The present article deals with design of antibacterial and antifungal pH-responsive hydrogels based on Quaternary Ammonium Functionalized-Tragacanth Gum (QTG) biopolymer as drug delivery systems. The antimicrobial effects of the graft-copolymer hydrogels QTG/ polyacrylic acid (QTG-AA) and QTG/polyacrylamide (QTG-AM) were investigated against fi ve standard microorganisms including Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The results of the in-vitro release of quercetin as a drug from the functionalized copolymer hydrogels exhibited dependence on the pH, immersion time, medium, and temperature. All copolymer hydrogels demonstrated antibacterial and antifungal properties and moreover, QTG-AM copolymers presented higher antimicrobial activity than QTG-AA copolymers.
1) Torulaspora delbrueckii was used to biotransform 30g of benzaldehyde into 22.9g of L-phenylacetylcarbinol (L-PAC) in a 5L stirred tank reactor.
2) L-PAC was then converted to ephedrine in two microwave-assisted steps: first L-PAC was transformed to 2-(methylimino)-1-phenyl-1-propanol, then this was reduced to ephedrine.
3) The identities of the products were confirmed using 1H NMR and FT-IR analysis, demonstrating a facile synthesis of ephedrine from benzaldehyde using biocatalysis and microwave-assisted chemistry.
Optimization of Corynebacterium glutamicum Immobilization on Alginate and In...IJMER
The parameters of the immobilized process of Corynebacterium glutamicum VTCC – B – 0632
on alginate were identified by Plackett-Burman matrix, and the experiments were designed by response
surface methodology having the central composite designs (RSM-CCD). The maximum yield of cell
immobilization on alginate carrier reached at 92.6%. Optimal parameters were the cell density of 89.3
million cells/mL in the 4% sterile alginate with ratio 1:1. This mixture went through the syringe system of
the 2M CaCl2 solution at 200C with the shaking speed of 75 rpm until the gels get in shape. Then, these
gels were soaked in the CaCl2 liquor and shaken for 41 minutes (150 rpm). At last, the particle size of
final products was 4mm and the average cell density was 14.75 million cells/gram. This immobile product
is maintained under the suitable condition in the CaCl2 liquor (w/v), pH=7. The cell survival percentage
after 72 hours were 98% when it was stored in 4
0C, 0.5% CaCl2 and pH of 7
Degradation of poly-L-lactide. Part 2, IMechE, 2004Dr Neill Weir
Poly-L-lactide (PLLA) specimens were degraded in phosphate-buffered solution at 50°C and 70°C to evaluate accelerated degradation compared to physiological degradation at 37°C. Molecular weight, mechanical properties, and thermal properties were analyzed over time. At both 50°C and 70°C, molecular weight decreased more rapidly than at 37°C, with over 90% reduction by 115 days at 50°C and 95% by 23 days at 70°C. Degradation mechanisms appeared similar to 37°C, though autocatalysis may be affected at higher temperatures. Increased temperature provided accelerated degradation of PLLA compared to physiological conditions.
การวิเคราะห์ฤทธิ์ต้านอนุมูลอิสระที่ระยะต่างกันในกล้วยเล็บมือนาง
Analysis of Antioxidant Activity at Different Stage in Musa (AA group) ‘Kluai Leb Mu Nang’
อดิศร จำรูญ
Preparation of protein-loaded PLGA-PVP blend nanoparticles by nanoprecipitati...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
Despite of wide range applications of polymeric nanoparticles in protein delivery, there are some problems for the field of protein entrapment, initial burst and controlled release profile.
Materials and Methods:
In this study, we investigated the influence of some changes in PLGA nanoparticles formulation to improve the initial and controlled release profile. Selected parameters were: pluronic F127, polysorbate 80 as surfactant, pH of inner aqueous phase, L/G ratio of PLGA polymer, volume of inner aqueous phase and addition of polyvinylpyrrolidone as an excipient. FITC-HSA was used as a model hydrophilic drug. The nanoparticles were prepared by nanoprecipitation.
Results:
Initial release of FITC-HSA from PLGA-tween 80 nanoparticles (opt-4, 61%) was faster than control (PLGA-pluronic) after 2.30 h of incubation. Results showed that decrease in pH of inner aqueous phase to pI of protein can decrease IBR but the release profile of protein is the same as control. Release profile with three phases including a) initial burst b) plateau and c) final release phase was observed when we changed volume of inner aqueous phase and L/G ratio in formulation. Co-entrapment of HSA with PVP and pluronic reduced the IBR and controlled release profile in opt-19. Encapsulation efficiency was more than 97% and nanoparticles size and zeta potentials were mono-modal and -18.99 mV, respectively.
Conclusion:
In this research, we optimized a process for preparation of PLGA-PVP-pluronic nanoparticles of diameter less than 300 nm using nanoprecipitation method. This formulation showed a decreased initial burst and long lasting controlled release profile for FITC-HSA as a model drug for proteins.
This document outlines a study to screen and analyze selected plant species for their antioxidant properties. The objectives are to:
1. Screen 3-4 plant species from forest regions for antioxidant properties.
2. Identify primary and secondary metabolites in plant extracts.
3. Isolate and quantify bioactive antioxidant compounds and determine medicinal value.
4. Compare antioxidant profiles between plant species.
Plants will be extracted using solvent extraction. Phytochemical analysis will test for compounds like alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins. Total phenolic content and flavonoid content will be determined colorimetrically. Antioxidant capacity will be evaluated using DPPH, ABTS, hydroxy
The document discusses drug stability and degradation kinetics. It defines drug stability as the ability of a pharmaceutical dosage form to maintain its physical, chemical, therapeutic and microbial properties during storage and usage. The main criteria for acceptable stability are that each active ingredient retains its chemical integrity and potency. Degradation kinetics aims to predict a drug's intrinsic stability by determining the order of degradation reactions and their rate constants. Common degradation pathways include hydrolysis, oxidation, photolysis and racemization. The Q10 method can be used to estimate shelf life based on a drug's activation energy.
1) Torulaspora delbrueckii was used to biotransform 30g of benzaldehyde into 22.9g of L-phenylacetylcarbinol (L-PAC) in a 5L stirred tank reactor.
2) L-PAC was then converted to ephedrine in two microwave-assisted steps: first L-PAC was transformed to 2-(methylimino)-1-phenyl-1-propanol, then this was reduced to ephedrine.
3) The identities of the products were confirmed using 1H NMR and FT-IR analysis, demonstrating a facile synthesis of ephedrine from benzaldehyde using biocatalysis and microwave-assisted chemistry.
Optimization of Corynebacterium glutamicum Immobilization on Alginate and In...IJMER
The parameters of the immobilized process of Corynebacterium glutamicum VTCC – B – 0632
on alginate were identified by Plackett-Burman matrix, and the experiments were designed by response
surface methodology having the central composite designs (RSM-CCD). The maximum yield of cell
immobilization on alginate carrier reached at 92.6%. Optimal parameters were the cell density of 89.3
million cells/mL in the 4% sterile alginate with ratio 1:1. This mixture went through the syringe system of
the 2M CaCl2 solution at 200C with the shaking speed of 75 rpm until the gels get in shape. Then, these
gels were soaked in the CaCl2 liquor and shaken for 41 minutes (150 rpm). At last, the particle size of
final products was 4mm and the average cell density was 14.75 million cells/gram. This immobile product
is maintained under the suitable condition in the CaCl2 liquor (w/v), pH=7. The cell survival percentage
after 72 hours were 98% when it was stored in 4
0C, 0.5% CaCl2 and pH of 7
Degradation of poly-L-lactide. Part 2, IMechE, 2004Dr Neill Weir
Poly-L-lactide (PLLA) specimens were degraded in phosphate-buffered solution at 50°C and 70°C to evaluate accelerated degradation compared to physiological degradation at 37°C. Molecular weight, mechanical properties, and thermal properties were analyzed over time. At both 50°C and 70°C, molecular weight decreased more rapidly than at 37°C, with over 90% reduction by 115 days at 50°C and 95% by 23 days at 70°C. Degradation mechanisms appeared similar to 37°C, though autocatalysis may be affected at higher temperatures. Increased temperature provided accelerated degradation of PLLA compared to physiological conditions.
การวิเคราะห์ฤทธิ์ต้านอนุมูลอิสระที่ระยะต่างกันในกล้วยเล็บมือนาง
Analysis of Antioxidant Activity at Different Stage in Musa (AA group) ‘Kluai Leb Mu Nang’
อดิศร จำรูญ
Preparation of protein-loaded PLGA-PVP blend nanoparticles by nanoprecipitati...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
Despite of wide range applications of polymeric nanoparticles in protein delivery, there are some problems for the field of protein entrapment, initial burst and controlled release profile.
Materials and Methods:
In this study, we investigated the influence of some changes in PLGA nanoparticles formulation to improve the initial and controlled release profile. Selected parameters were: pluronic F127, polysorbate 80 as surfactant, pH of inner aqueous phase, L/G ratio of PLGA polymer, volume of inner aqueous phase and addition of polyvinylpyrrolidone as an excipient. FITC-HSA was used as a model hydrophilic drug. The nanoparticles were prepared by nanoprecipitation.
