceramic restorations, focusing on zirconium dioxide and lithium disilicate. It discusses the properties, indications, advantages and disadvantages of each material. It also covers tooth preparation techniques, laboratory fabrication methods, and cementation protocols for all-ceramic restorations. Zirconium dioxide has excellent mechanical strength and biocompatibility, while lithium disilicate has higher translucency making it suitable for anterior teeth. Proper tooth preparation and cementation are important for successful restoration.
This document provides a history of the evolution of bonding in orthodontics from the 1960s to present day. It discusses key developments such as the introduction of acid etching by Buonocore in the 1950s, the early use of epoxy and composite resins for bonding by Newman and Miura in the 1960s-1970s, the introduction of visible light curing systems in the 1980s, and the development of self-etching primers in the 2000s. Bonding has evolved from using fillings materials to specialized orthodontic bonding resins and primers, and techniques now allow bonding to both dry and wet enamel surfaces.
This study evaluated the influence of LED curing light type and selective enamel etching on the dentin microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of two self-etch adhesives (Clearfil SE and Clearfil S3) in class I composite restorations. For Clearfil S3, selective enamel etching resulted in lower dentin μTBS values compared to non-etched specimens. However, dentin μTBS of Clearfil SE was not affected by enamel etching. When curing the adhesives, the polywave LED yielded higher dentin μTBS for Clearfil SE than the single-peak LEDs. Enamel etching and LED type influenced dentin bonding of the self-etch ad
This document discusses debonding in orthodontics. It begins by introducing the process of debonding orthodontic brackets and different debonding instruments. It then provides a detailed overview of clinical debonding procedures for different bracket materials like steel, ceramic, and bonded lingual appliances. Methods such as pliers, laser debonding, and thermal debonding are described. The document also discusses removing residual adhesive, evaluating adhesive remnant, and considers the influence of debonding instruments on the enamel surface.
Restoration of endodontically treated teeth 1 /certified fixed orthodontic c...Indian dental academy
This document discusses the various materials and techniques used for restoring endodontically treated teeth. It describes the desirable properties of dowels, cores, and coronal coverage. Common core materials discussed include amalgam, composite resin, glass ionomer cement, and resin-modified glass ionomer cement. The advantages and disadvantages of each material are provided. The document also outlines the procedure for tooth preparation, including removal of gutta-percha, post space preparation, and preparation of coronal tooth structure. Both direct and indirect techniques for fabricating custom posts are described.
Recent advances in orthodontics include improvements to brackets, bonding materials, wires, software, and appliances. Brackets are now made from stronger materials with coatings to reduce friction and promote oral health. New bonding materials bond more effectively in fewer steps. Wires now come in various alloys and shapes to apply lighter continuous forces. Software includes apps for patients and artificial intelligence to assist with treatment planning. These technological advances have improved orthodontic treatment outcomes.
Bonding in orthodontics involves mechanically locking adhesive to irregularities in the enamel surface and attachment bases. It has evolved significantly since the 1960s from using epoxy resins and composite materials to today's self-etching primers and light-cured adhesives. The bonding procedure involves cleaning, conditioning the enamel with acid or self-etching primer, applying a sealant and primer, and curing the adhesive. Bonding has advantages over banding such as improved aesthetics, access for cleaning, and reduced risk of decalcification.
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
1. An International English Language Testing System (IELTS) certificate
at the appropriate level.(Within 2 yrs of application date )
2: A recent primary dental qualification that has been taught and examined in English..(Within 2 yrs of application date )
3: A recent pass in a language test for registration with a regulatory authority in a country where the first language is English.
If you are interested Please contact us for more details.
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
I –Aligners are made with FDA approved transparent thermoplastic materials using 3D scanning, 3D Printing and finally Trays with Pressure vacuum formers.
Dear Doctor,
Indian Dental Academy Now offers comprehensive online Orthodontics course.
Course includes:
1.whiteboard lecture presentations
2.Case Discussions
3.with hundreds of pictures.
4.Demo on Models
5.Demo on Patients
6. subtitles in your own language
12 months unlimited access and support @350 USD only.
