The document discusses various processes and technologies used in operations management. It covers topics like process planning, analysis, innovation and technology decisions. It defines processes and different types of processes like project, batch, mass production and continuous processes. It also discusses process selection using break-even analysis and techniques for process redesign and innovation. Finally, it provides an overview of various product, process and manufacturing technologies.
Drivers for product innovation; Process innovation; Concurrent engineering; Business process re-engineering - BPR; Reverse engineering; Value chain model & process innovation
Recent Gartner and Capgemini studies predict only around 25% of data science projects are successful and only around 15% make it to full-scale production. Of these, many degrade in performance and produce disappointing results within months of implementation. How can focusing on the desired business outcomes and business use cases throughout a data science project help overcome the odds?
Concurrent Engineering – Breaking down the silosNNE
Engineering and design of a pharmaceutical facility requires extensive collaboration and communication between many engineering disciplines. Yet in the pharma industry, it is still common practice to engineer and design in disciplinary silos. This reduces the effectiveness of the project team due to silo communication, misalignment of deliverables\ approach, and lack of cohesiveness. Leading to increased cost and timelines.
Concurrent engineering sometimes also called Integrated Design presents a method in which engineering activities are performed in parallel with simultaneous activities leading to a higher quality process design and a more effective engineering process. The benefits include the ability to achieve specific design goals such as flexibility, decreased project timelines through parallel activities, integrated project quality, effective and efficient qualification, reduced project cost, and much more.
Drivers for product innovation; Process innovation; Concurrent engineering; Business process re-engineering - BPR; Reverse engineering; Value chain model & process innovation
Recent Gartner and Capgemini studies predict only around 25% of data science projects are successful and only around 15% make it to full-scale production. Of these, many degrade in performance and produce disappointing results within months of implementation. How can focusing on the desired business outcomes and business use cases throughout a data science project help overcome the odds?
Concurrent Engineering – Breaking down the silosNNE
Engineering and design of a pharmaceutical facility requires extensive collaboration and communication between many engineering disciplines. Yet in the pharma industry, it is still common practice to engineer and design in disciplinary silos. This reduces the effectiveness of the project team due to silo communication, misalignment of deliverables\ approach, and lack of cohesiveness. Leading to increased cost and timelines.
Concurrent engineering sometimes also called Integrated Design presents a method in which engineering activities are performed in parallel with simultaneous activities leading to a higher quality process design and a more effective engineering process. The benefits include the ability to achieve specific design goals such as flexibility, decreased project timelines through parallel activities, integrated project quality, effective and efficient qualification, reduced project cost, and much more.
Similar to Aminullah Assagaf_P4-Ch.6_Processes and technology-32.pptx (20)
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
8. • Process
• a group of related tasks with specific inputs and outputs
Process design
• what tasks need to be done and how they are
•
coordinated among functions, people, and
organizations
Process strategy
• an organization's overall approach for physically
producing goods and services
Process planning
• converts designs into workable instructions for
manufacture or delivery
•
•
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Process Planning
9. • Vertical integration
• extent to which firm will produce inputs and control outputs
each stage of production process
Capital intensity
of
•
• mix of capital (i.e., equipment, automation) and labor
resources used in production process
Process flexibility
• ease with which resources can be adjusted in response to
changes in demand, technology, products or services, and
resource availability
Customer involvement
• role of customer in production process
•
•
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Process Strategy
10. PROJECT BATCH MASS CONT.
individual
Source:Adapted from R. Chase, N. Aquilano, and R. Jacobs, Operations Management for Competitive
Advantage (New York:McGraw-Hill, 2001), p. 210
6-284
Type of
product
Unique
Made-to-
order
(customized)
Made-to-
stock
(standardized )
Commodity
Type of
customer
Product
demand
One-at-a-
time
Infrequent
Mass
market
Mass
market
Very stable
Few
customers
Fluctuates Stable
Types of Processes
11. Types of Processes (cont.)
PROJECT BATCH MASS CONT.
assembly
Source:Adapted from R. Chase, N. Aquilano, and R. Jacobs, Operations Management for Competitive
Advantage (New York:McGraw-Hill, 2001), p. 210
6-285
Demand
volume
Very low Low to
medium
High Very high
No. of
different
products
Production
system
Infinite
variety
Long-term
project
Few Very few
Continuous,
process
industries
Many, varied
Discrete, job
shops
Repetitive,
lines
Types of Processes (
12. Types of Processes (cont.)
PROJECT BATCH MASS CONT.
automated
refining
range of
Source:Adapted from R. Chase, N. Aquilano, and R. Jacobs, Operations Management for Competitive
Advantage (New York:McGraw-Hill, 2001), p. 210
6-286
Equipment Varied General-
purpose
Special-
purpose
Highly
Primary
type of
work
Worker
skills
Specialized
contracts
Experts,
crafts-
persons
Assembly
Mixing,
treating,
Equipment
monitors
Fabrication
Wide range
of skills
Limited
skills
Types of Processes (
13. Types of Processes (cont.)
PROJECT BATCH MASS CONT.