Results:
Initial release of FITC-HSA from PLGA-tween 80 nanoparticles (opt-4, 61%) was faster than control (PLGA-pluronic) after 2.30 h of incubation. Results showed that decrease in pH of inner aqueous phase to pI of protein can decrease IBR but the release profile of protein is the same as control. Release profile with three phases including a) initial burst b) plateau and c) final release phase was observed when we changed volume of inner aqueous phase and L/G ratio in formulation. Co-entrapment of HSA with PVP and pluronic reduced the IBR and controlled release profile in opt-19. Encapsulation efficiency was more than 97% and nanoparticles size and zeta potentials were mono-modal and -18.99 mV, respectively.
Conclusion:
In this research, we optimized a process for preparation of PLGA-PVP-pluronic nanoparticles of diameter less than 300 nm using nanoprecipitation method. This formulation showed a decreased initial burst and long lasting controlled release profile for FITC-HSA as a model drug for proteins.
This document outlines a study to screen and analyze selected plant species for their antioxidant properties. The objectives are to:
1. Screen 3-4 plant species from forest regions for antioxidant properties.
2. Identify primary and secondary metabolites in plant extracts.
3. Isolate and quantify bioactive antioxidant compounds and determine medicinal value.
4. Compare antioxidant profiles between plant species.
Plants will be extracted using solvent extraction. Phytochemical analysis will test for compounds like alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins. Total phenolic content and flavonoid content will be determined colorimetrically. Antioxidant capacity will be evaluated using DPPH, ABTS, hydroxy
The document discusses drug stability and degradation kinetics. It defines drug stability as the ability of a pharmaceutical dosage form to maintain its physical, chemical, therapeutic and microbial properties during storage and usage. The main criteria for acceptable stability are that each active ingredient retains its chemical integrity and potency. Degradation kinetics aims to predict a drug's intrinsic stability by determining the order of degradation reactions and their rate constants. Common degradation pathways include hydrolysis, oxidation, photolysis and racemization. The Q10 method can be used to estimate shelf life based on a drug's activation energy.
Antibacterial acivity of tetrahydropentagamavunon 0 (thpgv-0) and tetrahydrop...Alexander Decker
THPGV-0 and THPGV-1 were synthesized from PGV-0 and PGV-1 respectively using hydrogenation. THPGV-0 showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus and B. subtilis at concentrations of 5-10 mg/mL but no activity against E. coli. THPGV-1 showed activity against S. aureus, E. coli, and B. subtilis at lower concentrations of 0.5-1 mg/mL and was more effective than PGV-1. THPGV-1 was concluded to be a better antibacterial agent than both THPGV-0 and PGV-1.
This document discusses kinetics, drug stability, and reaction orders. It defines kinetics as the study of reaction rates and mechanisms. Drug stability is the resistance of a drug to changes during storage and use, and is quantified by shelf life. Reaction orders (zero, first, second) determine how reaction rates depend on reactant concentrations. Determining the order allows calculation of rate constants and quantities like half-life from concentration-time data.
Evaluation of antioxidant and antiradical properties of pomegranate (punica g...Pritam Kolge
Evaluation of antioxidant and antiradical properties
of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) seed and defatted
seed extracts
This is Journal Club activity Presentation with the reference of various research papers.
This Presentation Contain following...
#Info about Paper
#Abstract
#Materials
#Methods
#Results
#Discussion
#Conclusion
#References
*Important Methods used
#Moisture content
#Fat content
#Acid value
#Peroxide value
#Oxidative stability index
#Total phenols content
#Preparation of Pomegranate seed extracts and calculate extract yield
#Evaluation of antioxidant properties of Pomegranate seed extracts using
-DPPH radicals scavenging activity
-FRAP assay
#Antioxidant efficiency of seed extract (Oxidative stability extract)
#Statistical analysis
Journal Club Presentation at Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Kolhapur.
Thanks for Help and Guidance of Dr. P. B. Choudhari (Assistant Professor, Pharmaceutical Chemistry) and Dr. A. J. Shinde (Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics)
Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Mandelic Acid Oxidation By Tripropylammonium H...inventionjournals
Two new Versatile reagent Tripropylammonium Fluorochromate(TriPAFC) and Tripropylammonium Chlorochromate(TriPACC) has been employed for the oxidation of Mandelic acid. Rate of the réaction is catalysed by surfactant Sodium LaurylEther Sulphate(SLES). The Oxidation has been studied spectrophotometrically at room température in perchloric acid medium. Rate of TriPAFC and TriPACC oxidation of Mandelic acid has been followed under pseudo-first order condition. Rate constants were calculated by the integrated rate equation. The graph of logk versus time was linear and the slope is near to unity, rate constant calculated from graph also agreed with experimental value shows the first order rate dépendance on Mandelic acid. Product formed in this oxidation of Mandelic acid was analysed, polymerization test were carried to confirm that the reaction follows ionic mechanism and stoichiometric data has been accounted.Temperature of the substrate is varried and from the rate constant value, Thermodynamic parameters like Activation energy, Enthalpy change, Entropy change and change in Gibb’s free energy is calculated using Arrhenius and Eyrings plot. All the kinetic runs were repeated and the rate constants were reproducible within ±2% range.
Investigation of the effect of different parameters on the phase inversion te...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s): Nanoemulsions are a kind of emulsions that can be transparent, translucent (size range 50-200 nm) or “milky” (up to 500 nm). Nanoemulsions are adequatly effective for transfer of active component through skin which facilitate the entrance of the active component . The transparent nature of the system and lack of the thickener and fluidity are among advantages of nanoemulsion.
Materials and Methods: In this study, a nanoemulsion of lemon oil in water was prepared by the phase inversion temperature (PIT) emulsification method in which the tween 40 was used as surfactant. The effect of concentration of NaCl in aqueous phase, pH and weight percent of surfactant and aqueous on the PIT and droplet size were investigated. Results: The results showed that with increasing of concentration of NaCl from 0.05 M to 1 M, PIT decrease from 72 to 50. The average droplet sizes, for 0.1, 0.5 and 1 M of NaCl in 25 ºC are 497.3, 308.1 and 189.9 nm, respectively and the polydispersity indexes are 0.348, 0.334 and 0.307, respectively.
Conclusion: Considering the characteristics of nanoemulsions such as being transparent, endurance of solution and droplet size can provide suitable reaction environment for polymerization process used in making hygienic and medical materials.
TOTAL POLYPHENOLS AND DPPH FREE RADICALS SCAVENGING ACTIVITY IN SIX LEAFY VEG...Md. Kamaruzzaman
TOTAL POLYPHENOLS AND DPPH FREE RADICALS SCAVENGING ACTIVITY IN SIX LEAFY VEGETABLES OF BANGLADESH
Harun-Ar-Rashid, Sheikh Julfikar Hossain, Sk. Amir Hossain, Md Mahfuzur Rahman, Md. Kamaruzzaman
This document provides instructions for using the INLIGHTTM Glycan Tagging Kit for comparative quantification of N-linked glycans. The kit contains light and stable isotope-labeled hydrazide reagents for derivatizing free N-glycans isolated from glycoproteins. The protocol describes steps for denaturing glycoproteins, enzymatically cleaving glycans, purifying glycans using solid phase extraction, derivatizing glycans with the light and heavy reagents, and analyzing the derivatized glycans using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Standard glycoprotein samples of fetuin and RNase B are recommended to optimize the method before analyzing complex biological samples.
Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial evaluation of novel diethyl (2-...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Microchimica Acta Volume 84 issue 5-6 1984 [doi 10.1007_bf01197162] G. A. Mil...Sekheta Bros Company
This document describes a kinetic method for determining morphine concentration in urine samples. The method involves reacting morphine in the sample with hydrogen peroxide and cobalt(II) ions to form a colored compound. The rate of decomposition of this compound is measured photometrically and is directly proportional to the concentration of morphine over a certain range. The method was found to accurately determine morphine concentrations from 1.5 to 12.3 μg/ml in urine samples. It was also applied to analyze urine samples from individuals suspected of taking morphine or heroin and the results correlated well with an established HPLC method.
Improving the Synthesis of Lidocaine_2014_Odneal_Aills_JefferyStephanie Melton
The document describes efforts to optimize the synthesis of the drug lidocaine. Researchers improved the yield of a precursor from 50-66% to over 90% by determining the optimal concentration using lab arrays. They then sought to eliminate the use of the carcinogen toluene as a solvent and minimize reaction time in producing lidocaine from the precursor. Testing various solvents, temperatures, and heating methods, they achieved a 90% yield of lidocaine from the precursor in just 10 minutes using a microwave instead of the traditional 90 minutes with toluene.
Determination of cefadroxil antibiotic by an analytical methodAlexander Decker
This document describes an analytical method for determining the concentration of the antibiotic Cefadroxil (CFL) using spectrophotometry. Several spectrophotometric methods are discussed that use different reagents to produce colored products with CFL, including chloranillic acid, MBTH, and 4-aminophenazone, which can then be measured at specific wavelengths. The methods provide linear detection ranges between 1-415 μg/ml of CFL and have good accuracy with recoveries ranging from 94.8-100.8%. The spectrophotometric methods offer a simple, inexpensive way to analyze CFL concentrations in pharmaceutical and biological samples.
The synthesis of polyoxychloropropylenepoxymethacrylate oligoesters by esterification of polyoxychloropropylenetriepoxide by methacrylic acid has been carried out. It has been established that by varying the conditions of carrying out of the reaction, one can prepare, mainly, the mono-, di- and trimethacrylic oligoesters. On the basis of epoxy diane ED-20 and synthesized polyoxychloropropylenepoxymethacrylate oligoesters as modifiers there have been prepared the self-extinction compositions, which after curing by N, N1–diaminodiphenylsulfone possess higher physical-mechanical, adhesion and heat-physical properties.