For Demo please visit :www.idalectures.com/preview/
For more details visit: www.idalectures.com
Please contact us for any clarifications:
idalectures@gmail.com
indiandentalacademy@gmail.com
Thanks & Regards
Indian Dental Academy
--
Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
This document discusses dental occlusion concepts and philosophies for complete dentures. It introduces key terms like physiologic occlusion and defines different occlusion schemes like balanced articulation and monoplane articulation. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of using anatomic versus non-anatomic teeth for complete dentures. It also outlines requirements for maintaining denture stability, such as balanced occlusal contacts and control of horizontal forces. The goal of occlusion for complete dentures is to re-establish the homeostasis of the masticatory system disrupted by edentulism.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses dental casting investment materials. It describes the three main types of investments - gypsum bonded, phosphate bonded, and ethyl silicate bonded investments. For gypsum bonded investments specifically, it details their classification, composition including the roles of gypsum, silica, and modifiers, setting time, normal and hygroscopic setting expansion, and thermal expansion. It provides information on how the properties of gypsum bonded investments are affected by their composition. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of dental casting investment materials.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...
Amit final
1. 05/07/16
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF SHEAR BOND
STRENGTH OF CONVENTIONAL HALOGEN LIGHT
WITH LIGHT EMITTING DIODE CURING UNIT AND
STUDY OF DEBONDING CHARACTERISTICS -AN IN-
VITRO STUDY
www.indiandentalacademy.com
2. 05/07/16
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
www.indiandentalacademy.com
3. 05/07/16
INTRODUCTION
History reveals that one of the prominent milestones in the
orthodontic field is the development of firm attachment of brackets
and bands to the teeth, which enables efficient movement of the
teeth. Firm attachment was initially achieved by cementing bands
on all the teeth.
Since the introduction of the acid - etch technique by
Buonocore in 1955 and its subsequent adaptation to orthodontics
by Newman, rapid strides in the phenomenon of bonding has made
the use of bands on anterior teeth nearly obsolete.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
4. 05/07/16
INTRODUCTION
The bonded orthodontic brackets are more advantageous than
bands in that they have no inter-proximal contact, easier to
place and remove, separation of teeth not required, more
aesthetic, hygienic and less irritating to the gingiva. However
the frequency of bond failure during treatment has prompted
manufacturer to improve on bonding material and curing
techniques.
Advances in material science have tried to improve the quality
of bonding by refining the composition of bonding materials,
dispensing systems and mode of cure, enhancing bond strength
and handling characteristics simplifying the procedure.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
5. 05/07/16
INTRODUCTION
Thus two-paste systems have given way to single paste system
and recent self-etching primers which combine etching and priming
in a single step are yet other strides towards simplifying the
bonding procedure.
Since the introduction of light cure systems in the 1970’s light
curing units have become an indispensable part of the dentist’s
armamentarium. Visible light curing units have become an
important part of modern adhesive dentistry. They are used to cure
resin based composite restorative materials, resin modified GIC,
preventive pit and fissure sealants, certain bases and liners, core
build up materials and provisional restorative materials and most
important to the orthodontist to bond orthodontic bracket to the
teeth with resin.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
6. 05/07/16
INTRODUCTION
In orthodontics bonding with light activated system is
popular because the extended working time allows for
precise bracket placement and ease of manipulation. Once
bracket is situated at desired location rapid command-set is
accomplished through photoactivation.
Requirement of an efficient light cure system would be
increased depth of polymerization producing adequate bond
strength. Another consideration would be minimum curing
time required for achieving polymerization, as this would
save the chair side time
www.indiandentalacademy.com
7. 05/07/16
INTRODUCTION
Currently four different technologies are available
for curing of dental composites by light:
Halogen lamps
Plasma arc lamps
Lasers
L.E.D
Of all the techniques mentioned above, halogen
lamps are most commonly used, but they have
certain drawbacks:
Short service life (40-100 hrs)
High temperature
Continuous spectrum must be narrowed by filter system
www.indiandentalacademy.com
8. 05/07/16
Nasser Barghi in 1994 studied and evaluated the intensity
output of 209 halogen LCU in private dental offices and reported
that 30% of the units had an output less than 200 mW/cm2,
while 300 mW/cm2 is the minimum required intensity. 10% had
cracked or blistered filters.
In 1995, Mills et al proposed solid-state light emitting diode
for the polymerization of light activated dental materials.
Research has shown that LED’s have an increased lifetime and
undergoes little degradation of output over time. Several studies
have demonstrated the potential of LED technology for light
activated dental materials. No difference in composite hardness
and depth of cure were detected between LED and halogen light
source.