large capacity,
atest technolog
far-reaching errors,
televisions,
shipbuilding,
fast food
Source:Adapted from R. Chase, N. Aquilano, and R. Jacobs, Operations Management for Competitive Advantage (New
York:McGraw-Hill, 2001), p. 210
6-287
Advantages l
Custom work,
y
Flexibility,
quality
Efficiency,
speed,
low cost
Highly efficient,
ease of control
Dis-
advantages
Examples
Non-repetitive,
small customer
base, expensive
Construction,
spacecraft
Costly, slow,
difficult to
manage
Capital
investment;
lack of
responsiveness
Difficult to change,
limited variety
Paint, chemicals,
foodstuffs
Machine shops,
print shops,
bakeries,
education
Automobiles,
computers,
Types of Processes (
14. Process Selection with
•
•
examines cost trade-offs associated with
Cost
• Fixed costs
• constant regardless of the number of units
demand volume
produced
• Variable costs
• vary with the volume of units produced
Revenue
• price at which an item is sold
Total revenue
• is price times volume sold
Profit
• difference between total revenue and
•
•
•
total cost
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Process Selection wit
Break-Even Analysis
15. Process Selection with
(cont.)
T
otal cost = fixed cost + total variable
TC = cf + vcv
cost
T
otal revenue = volume x price
TR = vp
Profit = total revenue - total cost
Z = TR – TC = vp - (cf + vcv)
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Process Selection wit
Break-Even Analysis
16. Process Selection with
Break-Even Analysis (cont.)
vp = cf + vcv
cf
Solving for Break-Even Point (Volume)
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TR = TC
vp - vcv = cf
v(p - cv) = cf
v = p - cv
Process Selection wi
Break-Even Analysi
17. Break-Even Analysis: Example
Fixed cost
Variable cost
Price
=
=
=
cf = $2,000
cv = $5 per raft
p = $10 per raft
v = = = 400 rafts
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Break-even point is
cf 2000
p - cv 10 - 5
Break-Even Analysis
19. Process A
$2,000 + $5v
Process B
$10,000 + $3v
=
$2v
v
=
=
$8,000
4,000 rafts
Below or equal to 4,000, choose A
B
Above or equal to 4,000, choose
6-294
Process Selection
20. •Building a flowchart
• Determine objectives
• Define process boundaries
• Define units of flow
• Choose type of chart
• Observe process and
• Map out process
• Validate chart
collect data
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Process Analysis
21. •look at manufacture of product or delivery
of service from broad perspective
•Incorporate
• nonproductive activities (inspection,
transportation, delay, storage)
• productive activities (operations)
6-298
Process Flowcharts
25. of a process for
6-303
Continuous improvement
refines the breakthrough
Breakthrough
Improvement
Continuous improvement activities
peak; time to reengineer process
T
otal redesign
breakthrough
improvements
Process Innovation
26. Principles for Redesigning
• Remove waste, simplify, and consolidate
similar activities
• Link processes to create value
• Let the swiftest and most capable enterprise
execute the process
• Flex process for any time, any place, any way
• Capture information digitally at the source and
propagate it through process
6-307
Principles for Redesi
Processes
27. Principles for Redesigning
• Provide visibility through fresher and richer
information about process status
• Fit process with sensors and feedback loops
that can prompt action
• Add analytic capabilities to process
• Connect, collect, and create knowledge around
process through all who touch it
• Personalize process with preferences and
habits of participants
6-308
Principles for Redesi
Processes (cont.)
28. Techniques for Generating
• Vary the entry point to a problem
• in trying to untangle fishing lines, it's best
from the fish, not the poles
to start
• Draw analogies
• a previous solution to an old problem might work
• Change your perspective
• think like a customer
• bring in persons who have no knowledge of
process
6-309
Techniques for Generat
Innovative Ideas
29. Techniques for Generating
• Try inverse brainstorming
• what would increase cost
• what would displease the customer
• Chain forward as far as possible
• if I solve this problem, what is the next
• Use attribute brainstorming
• how would this process operate if. . .
• our workers were mobile and flexible
• there were no monetary constraints
• we had perfect knowledge
problem
6-310
Techniques for Generat
Innovative Ideas (cont.)
30. • Computer-aided
design (CAD)
• Group technology
(GT)
• Computer-aided
engineering (CAE)
• Collaborative
product commerce
(CPC)
A Technology Primer
Product Technology
electronically
electronically
exchange of information among designers
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• Computer-aided
design (CAD)
• Group technology
• Creates and communicates designs
• Classifies designs into families for easy
(GT)
• Computer-aided
engineering (CAE)
• Collaborative
product commerce
(CPC)
retrieval and modification
• T
ests functionality of CAD designs
• Facilitates electronic communication and
and suppliers
A Technology Prime
31. • Product data
management
(PDM)
• Product life cycle
management
(PLM)
• Product
configuration
A Technology Primer (cont.)