1) The document evaluates the effect of varying mole ratios of reactants on the yield of ceftriaxone sodium synthesis. Ceftriaxone sodium was synthesized by reacting 7-ACT and MAEM, then with sodium salt.
2) Testing showed that increasing the mole ratio of MAEM increased the yield up to a ratio of 1:2, where the yield was 72.17% and purity was 99.32%. However, further increasing the ratio did not increase yield.
3) The highest mole ratio of 1:2 produced the highest yield while maintaining high purity. This suggests that a 1:2 mole ratio of reactants could be optimal for industrial scale ceftriaxone sodium production.
Chemical and Physical properties of Cassava Starch-Cm-Chitosan-Acrylic Acid Hydrogel prepared from radiation –induced crosslinking
Gatot Trimulyadi Rekso
Center for Application of Isotopes and Radiation- National Nuclear Energy Agency
Jl. Lebak Bulus Raya No. 49, Jakarta-Selatan, Indonesia
Corresponding author; e-mail; gatot2811@yahoo.com ,
Fax: +62-21-.7513270, HP ; 08129419442
This document provides an overview and comparison of various in-vitro methods used to measure antioxidant activity, including their advantages and disadvantages. It summarizes several common methods such as the Thin Layer Chromatography autography technique, Cellular Antioxidant Activity assay, Dye-Substrate oxidation method, and Cupric Ion Reducing Antioxidant Capacity method. The document emphasizes selecting methods based on feasibility, simplicity, required instrumentation and ability to effectively analyze antioxidant properties.
Stability studies are important to ensure drugs maintain their efficacy and safety throughout their shelf life. The rate of a chemical reaction determines a drug's stability and can be zero order, first order, or second order. Various factors influence reaction rates, including temperature, pH, moisture, light exposure, and concentration. Understanding reaction kinetics and identifying the order of a reaction allows researchers to predict a drug's shelf life by substituting experimental data into the appropriate rate equation.
Protection of dark color in rubber with the antioxidant compoundssou5za
The researchers studied the antioxidant properties of extracts from mango and cumin to prevent rubber from darkening. They extracted crude extracts using acetone and ethanol then tested antioxidant activity using DPPH radical scavenging assays. Ethanol extracts of mango showed the highest inhibition of radicals. These extracts along with ascorbic acid best prevented darkening of rubber samples over time compared to synthetic antioxidants. The ethanol mango extract performed nearly as well as a commercial rubber antioxidant at a lower cost, making it suitable for use in rubber production in southern Thailand.
— Previous researches were made on UHMWPE (Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight-Polyethylene) based implant material and its fusion with Ca-alginate. New methods were made for preparing UHMWPE-Ca-alginate blends. If the coating Ca-alginate salt can be achieved on the surface of UHMWPE, it might lead to an implant material which could promote the bone formation. Earlier results show that we can make the coating layer on the polymer powder surface. Our new approach is to modify the method we made earlier, and this way the alginate layer can withstand washing and sterilization as it's shown in the paper. We also realized that the layer slowly can give off Ca2+ ions which can be absorbed with specific cells. Since we modified the surface structure of the UHMWPE samples we carried out wear testing of the new prepared samples. All of these measurements and experiments have been done as preparative ones to make one time real prosthetic material.
— Oligoguanidine with chain extension were synthesized by condensation and cross-linking polymerizations in an attempt to increase molecular weight and charge density of the anti microbial oligoguanidine. The reactions are procedure at 170 o C for 5h with ratio molar of HMDA: GHC = 1: 1.1, refined by vacuum filter at 60 o C. The Oligoguanidine OHMG.HCl synthesized has molecular weight equal 521 g/mol, chain structure and good water solubility. The comparison results of the antimicrobial activities of oligoguanidine with chloramine B indicated that MIC index of OHMG.HCl is 5ppm during MIC index of chloramine B is 50 ppm; MBC of OHMG.HCl is 12 minutes and MBC of chloramine B is 11 minutes; The SEM, TEM imagines exhibited clear biocide, low residue microorganism of OHMG.HCl. The LC-MS spectrum indicates the presence of haloacetic acid following the bactericidal action of chloramphen B, while OHGM.HCl is not available. This result confirms the environmental friendliness of oligoguanidine.
Antibacterial acivity of tetrahydropentagamavunon 0 (thpgv-0) and tetrahydrop...Alexander Decker
THPGV-0 and THPGV-1 were synthesized from PGV-0 and PGV-1 respectively using hydrogenation. THPGV-0 showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus and B. subtilis at concentrations of 5-10 mg/mL but no activity against E. coli. THPGV-1 showed activity against S. aureus, E. coli, and B. subtilis at lower concentrations of 0.5-1 mg/mL and was more effective than PGV-1. THPGV-1 was concluded to be a better antibacterial agent than both THPGV-0 and PGV-1.
This document discusses kinetics, drug stability, and reaction orders. It defines kinetics as the study of reaction rates and mechanisms. Drug stability is the resistance of a drug to changes during storage and use, and is quantified by shelf life. Reaction orders (zero, first, second) determine how reaction rates depend on reactant concentrations. Determining the order allows calculation of rate constants and quantities like half-life from concentration-time data.
Evaluation of antioxidant and antiradical properties of pomegranate (punica g...Pritam Kolge
Evaluation of antioxidant and antiradical properties
of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) seed and defatted
seed extracts
This is Journal Club activity Presentation with the reference of various research papers.
This Presentation Contain following...
#Info about Paper
#Abstract
#Materials
#Methods
#Results
#Discussion
#Conclusion
#References
*Important Methods used
#Moisture content
#Fat content
#Acid value
#Peroxide value
#Oxidative stability index
#Total phenols content
#Preparation of Pomegranate seed extracts and calculate extract yield
#Evaluation of antioxidant properties of Pomegranate seed extracts using
-DPPH radicals scavenging activity
-FRAP assay
#Antioxidant efficiency of seed extract (Oxidative stability extract)
#Statistical analysis
Journal Club Presentation at Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Kolhapur.
Thanks for Help and Guidance of Dr. P. B. Choudhari (Assistant Professor, Pharmaceutical Chemistry) and Dr. A. J. Shinde (Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics)
Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Mandelic Acid Oxidation By Tripropylammonium H...inventionjournals
Two new Versatile reagent Tripropylammonium Fluorochromate(TriPAFC) and Tripropylammonium Chlorochromate(TriPACC) has been employed for the oxidation of Mandelic acid. Rate of the réaction is catalysed by surfactant Sodium LaurylEther Sulphate(SLES). The Oxidation has been studied spectrophotometrically at room température in perchloric acid medium. Rate of TriPAFC and TriPACC oxidation of Mandelic acid has been followed under pseudo-first order condition. Rate constants were calculated by the integrated rate equation. The graph of logk versus time was linear and the slope is near to unity, rate constant calculated from graph also agreed with experimental value shows the first order rate dépendance on Mandelic acid. Product formed in this oxidation of Mandelic acid was analysed, polymerization test were carried to confirm that the reaction follows ionic mechanism and stoichiometric data has been accounted.Temperature of the substrate is varried and from the rate constant value, Thermodynamic parameters like Activation energy, Enthalpy change, Entropy change and change in Gibb’s free energy is calculated using Arrhenius and Eyrings plot. All the kinetic runs were repeated and the rate constants were reproducible within ±2% range.
Investigation of the effect of different parameters on the phase inversion te...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s): Nanoemulsions are a kind of emulsions that can be transparent, translucent (size range 50-200 nm) or “milky” (up to 500 nm). Nanoemulsions are adequatly effective for transfer of active component through skin which facilitate the entrance of the active component . The transparent nature of the system and lack of the thickener and fluidity are among advantages of nanoemulsion.
Materials and Methods: In this study, a nanoemulsion of lemon oil in water was prepared by the phase inversion temperature (PIT) emulsification method in which the tween 40 was used as surfactant. The effect of concentration of NaCl in aqueous phase, pH and weight percent of surfactant and aqueous on the PIT and droplet size were investigated. Results: The results showed that with increasing of concentration of NaCl from 0.05 M to 1 M, PIT decrease from 72 to 50. The average droplet sizes, for 0.1, 0.5 and 1 M of NaCl in 25 ºC are 497.3, 308.1 and 189.9 nm, respectively and the polydispersity indexes are 0.348, 0.334 and 0.307, respectively.
Conclusion: Considering the characteristics of nanoemulsions such as being transparent, endurance of solution and droplet size can provide suitable reaction environment for polymerization process used in making hygienic and medical materials.
TOTAL POLYPHENOLS AND DPPH FREE RADICALS SCAVENGING ACTIVITY IN SIX LEAFY VEG...Md. Kamaruzzaman
TOTAL POLYPHENOLS AND DPPH FREE RADICALS SCAVENGING ACTIVITY IN SIX LEAFY VEGETABLES OF BANGLADESH
Harun-Ar-Rashid, Sheikh Julfikar Hossain, Sk. Amir Hossain, Md Mahfuzur Rahman, Md. Kamaruzzaman
This document provides instructions for using the INLIGHTTM Glycan Tagging Kit for comparative quantification of N-linked glycans. The kit contains light and stable isotope-labeled hydrazide reagents for derivatizing free N-glycans isolated from glycoproteins. The protocol describes steps for denaturing glycoproteins, enzymatically cleaving glycans, purifying glycans using solid phase extraction, derivatizing glycans with the light and heavy reagents, and analyzing the derivatized glycans using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Standard glycoprotein samples of fetuin and RNase B are recommended to optimize the method before analyzing complex biological samples.
Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial evaluation of novel diethyl (2-...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Microchimica Acta Volume 84 issue 5-6 1984 [doi 10.1007_bf01197162] G. A. Mil...Sekheta Bros Company
This document describes a kinetic method for determining morphine concentration in urine samples. The method involves reacting morphine in the sample with hydrogen peroxide and cobalt(II) ions to form a colored compound. The rate of decomposition of this compound is measured photometrically and is directly proportional to the concentration of morphine over a certain range. The method was found to accurately determine morphine concentrations from 1.5 to 12.3 μg/ml in urine samples. It was also applied to analyze urine samples from individuals suspected of taking morphine or heroin and the results correlated well with an established HPLC method.
Improving the Synthesis of Lidocaine_2014_Odneal_Aills_JefferyStephanie Melton
The document describes efforts to optimize the synthesis of the drug lidocaine. Researchers improved the yield of a precursor from 50-66% to over 90% by determining the optimal concentration using lab arrays. They then sought to eliminate the use of the carcinogen toluene as a solvent and minimize reaction time in producing lidocaine from the precursor. Testing various solvents, temperatures, and heating methods, they achieved a 90% yield of lidocaine from the precursor in just 10 minutes using a microwave instead of the traditional 90 minutes with toluene.
Determination of cefadroxil antibiotic by an analytical methodAlexander Decker
This document describes an analytical method for determining the concentration of the antibiotic Cefadroxil (CFL) using spectrophotometry. Several spectrophotometric methods are discussed that use different reagents to produce colored products with CFL, including chloranillic acid, MBTH, and 4-aminophenazone, which can then be measured at specific wavelengths. The methods provide linear detection ranges between 1-415 μg/ml of CFL and have good accuracy with recoveries ranging from 94.8-100.8%. The spectrophotometric methods offer a simple, inexpensive way to analyze CFL concentrations in pharmaceutical and biological samples.
The synthesis of polyoxychloropropylenepoxymethacrylate oligoesters by esterification of polyoxychloropropylenetriepoxide by methacrylic acid has been carried out. It has been established that by varying the conditions of carrying out of the reaction, one can prepare, mainly, the mono-, di- and trimethacrylic oligoesters. On the basis of epoxy diane ED-20 and synthesized polyoxychloropropylenepoxymethacrylate oligoesters as modifiers there have been prepared the self-extinction compositions, which after curing by N, N1–diaminodiphenylsulfone possess higher physical-mechanical, adhesion and heat-physical properties.
1) The document evaluates the effect of varying mole ratios of reactants on the yield of ceftriaxone sodium synthesis. Ceftriaxone sodium was synthesized by reacting 7-ACT and MAEM, then with sodium salt.
2) Testing showed that increasing the mole ratio of MAEM increased the yield up to a ratio of 1:2, where the yield was 72.17% and purity was 99.32%. However, further increasing the ratio did not increase yield.
3) The highest mole ratio of 1:2 produced the highest yield while maintaining high purity. This suggests that a 1:2 mole ratio of reactants could be optimal for industrial scale ceftriaxone sodium production.
Chemical and Physical properties of Cassava Starch-Cm-Chitosan-Acrylic Acid Hydrogel prepared from radiation –induced crosslinking
Gatot Trimulyadi Rekso
Center for Application of Isotopes and Radiation- National Nuclear Energy Agency
Jl. Lebak Bulus Raya No. 49, Jakarta-Selatan, Indonesia
Corresponding author; e-mail; gatot2811@yahoo.com ,
Fax: +62-21-.7513270, HP ; 08129419442
This document provides an overview and comparison of various in-vitro methods used to measure antioxidant activity, including their advantages and disadvantages. It summarizes several common methods such as the Thin Layer Chromatography autography technique, Cellular Antioxidant Activity assay, Dye-Substrate oxidation method, and Cupric Ion Reducing Antioxidant Capacity method. The document emphasizes selecting methods based on feasibility, simplicity, required instrumentation and ability to effectively analyze antioxidant properties.
Stability studies are important to ensure drugs maintain their efficacy and safety throughout their shelf life. The rate of a chemical reaction determines a drug's stability and can be zero order, first order, or second order. Various factors influence reaction rates, including temperature, pH, moisture, light exposure, and concentration. Understanding reaction kinetics and identifying the order of a reaction allows researchers to predict a drug's shelf life by substituting experimental data into the appropriate rate equation.
Protection of dark color in rubber with the antioxidant compoundssou5za
The researchers studied the antioxidant properties of extracts from mango and cumin to prevent rubber from darkening. They extracted crude extracts using acetone and ethanol then tested antioxidant activity using DPPH radical scavenging assays. Ethanol extracts of mango showed the highest inhibition of radicals. These extracts along with ascorbic acid best prevented darkening of rubber samples over time compared to synthetic antioxidants. The ethanol mango extract performed nearly as well as a commercial rubber antioxidant at a lower cost, making it suitable for use in rubber production in southern Thailand.
— Previous researches were made on UHMWPE (Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight-Polyethylene) based implant material and its fusion with Ca-alginate. New methods were made for preparing UHMWPE-Ca-alginate blends. If the coating Ca-alginate salt can be achieved on the surface of UHMWPE, it might lead to an implant material which could promote the bone formation. Earlier results show that we can make the coating layer on the polymer powder surface. Our new approach is to modify the method we made earlier, and this way the alginate layer can withstand washing and sterilization as it's shown in the paper. We also realized that the layer slowly can give off Ca2+ ions which can be absorbed with specific cells. Since we modified the surface structure of the UHMWPE samples we carried out wear testing of the new prepared samples. All of these measurements and experiments have been done as preparative ones to make one time real prosthetic material.
— Oligoguanidine with chain extension were synthesized by condensation and cross-linking polymerizations in an attempt to increase molecular weight and charge density of the anti microbial oligoguanidine. The reactions are procedure at 170 o C for 5h with ratio molar of HMDA: GHC = 1: 1.1, refined by vacuum filter at 60 o C. The Oligoguanidine OHMG.HCl synthesized has molecular weight equal 521 g/mol, chain structure and good water solubility. The comparison results of the antimicrobial activities of oligoguanidine with chloramine B indicated that MIC index of OHMG.HCl is 5ppm during MIC index of chloramine B is 50 ppm; MBC of OHMG.HCl is 12 minutes and MBC of chloramine B is 11 minutes; The SEM, TEM imagines exhibited clear biocide, low residue microorganism of OHMG.HCl. The LC-MS spectrum indicates the presence of haloacetic acid following the bactericidal action of chloramphen B, while OHGM.HCl is not available. This result confirms the environmental friendliness of oligoguanidine.
Formulation and characterization of epigallocatechin gallate nanoparticlesRamkumar Ponnuraj
This document describes the formulation and characterization of Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) nanoparticles. EGCG was encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles using ionic gelation with sodium tripolyphosphate to improve its bioavailability. Different ratios of EGCG to chitosan were tested, and a 1:0.5 ratio showed the highest drug loading and encapsulation efficiency. The resulting nanoparticles were spherical with a size range of 198-385 nm. In vitro drug release and characterization studies demonstrated the nanoparticles were a promising delivery system for EGCG with improved absorption.
This document describes a method for determining the presence of icing inhibitors ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGME) and diethylene glycol monomethyl ether (DEGME) in groundwater contaminated with jet fuel JP-8 using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). 100mL groundwater samples were extracted twice with methylene chloride after adding sodium chloride and internal standards. The extracts were analyzed by GC-MS in selected ion monitoring mode. The method achieved detection limits of 0.8ng/mL and 0.5ng/mL for EGME and DEGME, respectively, and recoveries of about 50% from spiked samples. The presence of these icing inhibitors can be used
This document describes a method for determining chloramphenicol (CAP) and thiamphenicol (TAP) residues in fish, shrimp, and milk using electrospray ionization liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-LCMSMS). Samples were extracted with ethyl acetate and analyzed using an Agilent Eclipse C18 column with an isocratic mobile phase of methanol and water. Transitions were monitored for CAP, TAP, and an internal standard. Validation was performed according to EU guidelines, showing good linearity, accuracy, precision, limits of detection, and applicability to real samples. The method provides a simple, selective, and sensitive means for simultaneous analysis of CAP and TAP residues
This document describes a new method for determining levels of the toxic compound 3-chloropropanediol (3-MCPD) in soy sauce samples. The method involves liquid phase extraction to isolate 3-MCPD from the soy sauce matrix, followed by microwave-assisted derivatization with acetophenone to form a derivative suitable for detection by HPLC-UV. The researchers optimized the derivatization reaction conditions and chromatographic separation. They demonstrated that maximum derivatization could be achieved in just 10 minutes under microwave irradiation, much faster than the conventional 18-hour refluxing method. The new method provides a simple, rapid procedure for analyzing 3-MCPD in soy sauce at trace levels down to 80
This document summarizes research on immobilizing the enzyme laccase in an alginate-gelatin mixed gel and using it to decolorize synthetic dyes like crystal violet. Key findings include:
1) Spherical beads were formed using various alginate concentrations, with 5% alginate beads having the highest mechanical stability.
2) Both free and immobilized laccase worked best at pH 8-9 and 50°C for crystal violet decolorization.