INTRODUCTION
www.indiandentalacademy.com
9. 05/07/16
The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficiency
of commercially available LED unit as compared to the
conventional halogen light unit, to determine the curing time
required for adequate bond strength and study of debonding
characteristics.
INTRODUCTION
www.indiandentalacademy.com
10. 05/07/16
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
To evaluate shear bond strength of
stainless steel bracket cured with two
different lights, i.e. halogen and
commercially available LED curing units.
To establish the optimum curing time while
using LED curing light.
To assess the debonding characteristics of
each group by using modified adhesive
remnant index (ARI) and also through
scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
www.indiandentalacademy.com
11. 05/07/16
William J. Dunn (2002) compared the shear bond
strength of orthodontic brackets bonded to teeth with conventional
halogen based light- curing units and commercially available LED
curing units and reported no differences in bond strength of both
the lights.
Vittorio Cacciafesta et al (2002) performed an
in-vitro study to evaluate the shear bond strength of a
composite resin cured with two different light sources, a
halogen unit and on LED unit on freshly extracted teeth and
found that the LED light cure bonded more rapidly with no
significant reduction in bond strength.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
www.indiandentalacademy.com
12. 05/07/16
Mills R.W. (2002) studied the cure depth and light output
characterization of light emitting diode (LED) and halogen light curing
unit (LCU) and reported LED achieved greater or equal depth of cure
when compared with the halogen LCU.
Samir E.Bishara et al (2003) studied the effect of light emitting
diode (LED) on the shear bond strength of orthodontic adhesive, which
had 8mm footprints and can simultaneously cure two orthodontic
brackets.
Robin W. Mills (1995) has proposed the blue light emitting
diodes as another method of light curing. LEDs are inexpensive, low
voltage devices, long service life, portable & lighter device, shock
resistant, no need for filter, spectrum ranges from 450-500 nm.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
www.indiandentalacademy.com
13. 05/07/16
Mills R.W. (1999) has compared the composite depth of
cure with halogen having an irradiance of A 455 mW/cm2 and
blue light emitting diode having an irradiance of 290mW/cm2.
Reported that LED produced a significantly greater depth of
cure as compared to halogen light.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
www.indiandentalacademy.com
14. 05/07/16
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Teeth used in the study
120 freshly extracted human
permanent maxillary
premolars were divided into
six groups & stored in distilled
water .
Each group consisted of 20
specimens. The teeth were
cleansed of soft tissue and the
root portions were embedded
in cold curing fast setting
acrylic with each tooth
oriented so that its labial
surface of the crown would be
parallel to the chisel during
debonding when testing for
shear bond strength.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
15. 05/07/16
Maxillary premolar
brackets of 0.022 slot
Roth prescription 3M
Unitek Gemini series
made of P.H 17-4 type
stainless steel with a
80 gauge braze welded
foil mesh base were
used. The surface area
of the bracket base
was 10.61 mm2 as
described by the
manufacturer.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Brackets
www.indiandentalacademy.com
16. 05/07/16
The adhesive used
for bonding was
Transbond XT
(3M/Unitek,
Monrovta, la)
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Adhesive
www.indiandentalacademy.com
17. 05/07/16
All the teeth were cleaned with rubber cup and pumice,
etched using 37% phosphoric acid gel for 15 seconds, followed by
thorough rinsing and drying. After application of the primer on the
tooth the brackets were bonded near the center of the facial
surface of the tooth with sufficient pressure to express excess
adhesive, which was removed from the brackets base with a
scaler before polymerization. Radiometer (DEMETRON KERR
Model 100) was used to detect the irradiance of both the lights
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Adhesive
www.indiandentalacademy.com
18. 05/07/16
Three groups were exposed to a conventional
halogen light-curing unit (light intensity 300mW/cm2).
The remaining three groups were cured with LED (light
intensity 130mW/cm2)
MATERIALS AND METHODS
www.indiandentalacademy.com
19. 05/07/16
Group A - Stainless steel brackets were cured for 10
seconds with halogen light, 5 seconds each from
the occlusal & gingival side respectively.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A
B
C
D
E
F
www.indiandentalacademy.com
20. 05/07/16
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Group B - Stainless steel brackets were cured for 10
seconds with light emitting diode, 5 seconds each from
the occlusal & gingival side respectively.
