The document summarizes American literature from the 1830s to the end of the Civil War. It was influenced by European literature and saw the rise of Transcendentalism. Key characteristics included individualism, emotion, imagination, and a focus on nature. The movement of Transcendentalism developed in New England in the 1820s-1830s in protest of Harvard and Unitarianism. Jacksonian democracy and dark romanticism also emerged. Major writers of the period included Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry David Thoreau, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Edgar Allan Poe, and Herman Melville.

1. 1830s to the end of the
Civil War
American literature influenced
by European literature
Transcendentalism.
It is located inside of the period
of the Romanticism.

2. Birth of the American Renaissance
It is generally acknowledged that the American
Renaissance encompassed several decades, early in American
history, up to and just beyond the time of the Civil War. In
order to fully appreciate and comprehend the importance of
the American Renaissance, as well as to establish the
legitimacy of its existence.

3. Characteristics.
 Individualism: Struggle of the
frontier, Jacksonian Democracy, abolition.
 Emotion: Subjectivity of truth & reality, intuition
truth, perception derives from feelings not reason.
 Imagination: Reaction against reason
(neoclassicists), experimentation over tradition,
structure of ideas.
Nature: God is revealed in nature, is the only way
to determine truth, and is the moral teacher.

4. Transcendentalism
Was a religious and philosophical movement that was
developed during the late 1820s and 1830s. In the
eastern region of the united states as a protest to the
general state of culture and society, and in
particular, the state of intellectualism at Harvard
university and the doctrine of the Unitarian church
taught at Harvard divinity school. Among the
transcendentalists' core beliefs was the inherent
goodness of both people and nature.

5. Jacksonian democracy
 Is the political movement toward greater democracy
for the common white man symbolized by American
politician Andrew Jackson and his supporters

6. Dark romanticism
 Often conflated with Gothicism or called American
Romanticism.

7. Writters
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Herman Melville
Edgar Allan Poe
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Henry David Thoreau

8. Nathaniel Hawthorne
 July 4, 1804 – May 19, 1864
 Was an American novelist and
short story writer.
 His fiction works are considered
part of the Romantic
movement and, more
specifically, Dark romanticism.

9. Novels
 Fanshawe (published anonymously, 1828)
 The Scarlet Letter (1850)
 The House of the Seven Gables (1851)
 The Blithedale Romance (1852)
 The Marble Faun: Or, The Romance of Monte
Beni (1860) (as Transformation: Or, The Romance of
Monte Beni, UK publication, same year)
 The Dolliver Romance (1863) (unfinished)
 Septimus Felton; or, the Elixir of Life (Published in
the Atlantic Monthly, 1872)
 Doctor Grimshawe's Secret: A romance (unfinished),
with Preface and Notes by Julian Hawthorne (1882)

10. Short stories
 Twice-Told Tales (1837)
 Grandfather's Chair (1840)
 Mosses from an Old Manse (1846)
 The Snow-Image, and Other Twice-Told Tales (1852)
 A Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys (1852)
 Tanglewood Tales (1853)
 The Dolliver Romance and Other Pieces (1876)
 The Great Stone Face and Other Tales of the White
Mountains (1889)
 The Celestial Railroad and Other Short Stories
 A Wonder-Book for Young and Old (1851) Publisher:
The Rogers Company

11. Henry David Thoreau
 July 12, 1817 – May 6, 1862
 Was an american
author, poet, philosopher, abolitioni
st, naturalist, tax
resister, development
critic, surveyor, historian, and
leading transcendentalist.

12. One of his most famous
books

13. Works Aulus Persius Flaccus (1840)
 The Service (1840)
 A Walk to Wachusett (1842)
 Paradise (to be) Regained (1843)
 The Landlord (1843)
 Sir Walter Raleigh (1844)
 Herald of Freedom (1844)
 Wendell Phillips Before the Concord Lyceum (1845)
 Reform and the Reformers (1846–48)
 Thomas Carlyle and His Works(1847)
 A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers (1849)
 Resistance to Civil Government, or Civil Disobedience (1849)
 An Excursion to Canada (1853)
 Slavery in Massachusetts (1854)
 Walden (1854)

14. Ralph Waldo Emerson
 May 25, 1803 – April 27, 1882
 Was an American
essayist, lecturer, and poet, who led
the Transcendentalist movement of
the mid-19th century.