3) The immobilized laccase retained 85% activity after 5 reuse cycles and effectively decolorized various dyes like amido black and malachite green.
This document describes the synthesis and characterization of cyanopyridine derivatives and their evaluation for antitubercular and anthelmintic activity. Chalcones were first synthesized through Claisen-Schmidt condensation and then reacted with malononitrile to obtain cyanopyridines. The structures of the compounds were characterized using techniques such as IR, NMR and mass spectrometry. The cyanopyridines were then evaluated for antitubercular activity against M. tuberculosis using the microplate Alamar Blue assay and for anthelmintic activity against earthworms. Some of the compounds showed promising activity in both assays.
Use of sodium tetraphenylborate reagent for conductometric titration of Amlod...AI Publications
Simple, accurate and reliable conductometric method for the quantitative determination of Amlodipine Besylate (AML) in pure form and pharmaceutical formulations using sodium tetraphenylborate (TPB) in aqueous solution at 20°C has been described. The method is based on the formation of ion association complex of cation coming from the cited drug with tetraphenylborate anion and the conductance of the solution is measured as a function of the volume of titrant. Many experimental conditions were evaluated. The described procedure allowed the determination of AML in double distilled water in the range of 0.200-1.000mM. The accuracy of the method is indicated by the excellent recovery 98.60-101.40%, and the precision is supported by the low relative standard deviation < 4.74 %. The method was further applied successively to pharmaceutical formulations with no interference from the excipients, the results obtained were compared statistically with those obtained by the official method and showed no significant differences regarding accuracy and precision.
This document summarizes research on isolating polymannuronate and polyguluronate from alginate hydrolyzed by organic acids. Key findings include:
- Alginate was hydrolyzed using various organic acids at 100°C for 3 hours, reducing molecular weight from 1,283 kDa to 7.5-53.2 kDa. Acetic acid was most effective.
- Molecular weight of alginate decreased with increasing acetic acid concentration and reaction time, with a strong correlation.
- Polymannuronate and polyguluronate were successfully isolated from alginate hydrolyzed with 0.4M acetic acid by adjusting pH. Purity of polymann
Development and Pharmaceutical Evaluation of Clotrimazole Loaded Topical Hydr...Madiha Mushtaque
SUMMARY. The present study addresses the solubility issue of a hydrophobic antifungal drug and its incorporation
into a hydrogel matrix. The prime objective of the study was to develop a preformed hydrogel
of 1% w/w clotrimazole with the introduction of water miscible co-solvents such as glycerin and polyethylene
glycol. Carbomer was used as gelling agent in different concentrations. The stability of the formulations,
their spreadability, pH, drug content, viscosity and in vitro drug release has been assessed while the
optimization has been carried out through Design Expert® ver. 7.0. A spectrophotometric method has
been developed for the analysis of clotrimazole from the developed formulations and it was found to be
within the USP limits. The best drug release was found from F2 formulation that contains 0.5 g carbomer
hence it was considered as optimized formulation. It is conclu
Toxic Trace Metals in Edible Oils by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spect...PerkinElmer, Inc.
"This method reports the development of a direct analysis
method for edible oil samples using GFAAS without digestion.
The advantages of using this method include small sample
volume, direct introduction of samples, high sensitivity, and
rapid analysis times. The application of GFAAS to arsenic,
lead and cadmium analysis in edible oils was performed.
The optimal pyrolysis and atomization temperatures, limit of detection, quality control (QC) checks and recoveries were studied in order to develop a rapid and accurate method.
Learn more about our solutions: http://bit.ly/1dqSYtg
Trace Elemental Characterization of Edible Oils with Graphite Furnace Atomic ...PerkinElmer, Inc.
This paper reports the development of a simple method for
the analysis of edible oil samples by using Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (GFAAS). Sample preparation has been done by using a microwave digestion system. Metals like Fe, Cu, Mn, Ni, Cr, As, Cd, Pb, Se and Zn were analyzed using the developed method.
Learn more about our solutions: http://bit.ly/1f7ZS7T
A Turn-Key Flow-Through-Mode Purification Process to improve Quality and Safe...MilliporeSigma
In this webinar, you will learn:
Intensified plasma Immunoglobulin purifications
Scalable process development with latest technologies
Improved safety and quality of plasma IgG meeting required quality attributes
Detailed description:
Plasma-derived immunoglobulins (IgG) are essential medicines that are in worldwide shortage. How to develop optimized processing steps for robust and efficient manufacturing has been a constant goal, to make the most out of the precious plasma raw material.
In this study, we present a worse-case equivalent of plasma intermediate, explore various process steps along the fractionation flow, including flow-through-mode chromatography, affinity chromatography, virus inactivation steps and removal of solvent/detergent, single-pass TFF (SPTFF), clarification, and aseptic filtration, to establish a robust, easy-to-operate, readily scalable plasma IgG process with over 99% purity, depletion of IgA, isoagglutinin, and thrombogenic markers, meeting the commonly required 20% concentration for subcutaneous IgG infusion. Such solutions would be appropriate for various IgG intermediates which help to improve the global supply of immunoglobulins.
A Turn-Key Flow-Through-Mode Purification Process to improve Quality and Safe...Merck Life Sciences
In this webinar, you will learn:
Intensified plasma Immunoglobulin purifications
Scalable process development with latest technologies
Improved safety and quality of plasma IgG meeting required quality attributes
Detailed description:
Plasma-derived immunoglobulins (IgG) are essential medicines that are in worldwide shortage. How to develop optimized processing steps for robust and efficient manufacturing has been a constant goal, to make the most out of the precious plasma raw material.
In this study, we present a worse-case equivalent of plasma intermediate, explore various process steps along the fractionation flow, including flow-through-mode chromatography, affinity chromatography, virus inactivation steps and removal of solvent/detergent, single-pass TFF (SPTFF), clarification, and aseptic filtration, to establish a robust, easy-to-operate, readily scalable plasma IgG process with over 99% purity, depletion of IgA, isoagglutinin, and thrombogenic markers, meeting the commonly required 20% concentration for subcutaneous IgG infusion. Such solutions would be appropriate for various IgG intermediates which help to improve the global supply of immunoglobulins.
This document describes research into the microbial synthesis of platinum nanoparticles using Saccharomyces boulardii and evaluation of the anticancer activity of the synthesized platinum nanoparticles. Key findings include:
1) Platinum nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using the cell free extract of S. boulardii when reacted with chloroplatinic acid.
2) Various parameters like metal salt concentration, temperature, cellmass concentration, pH, and reaction time were optimized to control the yield and properties of the synthesized nanoparticles.
3) The synthesized platinum nanoparticles showed anticancer activity against A431 and MCF-7 cell lines with IC50 values between 57-100 μg/ml, indicating potential for use as an antic
Quality-by-design-based development and validation of a stability-indicating ...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
A systematic design-of-experiments was performed by applying quality-by-design concepts to determine
design space for rapid quantification of teriflunomide by the ultraperformance liquid chromatography
(UPLC) method in the presence of degradation products. Response surface and central composite
quadratic were used for statistical evaluation of experimental data using a Design-Expert software. The
response variables such as resolution, retention time, and peak tailing were analyzed statistically for the
screening of suitable chromatographic conditions. During this process, various plots such as perturbation,
contour, 3D, and design space were studied. The method was developed through UPLC BEH C18
2.1 � 100 mm, 1.7-μ column, mobile phase comprised of buffer (5 mM K2HPO4 containing 0.1%
triethylamine, pH 6.8), and acetonitrile (40:60 v/v), the flow rate of 0.5 mL min 1 and UV detection at
250 nm. The method was developed with a short run time of 1 min. Forced degradation studies revealed
that the method was stability-indicating, suitable for both assay and in-vitro dissolution of a drug product.
The method was found to be linear in the range of 28–84 μg mL 1, 2.8–22.7 μg mL 1 with a correlation
coefficient of 0.9999 and 1.000 for assay and dissolution, respectively. The recovery values were found in
the range of 100.1–101.7%. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
Method Development and Validation of Tetracycline Antibiotics and their Epime...Dr. Mukesh Raikwar
This document describes the development and validation of a method to detect tetracycline antibiotics and their epimers in marine products according to EU guidelines. The method uses HPLC and LC/MS/MS to separate and detect 7 tetracyclines (tetracycline, oxytetracycline, doxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, and their epimers) in shrimp samples. Validation showed good linearity, recovery, specificity, and other parameters within EU limits. The method provides a simple way to reliably detect tetracycline residues in marine products at the MRL level set by the EU.
Similar to American Journal of Nanotechnology & Nanomedicine (20)
A 5-year old boy, with an established diagnosis of a topic
dermatitis, previously treated by topical corticosteroids and emollient cream with a good improvement, developed widespread papules on his legs, hands and forearm that appeared 5 months ago.