A
B
C
D
E
F
www.indiandentalacademy.com
21. 05/07/16
Group C - Stainless steel bracket were cured for 20 seconds
with halogen light, 10 seconds each from the occlusal &
gingival side respectively
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A
B
C
D
E
F
www.indiandentalacademy.com
22. 05/07/16
Group D - Stainless steel bracket were cured for 20
seconds with light emitting diode, 10 seconds each from
the occlusal & gingival side respectively.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A
B
C
D
E
F
www.indiandentalacademy.com
23. 05/07/16
Group E - Stainless steel bracket were cured for 40 seconds
with halogen light, 20 seconds each from the occlusal &
gingival side respectively.
A
B
C
D
E
F
MATERIALS AND METHODS
www.indiandentalacademy.com
24. 05/07/16
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Group F - Stainless steel bracket were cured for 40
seconds with light emitting diode, 20 seconds each from
the occlusal & gingival side respectively.
A
B
C
D
E
F
www.indiandentalacademy.com
25. 05/07/16
Testing procedure
All the bonded test
samples were stored in
distilled water at room
temperature for 24
hours before testing.
Shear bond
strength testing was
done using an Instron
testing machine,
which was connected
to a digital meter, and
the debonding force
was recorded
automatically in
Newtons
www.indiandentalacademy.com
26. 05/07/16
The acrylic block was clamped in
the lower vice and a chisel shaped
rod was placed parallel to the
bracket in the upper vice.
The test samples were stressed
for debonding at a crosshead speed
of 1mm/min until the bracket
debonded.
The force required for
debonding was recorded in
Newtons and converted to MPA
using the formula.
Force in Newtons
MPA = --------------------------------
Surface area of the bracket
base
Testing procedure
www.indiandentalacademy.com
27. 05/07/16
ARI Index
To assess the debonding
characteristics, modified
ARI scoring was done using
STEREOMICROSCOPE “MC
80-Zessis, Germany” at
20x and 40x magnification.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
28. 05/07/16
SCORE 1
All composite remained on the tooth surface along with
distinct impression of bracket base.
SCORE 2
More than 90% of composite remained on the tooth
surface.
SCORE 3
More than 10% but less than 90% of composite
remained on the tooth surface.
SCORE 4
Less than 10% of composite remained on the tooth
surface.
SCORE 5
Indicating that no composite remained on the tooth
surface.
ARI Index
www.indiandentalacademy.com
34. 05/07/16
S.E.M study
Randomly tooth surfaces were studied using a “JOEL”
scanning electronic microscopy machine and then observed in
a JSM-840A scanning microscope (JOEL-JAPAN) at an
operative voltage of 15-20 kV, scanning electron micrographs
were taken at 25x and 50x magnification to confirm the
adhesive remnant index scores.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
40. 05/07/16
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
The following analysis was employed to statistically
evaluate the results:
MEAN AND STANDARD DEVIATION
ONE-WAY ANOVA.
MULTIPLE RANGE TEST BY TUKEY – HSD
PROCEDURE
KAPLAN MEIER SURVIVAL ANALYSIS.
CHI – SQUARE TEST
KRUSKAL – WALLIS ONE-WAY ANOVA TEST
All the results were analyzed using statistical software SPSSPC (statistical package for social
science version 4.0).
www.indiandentalacademy.com
41. 05/07/16
The results of shear bond strength were
statistically analyzed by :
one-way ANOVA test
multiple range test by Tukey – HSD procedure
Kaplan Meier survival analysis.
The modified ARI scoring was statistically
analyzed by:
Chi - square test
Kruskal – Wallis one-way ANOVA test.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
www.indiandentalacademy.com
42. 05/07/16
Mean and standard deviation were estimated from
the sample for each study group. Mean values were
compared by the student’s t – test /one-way ANOVA
appropriately. Multiple range tests by Tukey – HSD
(Honestly significantly difference) procedure was
employed to identify the significant group at 5% level.
Kaplan Meier survival analysis was done to compare the
median survival time between different groups after
correcting for multiple comparisons by Bonferroni
correction method. For this study P < 0.05 was
considered as the level of significance.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
www.indiandentalacademy.com
43. 05/07/16
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Chi – square test was used to assess the association between
ARI scores and different study groups. Mean and standard
deviation of ARI scores were estimated from the sample for
each study group. The mean values were compared by
Kruskal – Wallis one-way ANOVA.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
44. 05/07/16
SHEAR BOND STRENGTH
The mean and standard deviation calculated for
each group was:
Group I (halogen-10 sec): 1.172 ±0.869 MPA.