Product Technology
for the life of the product
customer service, recycling, and disposal
(PLM)
who have selected among various options,
6-314
• Product data
management
(PDM)
• Keeps track of design specs and revisions
• Integrates decisions of those involved in
• Product life cycle
management
• Product
configuration
product development, manufacturing, sales,
• Defines products “configured” by customers
usually from a Web site
A Technology Prime
32. • Standard for
exchange of
product model data
(STEP)
• Computer-aided
design and
manufacture
(CAD/CAM)
• Computer aided
process (CAPP)
• E-procurement
A Technology Primer (cont.)
Process Technology
different CAD vendors; translates CAD data
(CAD) and automated manufacture (CAM)
manufacture
database of similar requirements
marketplaces, auctions, or company
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• Standard for
exchange of
product model data
• Set standards for communication among
into requirements for automated inspection
(STEP)
• Computer-aided
design and
(CAD/CAM)
• Computer aided
process (CAPP)
• E-procurement
and manufacture
• Electronic link between automated design
• Generates process plans based on
• Electronic purchasing of items from e-
websites
A Technology Prime
33. • Computer
numerically control
(CNC)
• Flexible
manufacturing
system (FMS)
• Robots
• Conveyors
A Technology Primer (cont.)
Manufacturing Technology
variety of operations with the help of automated
automated material handling system to produce a
less flexible
belt or overhead chain; “reads” packages and
6-316
• Computer
numerically control
(CNC)
• Machines controlled by software code to perform a
tool changers; also collects processing information
and quality data
• Flexible
manufacturing
system (FMS)
• Robots
• Conveyors
• A collection of CNC machines connected by an
wide variety of parts
• Manipulators that can be programmed to perform
repetitive tasks; more consistent than workers but
• Fixed-path material handling; moves items along a
diverts them to different directions; can be very fast
A Technology Prime
34. • Automatic guided
vehicle (AGV)
• Automated storage
and retrieval system
(ASRS)
• Process Control
• Computer-integrated
manufacturing (CIM)
A Technology Primer (cont.)
Manufacturing Technology
specified path; directed by wire or tape embedded
• Automated storage
maintenance, and quality
manufacturing
6-317
• Automatic guided
vehicle (AGV)
• A driverless truck that moves material along a
in floor or by radio frequencies; very flexible
• An automated warehouse—some 26 stores high—
and retrieval system
(ASRS)
• Process Control
• Computer-integrated
manufacturing (CIM)
in which items are placed in a carousel-type
storage system and retrieved by fast-moving
stacker cranes; controlled by computer
• Continuous monitoring of automated equipment;
makes real-time decisions on ongoing operation,
• Automated manufacturing systems integrated
through computer technology; also called e-
A Technology Prime
35. • Business – to –
Business (B2B)
• Business – to –
Consumer (B2C)
• Internet
• Intranet
• Extranet
A Technology Primer (cont.)
Information Technology
Consumer (B2C)
organization; can be password (i.e., firewall)
access with select suppliers, customers, and
6-318
• Business – to –
Business (B2B)
• Business – to –
• Electronic transactions between businesses
usually over the Internet
• Electronic transactions between businesses and
their customers usually over the Internet
• Internet
• Intranet
• Extranet
• A global information system of computer networks
that facilitates communication and data transfer
• Communication networks internal to an
protected sites on the Internet
• Intranets connected to the Internet for shared
trading partners
A Technology Prime
36. • Bar Codes
• Radio Frequency
Identification tags
(RFID)
• Electronic data
interchange (EDI)
• Extensive markup
language (XML)
• Enterprise
resource planning
(ERP)
A Technology Primer (cont.)
Information Technology
identifies item and other information when read by a
• An integrated circuit embedded in a tag that can send
(RFID)
and inflexible
data before its is sent
human resources
resource planning
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• Bar Codes
• Radio Frequency
Identification tags
• A series of vertical lines printed on most packages that
scanner
and receive information; a twenty-first century bar code
• Electronic data
interchange (EDI)
• Extensive markup
language (XML)
• Enterprise
(ERP)
with read/write capabilities
• A computer-to-computer exchange of business
documents over a proprietary network; very expensive
• A programming language that enables computer – to -
computer communication over the Internet by tagging
• Software for managing basic requirements of an
enterprise, including sales & marketing, finance and
accounting, production & materials management, and
A Technology Prime
37. • Supply chain
management (SCM)
• Customer relationship
management (CRM)
• Decision support
systems (DSS)
• Expert systems (ES)
• Artificial intelligence
(AI)
A Technology Primer (cont.)
Information Technology
distributors
compiling and analyzing customer data
and an interactive component for what-if analysis
• A field of study that attempts to replicate elements of
systems, genetic algorithms, neural networks, and fuzzy
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• Supply chain
management (SCM)
• Customer relationship
• Software for managing flow of goods and information
among a network of suppliers, manufacturers and
• Software for managing interactions with customers and
management (CRM)
• Decision support
systems (DSS)
• Expert systems (ES)
• Artificial intelligence
(AI)
• An information system that helps managers make
decisions; includes a quantitative modeling component
• A computer system that uses an expert knowledge base
to diagnose or solve a problem
human thought in computer processes; includes expert
logic
A Technology Prime