Methods: Retrospectively, the file records of the patients who underwent sleeve gastrectomy were examined. Demographic features, Body Mass Index (BMI), the mouth opening, Mallampati score, thyromental distance, sternomental distance, neck circumference measurements and videolaryngoscopic examination results were recorded Results: In a total of 140 consecutive patients (58 male, 82 female) were included in the study. The mean age of the study participants was 35.40 ± 9.78 and the mean BMI of the patients was 44.33 ± 7.52 kg/m2
. The mean mouth opening of the patients was 4.82 ± 0.54 cm
and the mean neck circumference was 43.52 ± 4.66 cm. The mean thyromental distance was 8.02 ± 1.00 cm and the mean sternomental distance was16.58 ± 1.53 cm. Difficult intubation was determined in 8 (5.7%) patients. In logistic regression analysis, age (p : 0.446), gender (p : 0.371), BMI (p : 0.947), snoring (p : 0.567), sleep apnea (p : 0.218), mouth opening (p : 0.687), thyromental distance (p :0.557), sternomental (p : 0.596) and neck circumference (p : 0.838) were not the independent predictors of difficult intubation. However, Mallampati score (p : 0.001) and preoperative direct laryngoscopy findings (p : 0.037) performed in outpatient clinic were the significant
predictors of difficult intubation. Interestingly, all patients with grade 4 laryngoscopy findings had difficult intubation.
Introduction: Laparoscopic surgery has been performed in Mexico since 1989, but no reports about training tendencies exist. We conducted a national survey in 2015, and here we report the results concerning training characteristics during the surgical residence of the respondents. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted through a survey questioning demographic data, laparoscopic training during pre and post surgical residency and other of areas of laparoscopic practice. The sample was calculated and survey piloted before
application. Special interest in this report was placed on type and quality of training received. Data are reported in percentages.
Heterotopic Ossification (HO) is defined as pathological bone formation at locations where bone normally does not exist. The
presence of HO has been found to be a rare complication after stroke in several studies, whereas there are only sporadic references relating HO to Cerebral Palsy (CP) and few for CP and stroke. No effective treatment for HO has yet been found, whereas the cellular and molecular mechanisms have not been completely understood. Therefore, increased awareness among physicians is required, as a challenge for early diagnosis and treatment. A case of a male patient with CP, who developed HO on the paretichip joint following an ischemic stroke is presented.
Objectives: To assess the practice of food hygiene and safety, and its associated factors among street food vendors in urban areas of Shashemane, West Arsi Zone, Oromia Ethiopia, 2019.
Methods: Cross-sectional study design was applied from December 28, 2019 to January 27, 2020. Data was collected from 120 food handlers, which were selected by purposive sampling techniques. Information was gathered from interview and field observation by conducting food safety survey and using questionnaires via face to face interview. The collected data was entered using Epi Data 3.1 and finally, it was analyzed using SPSS VERSION 20.
A Division I football player experienced acute posterior leg pain while playing. An ultrasound examination revealed an unusual injury - a complete rupture of the plantaris tendon mid-substance. This type of isolated plantaris tendon injury has rarely been reported. Ultrasound was useful for diagnosis and guided rehabilitation by monitoring healing over time. The athlete was able to return to full competition within 3 weeks through a progressive rehabilitation program focused on restoring range of motion and strength. This case suggests isolated plantaris tendon injuries may allow for faster return to play than other potential causes of posterior leg pain.
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D), is a severe disease, representing 5-10% of all reported cases of diabetes worldwide. Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (FT1D) is a subtype of type 1 diabetes mellitus that is largely characterized by the abrupt onset of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) and severe hyperglycemia without insulin defi ciency. Viral infections have been hypothesized to play a major role in the pathogenesis of Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (FT1D) through the complete and rapid destruction of pancreatic beta cells. Coxsackie viral infection has been detected in islets of 50% of the pancreatic tissue recovered from recent-onset Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) patients. In this report we have highlighted a case where the patient developed a Group B Coxsackie virus infection culminating in the development of Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (FT1D).
Methods: Cercariae are released by infected water snails. To determine the occurrence of cercariae-emitting snails in SchleswigHolstein, 155 public bathing places were visited and searched for fresh water snails. Family and genus of the collected snails were determined and the snails were examined for the shedding of cercariae, using a standard method and a newly developed method.
Objective: To generate preliminary information about of enteroviruses and Enterovirus 71 (EV71) in patients with aseptic meningitis in Khartoum State, Sudan.
Method: Cerebrospinal fluid specimens were collected from 89 aseptic meningitis patients from different Khartoum Hospitals
(Mohammed Alamin Hamid Hospital, Soba Teaching Hospital, Omdurman Military Hospital, Alban Gadeed Teaching Hospital and Police Hospital) within February to May 2015. Among these 89 patients, 43 (48%) were males and 46 (52%) were females. The patient’s age ranged between 1 day and 30 years old. The collected specimens were assayed to detect enteroviruses and EV71 RNA using Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) technique
Femoral hernias, comprise 2% to 4% of all hernias in the inguinal region, and occur most commonly in women. Th ey present typically with a mass below the level of the inguinal ligament. The sac may contain preperitoneal fat, omentum, small bowel, or other structures and have a high rate of incarceration and strangulation due to the small size of the hernia neck orifice, requiring emergency surgery. We present the case of a 54-year-old female patient with intestinal occlusion due to incarcerated femoral hernia, repaired by laparoscopic approach, that gave the patient the opportunity to attend her daughter’s wedding the same day.
Small Supernumerary Marker Chromosome (sSMC) is a rare genetic condition marked by the presence of an extra chromosome to the 46 human chromosomes. This case report describes a 4 year old child with SSMC on the 46th chromosome. The child presented with delayed speech and language development, seizures and mild developmental delay. Speech and Language evaluation was carried out and management options are discussed.
A catheter is a thin tube made from medical grade materials that serve a broad range of functions, but mainly catheters are medical devices that can be inserted in the body to treat disease or perform surgical procedures. Catheters have been inserted into body cavities, ducts, or vessels to allow for drainage, administration of therapeutic fluids or gases, operational access for surgery. Catheters help perform tasks in various systems such as cardiovascular, urological, gastrointestinal, neurovascular, and ophthalmic systems. A dataset of 12 patients with varying “weights” and “heights” was recorded along with the lengths of their catheter tubes. This data set was found from two revered statistical textbooks on linear regression and the Department of Scientific Computing at Florida State University. This data set was not able to be linked to any particular clinical or experimental research studies, but the data set can be used to help catheter manufacturers and medical professionals better decide on what particular catheter lengths to use for patients knowing only their height & weight. These research insights could be helpful to healthcare professionals that have patients with incomplete or no healthcare records
to decide what catheter length to use. The main investigative inquiry that needed to be answered was how does patient weight & height influence catheter length together and separately? We conducted linear regression and other statistical analysis procedures in R program & Microsoft Excel and discovered that this data exhibited a quality called multi collinearity. With multi collinearity, all predictors (2 or more
independent variables) are not significant in an all encompassing linear aggression, but the predictors might be significant in their own individual linear regressions. Individual linear regression analyses were conducted for both patient height & weight to see how much they both contribute to varying catheter length. Patient weight was found to be more impatful than patient height in relationship to catheter length, even though height and weight are a classical example of multi collinearity predictors.
Bovine mastitis has a negative impact through economic losses in the dairy sector across the globe. A cross sectional study was carried out from September 2015 to July 2016 to determine the prevalence of bovine mastitis, associated risk factors and isolation of major causative bacteria in lactating dairy cows in selected districts of central highland of Ethiopia. A total of 304 lactating cows selected randomly from five districts were screened by California Mastitis Test (CMT) for subclinical mastitis. Based on CMT result and clinical examination, over all prevalence of mastitis at cow level was 70.62% (214/304).
Two hundred fourteen milk samples collected from CMT positive cows were cultured for isolation of major causative bacteria. From 214 milk samples,187 were culture positive and the most prevalent isolates were Staphylococcus aureus 42.25% (79/187) followed by Streptococcus agalactiae 14.43%
(27/187). Other bacterial isolates were included Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus species 12.83% (24/187), Streptococcus dysgalactiae 5.88% (11/187), Escherichia coli 13.38% (25/187) and Entrococcus feacalis 11.23% (21/187) were also isolated. Moreover, age, parity number, visible teat abnormalities,husbandry practice, barn fl oor status and milking hygiene were considered as risk factors for the occurrence of bovine mastitis and they were found significantly associated with the occurrence of mastitis (p < 0.05). The findings of this study warrants the need for strategic approach including dairy extension that focus on enhancing dairy farmers’ awareness and practice of hygienic milking, regular screening for subclinical mastitis, dry cow therapy and culling of chronically infected cows.
A 36-year-old female developed right upper quadrant pain and nausea after taking the herbal supplement kratom for two weeks to manage back pain. Laboratory tests showed elevated liver enzymes. A liver biopsy ruled out other causes and determined she had drug-induced liver injury from kratom use. Her symptoms and liver enzymes gradually returned to normal over six weeks after stopping kratom. The case report discusses kratom's potential for hepatotoxicity and advises clinicians to consider its effects on patient health.
The assessment, diagnosis and treatment of critically ill patients is extremely challenging. Patients often deteriorate whilst being
reviewed and their rapidly changing pathophysiology barrages healthcare professionals with new data. Furthermore, comprehensive assessments must be postponed until the patient has been stabilised. So, important data and interventions are often missed in the heat of the moment. In emergency situations, suboptimal management decisions may cause signifi cant morbidity and mortality. Fortunately, standardisation and careful design of documentation (i.e. proformas and checklists) can enhance patient safety. So, I have developed a series of checklist proformas to guide the assessment of critically ill patients. These proformas also promote the systematic recording and presentation of information to facilitate the retrieval of the precise data required for the management for critically ill patients. The proformas have been modifi ed extensively over the last twenty years based on my personal experience and extensive consultation with colleagues in several world-renowned centres of excellence. The proformas were originally developed for use in the intensive therapy unit
or high dependency unit. However, they have been adapted for use by outreach teams reviewing patients admitted outside of critical care areas. The use of these tools can direct eff orts to provide appropriate organ support and provides a framework for diagnostic reasoning.