Group II (LED- 10 sec): 4.719 ±1.766 MPA.
Group III (halogen- 20 sec): 7.824 ±2.617
MPA.
Group IV (LED- 20 sec): 7.534 ± 2.682 MPA.
Group V (halogen- 40 sec): 8.261 ± 2.390
MPA.
Group VI (LED- 40 sec): 8.489 ± 2.373 MPA.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
45. 05/07/16
One - way ANOVA analysis showed a P value of < 0.001,
which indicated that mean shear bond strength in group I
was significantly lower than the mean shear bond strength
in group II, group III, group IV, group V, group VI (P <
0.05). Also the mean shear bond strength in-group II was
significantly lower than the mean shear bond strength in
group III, group IV, group V and group VI (P < 0.05). This
was further investigated using multiple range test by Tukey
HSD procedure. And it was observed to show the same
inference as one - way ANOVA analysis showed.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
www.indiandentalacademy.com
46. 05/07/16
Kaplan Meier survival analysis in table-3 showed that median
survival time in-group I (1.538 ± 0.195) was significantly lower
than median survival time in group II (4.363 ± 0.632), group
III (7.351 ± 0.498), group IV (7.297 ±0.419), group V (7.595 ±
0.951) and group VI (8.104 ± 0.171) (P < 0.05). Also the
medial survival time in-group II was significantly lower than
the median survival time in group III, group IV, group V and
group VI (P < 0.05).
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
www.indiandentalacademy.com
47. 05/07/16
Modified ARI scoring
Mean ARI score in:
group I (1.75 ± 1.07)
group II (1.80 ±1.06)
group III (1.95 ± 1.28)
group IV (1.95 ± 1.15)
group V (1.70 ± 0.92)
group VI (1.75 ±1.07)
No significant difference in mean scores of
ARI index between different study groups
(P < 0.98).
www.indiandentalacademy.com
48. 05/07/16
Mean, Standard deviation and test of
significance of mean values between different
study groups
GROUPS
Mean + SD in
MPa
LIGHT
CURING
UNIT
P-Value*
Significant#
groups
at 5% level
GROUP I 1.712+0.869 Halogen
VI, V, IV, III, II
Vs. I
VI, V, IV, III
Vs. IIGROUP II 4.719+1.766 LED
GROUP III 7.824+2.617 Halogen
GROUP IV 7.534+2.682 LED
GROUP V 8.261+2.390 Halogen
GROUP VI 8.489+2.373 LED
<0.0001
(Sig.)
*One-Way ANOVA was used to calculate the P-value.
#
Multiple range test by Tukey-HSD procedure was employed to identify significant groups at 5% level.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
49. 05/07/16
Kaplan Meier Survival Analysis
GROUPS
Median
Survival
S.E. 95% CI LIGHT CURING UNIT P-Value*
Significant #
groups at
5% level
I 1.538 0.195 1.157-1.919 Halogen (10 sec) I Vs. II, III, IV, V, VI
II Vs. III, IV, V, VI
II 4.363 0.632 3.125-5.601 LED (10 sec)
III 7.351 0.498 6.376-8.326 Halogen (20 sec)
IV 7.297 0.419 6.475-8.119 LED (20 sec)
V 7.595 0.951 5.730-9.460 Halogen (40 sec)
VI 8.104 0.171 7.769-8.439 LED (40 sec) < 0.0001
(Sig.)
* Log Rank test was used to calculate the P-value.