15. Works
 Essays: First Series (1841)
 Essays: Second Series (1844)
 Poems (1847)
 Nature; Addresses and Lectures (1849)
 Representative Men (1850)
 English Traits (1856)
 The Conduct of Life (1860)
 May Day and Other Poems (1867)
 Society and Solitude (1870)
 Letters and Social Aims (1876)

16. Individual essays
 "Nature" (1836)
 "Self-Reliance" (Essays: First Series)
 "Compensation" (First Series)
 "The Over-Soul" (First Series)
 "Circles" (First Series)
 "The Poet" (Essays: Second Series)
 "Experience" (Essays: Second Series)
 "Politics" (Second Series)
 "The American Scholar"
 "New England Reformers"

17. Poems
 "Concord Hymn"
 "The Rhodora"
 "Brahma"
 "Uriel"
 "The Snow-Storm (poem)"

18. Edgar Allan Poe
 January 19, 1809 – October
7, 1849
 Was an american
author, poet, editor, and
literary critic, considered
part of the
american romantic
movement.

19. Works
 "The Black Cat"
 "The Cask of Amontillado"
 "A Descent into the Maelström"
 "The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar"
 "The Fall of the House of Usher"
 "The Gold-Bug"
 "Hop-Frog"
 "The Imp of the Perverse"
 "Ligeia"
 "The Masque of the Red Death"
 "Morella"
 "The Murders in the Rue Morgue"
 "The Oval Portrait"
 "The Pit and the Pendulum"
 "The Premature Burial"
 "The Purloined Letter"
 "The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether"
 "The Tell-Tale Heart"
Tales

20. Poetry
 "Al Aaraaf"
 "Annabel Lee"
 "The Bells"
 "The City in the Sea"
 "The Conqueror Worm"
 "A Dream Within a Dream"
 "Eldorado"
 "Eulalie"
 "The Haunted Palace"
 "To Helen"
 "Lenore"
 "Tamerlane"
 "The Raven"
 "Ulalume"

21. Herman Melville
 August 1, 1819 – September
28, 1891.
 Was an American writer best
known for the novel Moby-
Dick.

22. Works Typee: A Peep at Polynesian Life (1846)
 Omoo: A Narrative of Adventures in the South Seas (1847)
 Mardi: And a Voyage Thither (1849)
 Redburn: His First Voyage (1849)
 White-Jacket; or, The World in a Man-of-War (1850)
 Moby-Dick; or, The Whale (1851)
 Pierre: or, The Ambiguities (1852)
 Isle of the Cross (1853 unpublished, and now lost)
 "Bartleby the Scrivener" (1853) (short story)
 The Encantadas, or Enchanted Isles (1854) (novella, possibly
incorporating a short rewrite of the lost Isle of the Cross)
 "Benito Cereno" (1855)
 Israel Potter: His Fifty Years of Exile (1855)
 The Confidence-Man: His Masquerade (1857)
 Battle Pieces and Aspects of the War (1866) (poetry collection)
 Clarel: A Poem and Pilgrimage in the Holy Land (1876) (epic poem)
 John Marr and Other Sailors (1888) (poetry collection)
 Timoleon (1891) (poetry collection)
 Billy Budd, Sailor (An Inside Narrative) (1891 unfinished, published
posthumously in 1924; authoritative edition in 1962)

23. Nathaniel Hawthorne
"Happiness is like a butterfly which, when pursued, is
always beyond our grasp, but which, if you sit down
quietly, may alight on you."
Henry David Thoreau
"Nobody knows what they have until you lose it".

24. Ralph Waldo Emerson
"The fate of genius is to be misunderstood, but not
every misunderstood is a genius."
"No one knows what is the consolation of the heart
but when we were alone."
Edgar Allan Poe

25. Herman Melville
 It is better to fail in originality than to succeed in
imitation.