This review article discusses microvascular and macrovascular disease in systemic hypertension. It summarizes that:
1) Cardiac imaging plays a crucial role in risk stratifying hypertensive patients and identifying management strategies by properly diagnosing microvascular and coronary artery disease.
2) The nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) G298 gene allele may be a marker for microvascular angina in hypertensive patients, as studies have found it to be more prevalent in hypertensive patients with chest pain and reversible myocardial defects but normal coronary arteries.
3) Both structural changes like capillary rarefaction and functional changes like endothelial dysfunction can cause microvascular dysfunction and angina in hypertensive individuals in the absence of
This study characterized dengue infections in Pakistan by analyzing hematological and serological markers in 154 suspected dengue cases and 146 control patients with other febrile illnesses. NS1 antigen was detected in 55% of dengue cases, IgM antibodies in 30%, and both in 15%. Control groups primarily had malaria (71%) and enteric fever (20%). Hematological markers (platelet count, hematocrit, WBC) measured before and after treatment showed significant differences for platelet count and hematocrit but not WBC count between the groups. Analysis of clinical symptoms and serological/hematological markers helps diagnose dengue, assess prognosis, and inform prevention efforts to reduce morbidity, mortality and spread of the disease.
Researchers from Utrecht recently published yet another paper on the use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)demonstrating an additional failed attempt to understand the importance of qualitative versus quantitative imaging, and anatomic versus physiologic imaging. Th e implications of this failure here cannot be overstated.
Introduction: Stroke is an even more dramatic major public health problem in young people. Goal of the study: Contribute to the knowledge of strokes in young people. Methodology: This was a retrospective study carried out over a period of 02 years (January 2017 to December 2018) including the files of patients aged 18 to 49 years hospitalized for any suspected case of stroke in the Neurology department of the University Hospital
Center of the Sino-Central African Friendship (CHUSCA) of Bangui.
Background: This report describes a unique case of a patient that developed psychotic symptoms believed to be secondary
to a tentorial meningioma with associated hydrocephalus. These psychotic symptoms subsequently abated with placement of a
ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Case description: 60-year-old female was admitted to an inpatient psychiatric facility on a psychiatric involuntary commitment petition due to progressive paranoia, homicidal ideation and psychosis. The work up showed a calcified six cm tentorial meningioma with associated hydrocephalus. The patient initially rejected treatment but later became amenable to placement of Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt
(VPS).
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Kosmoderma Academy, a leading institution in the field of dermatology and aesthetics, offers comprehensive courses in cosmetology and trichology. Our specialized courses on PRP (Hair), DR+Growth Factor, GFC, and Qr678 are designed to equip practitioners with advanced skills and knowledge to excel in hair restoration and growth treatments.
Mercurius is named after the roman god mercurius, the god of trade and science. The planet mercurius is named after the same god. Mercurius is sometimes called hydrargyrum, means ‘watery silver’. Its shine and colour are very similar to silver, but mercury is a fluid at room temperatures. The name quick silver is a translation of hydrargyrum, where the word quick describes its tendency to scatter away in all directions.
The droplets have a tendency to conglomerate to one big mass, but on being shaken they fall apart into countless little droplets again. It is used to ignite explosives, like mercury fulminate, the explosive character is one of its general themes.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
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4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
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7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
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3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
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ABSTRACT
The present article deals with design of antibacterial and antifungal pH-responsive hydrogels based on Quaternary Ammonium
Functionalized-Tragacanth Gum (QTG) biopolymer as drug delivery systems. The antimicrobial effects of the graft-copolymer hydrogels
QTG/ polyacrylic acid (QTG-AA) and QTG/polyacrylamide (QTG-AM) were investigated against five standard microorganisms including
Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The results of the in-vitro
release of quercetin as a drug from the functionalized copolymer hydrogels exhibited dependence on the pH, immersion time, medium,
and temperature. All copolymer hydrogels demonstrated antibacterial and antifungal properties and moreover, QTG-AM copolymers
presented higher antimicrobial activity than QTG-AA copolymers.
Keywords: Release profile; Antibacterial; Drug release; Antimicrobial; Antifungal
from Sigma-Aldrich. Except for AA, which was distilled before use,
all the chemicals were of analytical grade and used without further
purification.
Synthesis of Quaternary Ammonium TG (QTG)
Quaternary ammonium functionalized TG has been described
elsewhere [1,2]. Briefly, in a two-necked flask equipped nitrogen gas
inlet tube, TG (0.5 g) was dissolved in water (200 mL) and stirred for
24 h to achieve a homogenous mixture. Then, the pH was adjusted at
8 by addition NaOH. Then, 0.25 g GTMAC was added to mixture and
temperature was raised to 65°
C for 18 h. After neutralizing with nitric
acid, the reaction mixture was poured into methanol to precipitate.
Finally, the QTG product was filtered washed with acetone and then
with ethanol and dried in vacuum oven at 40°
C.
Synthesis of QTG-AA and QTG-AM hydrogels
In a 250 mL two-necked flask equipped a nitrogen gas inlet tube,
a certain weight of QTG, was dispersed in bi-distilled water with
stirring to achieve a homogenous mixture. The initiator solution (10
% w/w ceric ammonium nitrate in HNO3
) was added to the mixture
and stirring was continued at 50˚C for about 1 h. Then, a certain
amount of AA or AM monomer and MBA cross-linking agent (10 %
based on the weight of AA or AM) were dissolved in water and added
to the reaction mixture and stirred for 6 h. A continuous supply of
nitrogen was maintained throughout the reaction period. Finally,
a few droplets of a 10% aqueous NaOH solution were added to
neutralize the mixture. The obtained hydrogel was dried in a vacuum
oven at 40˚C till constant weight was reached. The reaction steps for
graft copolymer hydrogel preparation of QTG/PolyAA are shown in
figure 1.
Characterization
FT-IR spectra were recorded in KBr pellets using a Bruker Tensor
27spectrometer(Bruker,Germany).FT-IRspectraofallmaterialswere
collected in the 4000 cm-1
to 400 cm-1
region. 1
H-NMR spectra were
recorded on a 400 MHz (Bruker Avance DRX, Karlsruhe, Germany)
instrument in Deuterium Oxide (D2
O) by using tetramethylsilane as
the internal standard. The integral values of 1
H NMR spectroscopy
were used to evaluate the Degree of Quaternization (DQ) of TG with
Quaternary ammonium compound (QTG). DQ% was determined
by the ratio of the integral area of methyl protons of quaternary
ammonium compound (N,N,N-trimethyl) at δ 3.13 ppm (INMe3
) to
the integral area of the signal attributed to the methyl protons of the
α-L-fucose unit at δ 1.10 ppm (IMe
), as shown in, Eq. (1):
NMe Me 3
3
DQ % 100 [I / I ]
9
(1)
Thermal stability of QTG-AM and QTG-AN was examined
using a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA Q50 V6.3 Build) under
INTRODUCTION
Drug carrier systems with controlled delivery can deliver drugs
at predetermined rates prolonged release for predefined periods of
time. Such systems have been invented to overcome the limitations of
conventional drug formulations [1,2]. Hydrogels, especially natural
based, have been utilized widely in the development of the smart
delivery systems. Since gels exhibit many polymer characteristics
without being dissolved in any solvent [3].
Tragacanth Gum (TG), as a natural biopolymer, has been used
for producing of hydrogels and drug release vehicles [4,5]. TG is an
exudate from a plant that founds in the western and northern of Iran.
TG is a polysaccharide with molecular weight up to 850 kDa, thanks
to its emulsifying ability, good thermal stability as well as high long
shelf life; TG has been used as a natural thickener and emulsifier in
cosmetics, food, drug, textile and adhesive industries. Moreover, this
polysaccharide is durable over wide pH range and highly hydrophilic
to absorb water. It is biocompatible and safe even for oral intake,
medicinally imported carbohydrate, and possesses no cytotoxicity
[6-8].
Antimicrobial hydrogels have been produced to combat
infections. These materials can remain under physiological conditions
while preserving microbicidal activity. These attributes make them as
ideal materials for medical devices, implant/catheter coatings, skin
infections and wound healing applications [9-13].
Quaternary ammonium compounds, which possess permanent
positive charge, have been presented in declining bacterial growth
in an extensive range of applications. The mechanism of bactericidal
activity of these materials is via contact killing which consists of a long
and lipophilic alkyl chain enters to the membranes of the bacterial cell
which leads leakage, autolysis, and, finally, cell death of the bacteria
[14-19].
In the present study, new antibacterial and antifungal copolymer
hydrogels were prepared based on the synthesis of Quaternary
Ammonium Functionalized-TG (QTG) as a natural biopolymer. The
antimicrobial effects of the graft-copolymer hydrogels were evaluated
against E. coli, P. aeruginosa (as Gram-negative) S. aureus, B. subtilis,
(as Gram-positive) bacteria and a fungus C. albicans.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The Tragacanth Gum (TG) with high quality was bought
from a local pharmaceutical shop. Glycidyltrimethylammonium
Chloride (GTMAC), Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH), N,N’-
Methylenebisacrylamide (MBA), Ceric Ammonium Nitrate (CAN),
Acrylamide (AM), Acrylic Acid (AA), and quercetin were purchased
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air atmosphere (flow of 20 ml min-1
) with the heating rate 10˚C/min
from ambient temperature to 600˚C.