#
Log Rank test with Bonferroni correction method was used to identify the significant groups at 5% level.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
50. 05/07/16
Cross tabulation of ARI score by groups
GROUPS SCORE I SCORE II SCORE III SCORE IV SCORE V
CHI-SQUARE
VALUE
P- VALUE
GROUP I 12(60%) 3 (15%) 3 (15%) 2 (10%) 0 (0%)
GROUP II 11(55%) 4 (20%) 3 (15%) 2 (10%) 0 (0%)
GROUP III 11(55%) 3 (15%) 3 (15%) 2 (10%) 1 (5%)
GROUP
IV
10(50%) 4 (20%) 3 (15%) 3 (15%) 0 (0%)
GROUP V 11(55%) 5 (25%) 3 (15%) 1 (5%) 0 (0%)
GROUP
VI
12(60%) 3 (15%) 3 (15%) 2 (10%) 0 (0%)
d.f=20
X2
=7.16
0.966 (N.S)
d.f – degree of freedom
Chi-square test
Kruskal Walli’s One-way ANOVA
There is no significant difference between different groups.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
51. 05/07/16
Mean, Standard deviation and Test of significance of
mean values between different study groups
GROUPS Mean S.D. P – Value*
GROUP – I 1.75 1.07
GROUP – II 1.80 1.06
GROUP – III 1.95 1.28
GROUP – IV 1.95 1.15
GROUP – V 1.70 0.92
GROUP – VI 1.75 1.07 0.98 (N.S)
* Kruskal Walli’s One-way ANOVA was used to calculate the P-value.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
56. 05/07/16
RESULTS
Hence the test result shows that shear bond
strength in group I was significantly lower than the shear
bond strength in group II, group III, group IV, group V, and
group VI. Also the shear bond strength in group II was
significantly lower than the mean shear bond strength in
group III, group IV, group V and group VI. However there
was no significant difference between any other contrasts
www.indiandentalacademy.com
57. 05/07/16
Results of SEM observation for debonding
characteristics show that there were no enamel cracks and
loss of enamel surface from the samples.
S.E.M. OBSERVATION
RESULTS
www.indiandentalacademy.com
58. 05/07/16
Statistical analysis of the scoring is illustrated in Table 4,
Table - 5 and graph-3, photographs of each scoring is
illustrated from (Fig. 8-12).
Mean score in group I (1.75 ±1.07), group II (1.90 ± 1.06),
group III (1.95 ±1.28), group IV (1.95 ± 1.15), group V
(1.70±0.92) and group VI (1.75 ±1.07). There was no
significant difference in mean scores of ARI index between any
of the groups (P =0.98).
MODIFIED ADHESIVE REMNANT INDEX
RESULTS
www.indiandentalacademy.com
59. 05/07/16
DISCUSSION
In Orthodontics, bond strength is influenced by many
factors such as tooth conditioning, adhesive system used,
design of the bracket base, and the mode of cure.
The most important of these factors is whether the
adhesive composite has reached a level of polymerization
that will adequately retain the bracket to the tooth when
orthodontic forces are applied. With light cure systems
being in vogue, their ability to deliver adequate light at
appropriate levels to optimize polymerization is crucial.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
60. 05/07/16
The first light cure unit used ultraviolet light which
had the disadvantage that one minute was required per
millimeter of thickness. Because of the safety concerns
of the long-term use of U-V light, visible light curing
(VLC) was introduced around 1980.
The visible light activated resin systems use a
diketone absorber to create free radicals that initiates
the polymerization process. Most dental photo initiator
systems use camphoroquinone as the diketone
absorber with, the absorption maximum in the blue
region of the visible light spectrum at a wavelength of
470nm.
DISCUSSION
www.indiandentalacademy.com
61. 05/07/16
DISCUSSION
Halogen bulbs generate light when electric energy heats a
small tungsten filament to high temperatures. But only a small
portion is given off as light since most of the energy is converted
into heat. Selective filters screen the wavelengths so that only
blue light is emitted. Photoinitiator molecules sensitive to blue
light are activated, creating free radicals that initiate the
polymerization process. The light power output of the halogen-
based lights is less than 1% of the consumed electrical power.
Despite their popularity, halogen bulbs have several
shortcomings like shorter lifetime of approximately 100hrs, need
selective filters to produce effective blue light, high heat
generation necessitating cooling time if entire dentition needs to
be cured, thus the procedure becomes time consuming
www.indiandentalacademy.com
62. 05/07/16
DISCUSSION
The argon lasers introduced in the late 1980’s & early
1990’s are capable of curing filled resins in 10sec & unfilled
resins in 5 sec at a wavelength of 488 nm.
More recently xenon arc light curing units have been
introduced for rapid light curing in restorative dentistry. The
plasma arc curing system has filters that narrow the spectrum
of visible light to a band centered on the 470nm wavelength
for activation of the camphoroquinone. This allows curing time
to be as short as those with the argon lasers. Even though
these curing units proved to be efficient they are not
commonly used, as they are very expensive
www.indiandentalacademy.com
63. 05/07/16
Mills et al in 1995 proposed solid-state light emitting diode
technology for the polymerization of light activated dental
materials.
This type of curing light was developed specially to overcome
the shortcomings of halogen VLC units. Instead of hot filaments
used in halogen bulbs, light emitting diode use junctions of
doped semiconductors to generate light. Thus heat production is
less and they have a lifetime of over 10,000 hrs & undergo little
degradation of output over this time.
They require no filters to produce blue light, are resistant to
shock & vibration and take little power to operate.
DISCUSSION
www.indiandentalacademy.com
64. 05/07/16
The newer gallium nitrite LED’s produce narrow spectrum of
light (400-500nm) that falls closely within the absorption range
of camphoroquinones that initiates the polymerization of the
resin monomers. The longer life span & consistent light output of
the LED is promising for dental application.
Thus, this study was undertaken to compare the shear bond
strength of orthodontic attachments cured by both halogen (Q-
LUX) & LED (APOZA) light curing units. (Fig 3 a & b) Before the
study was conducted, a radiometer (DEMETRON KERR Model
100) was used to detect the irradiance of both the lights.
DISCUSSION
www.indiandentalacademy.com
65. 05/07/16
Barghi et al while evaluating LCU’s of 122 private dental
offices stated that many dentists were unaware that the output
of curing light was inadequate for dental office use. Intensity of
light was inversely proportional to the age of the unit
In our study LED showed comparable performance with the
halogen light, even though the irradiance of LED was
130mW/cm2 as compared with halogen light which was
300mW/cm2.
This was similar to the results of Mills et al who compared
LED light having an irradiance of 290mW/cm2 with halogen
light having an irradiance of 455mW/cm2 & found out that
they displayed comparable results. They demonstrated that the
spectral flux of LED is concentrated over a much narrower
wavelength band than for halogen light.
DISCUSSION
www.indiandentalacademy.com
66. 05/07/16
The peak of the light absorption of camphoroquinone
photoinitiator is at 468nm. As the graph (No.-4) shows that LED
has a higher irradiance in the region of peak absorption for
camphoroquinone, it may account for the greater depth of cure
even though it has an irradiance of 130mW/cm2. Blue light in
different part of absorption spectrum of camphoroquinone has
different effectiveness & that light closer to the absorption peak is
more effective at curing.
William J. Dunn & Louis J.Taloumis and Vittorio Cacciafesta et
al found that there is no significant difference in the bond
strength with LED or halogen LC units and it goes in accordance
with our study.
DISCUSSION
www.indiandentalacademy.com
67. 05/07/16
Fujibayashi et al found an LED source producing the same
irradiance as a halogen source i.e.100 mW/cm2, producing a
significantly greater depth of cure than the halogen source.
Cristina Kurachi found that the samples cured by L6 LED
based device having an irradiance of 79mW/cm2 compared
with the halogen lamp having an irradiance of 475mW/cm2
showed reasonable hardness values considering the low
relative irradiance.
In this study, results of modified adhesive remnant index
revealed that more than 50% of the samples in all groups
showed debonding at bracket adhesive interface, this was true
even in the groups cured for 10 sec even though the bond
strength was deemed insufficient
DISCUSSION
www.indiandentalacademy.com
68. 05/07/16
Our study showed that LED is a viable alternative to
halogen light cure unit inspite of its reduced irradiance.
Although the LED does not cure faster than the halogen
LCUs, it is a much less expensive alternative to xenon light
and argon laser. While the cost is comparable to conventional
halogen light, they have additional advantages of low
maintenance cost, half the heat production of halogen lights
and are lighter & portable
DISCUSSION
www.indiandentalacademy.com
69. 05/07/16
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
The result of this study showed that LEDs,
which are comparable to halogen LCUs in
terms of bond strength, may be a suitable
alternative to the latter because of the
numerous advantages it offers.
10 seconds of curing time is not adequate for
both Halogen and LED light.
20 seconds of curing time is adequate for both
LED and Halogen light, since increasing the
curing time to 40 seconds, showed no
significant difference.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
70. 05/07/16
There was no significant difference in the
debonding characteristics with most of the
debonding taking place at the bracket-adhesive
interface.
Now days, market is flooded with varieties
of LEDs and each one of them have tall claims
about their products. So it is a challenge for an
orthodontist to choose a better one. Further
clinical investigations are required to assess
other available LED light curing units in
orthodontic field.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
www.indiandentalacademy.com