Gel fraction
Freshly prepared QTG-AA and QTG-AM hydrogels were dried
in an oven at 50˚C to a constant Weight (W0
). The dried gels were
extracted in a Soxhlet apparatus with hot distilled water for 24 h
to remove the sol fraction. Then, the gels were dried to a constant
Weight (Wg
). The gel fraction percent was calculated using the
flowing equation:
0Gel fraction% ( / ) 100gW W (2)
In vitro drug load
The quercetin solutions (1% w/v in PBS) were prepared at pH
7. A certain amount of dried samples of QTG-AA and QTG-AM
was immersed in separate beakers each containing 25 mL quercetin
solution and incubated at 37˚C for 2 days. The samples were then
taken out of the solutions and the remaining solution was diluted
to 50 mL. Then, the amount of quercetin left in the solution was
measured by UV-vis spectrophotometer (PG+90 Instrument, United
Kingdom) at λmax
= 256 nm. The calibration curve standard at 256 nm
was obtained by using diluted solutions of quercetin solution (1%,
w/v). Entrapment Efficiency (EE) of quercetin in the hydrogels was
calculated by using equation (3) [20]:
( ) 100
i f
i
W W
EE
W
(3)
Where, Wi
and Wf
are the total amounts of quercetin in solution
before and after loading, respectively.
In vitro drug release
To study the release behavior of quercetin from the samples, the
quercetin-loaded hydrogels were placed in individual beakers each
containing 100 mL distilled water, 0.9% NaCl solution, and PBS at
pHs 2.2, 7.4 and 9.2. The beakers were incubated at 37±0.1˚C under
constant shaking at 100 rpm. From each beaker at predetermined
time intervals, 4 mL of the release medium was taken out and
replaced with 4 mL of fresh PBS to keep constant overall volume.
The concentration of quercetin in the medium was determined by
means of UV-vis spectrophotometer at 256 nm. All of the release
experiments were performed in triplicate, and the averaged results
were obtained.
Empirical analysis of in vitro release data
Data obtained from the release studies were fitted to various
kinetic equations to find out the kinetics and mechanism of drug
release from the samples. The drug released data were fitted to zero-
order, first-order, Higuchi, Hixson–Crowell and Korsemeyer–Peppas
models. Zero-order equation:
0 0Q Q k t (4)
Where, Q is the amount of drug release at the time (t), k0
is the
apparent dissolution rate constant or zero-order release constant and
Q0
is the initial concentration of the drug in the solution resulting
from a burst effect.
First-order equation:
0 1ln lnQ Q k t (5)
Where, k1
is the first-order release constant, and in this case, the
drug released at each time is proportional to the residual drug inside
the dosage form.
Higuchi equation:
0.5
HQ k t (6)
Where, Q is the amount of drug release at time (t) and kH
is the
Higuchi release constant. This is the most widely model to describe
the drug release from pharmaceutical matrices.
Hixson–Crowell equation:
1/3 1/3
0 stQ Q k t (7)
Where, Q0
is the initial amount of drug in the matrix tablet, Qt
is
the amount of drug remaining in the pharmaceutical dosage form at
time (t), and ks
is a constant incorporating the surface/volume ratio
[4,21].
Korsmeyer–Peppas equation:
1/3 1/3
0 stQ Q k t (8)
Where, Qt
and Q∞
are the amounts of drug released at time (t)
and at equilibrium, respectively. kk
is the release rate constant which
considers the structural and geometric characteristics of the tablet,
and n is the diffusional exponent or release exponent, indicative of
the drug release mechanism. The value of n = 0.5 indicates Fickian
Diffusion (Higuchi Matrix), 0.5 < n < 1.0 indicates anomalous (non-
Fickian) diffusion, n = 1.0 indicates case II transport (zero-order
release) and n > 1.0 indicates super case II transport [22,23].
Antimicrobial assay
The in-vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities of the samples
were assayed using direct contact test with agar diffusion. For the
preparation of tablets, about 100 mg of ground samples transferred
Figure 1: Illustration of synthetic procedure for preparation of QTG-AM
hydrogel.
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to cylinder mold with a mobile shaft. Then under the force of 8
tons (Specac, USA) for 10 min, the tablets approximately with a
thickness of 1 mm and 10 mm in diameter were fabricated. Then, the
test compounds as tablets were placed on the surface of inoculated
agar plates [15,24]. The antimicrobial activity of the samples was
investigated against one fungal and four bacterial species. Test
microorganisms consisted of C. albicans PTCC 5027, E. coli PTCC
1330, B. subtilis PTCC 1023, P. aeruginosa PTCC 1074, and S. aureus
ATCC 35923. All tested gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria
were preserved as well as used for direct contact agar diffusion test in
Muller-Hinton broth (Merck) except C. albicans that were cultured
in SABOURAUD Dextrose broth (Merck). Before using the cultures,
they were standardized with a final cell density of approximately 108
CFU mL-1
. The agar plates were inoculated from the standardized
cultures of the test organisms by means of a sterile cotton swab and,
then, it was spreaded out as uniformly as possible throughout the
entire media. The tablet was placed on the upper layer of the seeded
agar plate. The SABOURAUD Dextrose agar plate and Muller-Hinton
agar plate incubated at 37°
C for 24-48 hours. The antimicrobial
activities of the hydrogels were compared with known antibiotic
nystatin (100 Unit/disc), and gentamicin (10 μg/disc). Positive
control plates were streaked with test microorganisms, but no tablet
was used. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by measuring the
inhibition zone diameter (mm) on the surface of plates. Finally, the
results were reported as mean ± SD after three repeats.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Synthesis and characterization
Figure 2A shows FT-IR spectra of pristine TG, QTG and the graft
copolymer hydrogels. The pristine TG showed absorption bands at
1745 and 1645 cm-1
attributed to stretching vibrations of C = O groups
of ester and carboxylic acid, respectively, at 1100-1200 cm-1
related
to vibration of C–O bond, and at 3445 and 2925 cm-1
due to O-H
and C-H stretching, respectively [25]. Due to the broad fingerprint of
absorption bands of TG in the range of 1800 to 600 cm-1
, some of the
functional groups may have overlapped with each other. Therefore,
it is hard to identify new functional groups’ vibrations for QTG.
However, QTG showed new absorption bands in the region of 1000
to 600 cm−1
(at 921, 717, and 686 cm-1
) which are due to stretching
vibrations of the NR4
+
complexes [15]. The absorption bands of C =
O, N-H, and C-N overlapped with other absorption bands. The 1
H
NMR technique was used to characterize QTG and to determine the
degree of substitution (DQ%). In 1H NMR spectrum of QTG, Figure
2B, the characteristic signal at δ 1.10 ppm corresponds to the methyl
protons of α-L-fucose units, and the signal at 3.25 ppm is assigned
to the vibrations of three pairs of protons of [N+
(CH3
)3
] [26,27]. The
solvent peak (D2
O) is assigned at δ 4.80 ppm. DQ% was determined
by 1
H NMR and was about 41%.
Figure 3 shows TGA curves of modified TG and the
corresponding hydrogels from 30 to 600°
C. For QTG, in the initial
stage, there is dehydration and loss of volatile molecules which leads
to the decomposition of modified TG, while in the lateral stage there
is decomposition due to polymerization reaction [28]. In the TGA
curves, the initial decomposition temperature and the char yield
remained at 600°
C revealed that QTG-AM and QTG-AA hydrogels
were thermally more stable than modified tragacanth gum.
Gel fraction and in vitro quercetin load
The gel content was obtained after 24 h hot extraction with
distilled water. The gel fraction of QTG-AA and QTG-AM was in the
range of 60-62 wt%.
The Entrapped Efficiency (EE%) of quercetin in the hydrogels
was determined by UV-vis spectrophotometer and the results for the
QTG-AA and QTG-AM were very close to 65% and 61%, respectively.
This similarity in the EE values is probably due to their polarity and
interaction with quercetin. Quercetin release was investigated from
drug loaded QTG-AA and QTG-AM hydrogels in PBS at three
different pH values (2.2, 7.4, and 9.2).
In vitro quercetin release
The release measurements were carried out during 24 h and the
obtained results are shown in figure 4. As can be seen, more release has
been observed in pH 9.2 buffer for QTG-AA hydrogel as compared
to the release in pHs 2.2 and 7.4. This can be due to higher swelling
of QTG-AA copolymer hydrogel at pH 9.2, as shown in figure 4A.
However, for QTG-AM copolymer (Figure 4B) drug release in pH
2.2 buffer is more than the release in other buffers. This can be due to
protonation of amine group in AM units, which causes repulsion force
Figure 2: A. FT-IR spectra of native TG, QTG, QTG-AA and QTG-AM
hydrogels. B. 1H NMR spectrum for QTG.
Figure 3: TGA curves of QTG, QTG-AA and QTG-AM hydrogels.
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in the network. The drug diffusion from the drug-loaded polymers is
directly related to the polymer swelling [29]. The network structure
and pH sensitivity make these QTG based hydrogels candidate to be
used as carriers for controlled drug release.
Release kinetic study
The release data of quercetin from the drug-loaded hydrogels were
plotted according to the equations of relevant models and they are
presented in Figure 5. The release of drug from the loaded hydrogels
depends on the swelling of the polymer matrix and solubility of the
drug. Drug release from hydrophilic matrices has been shown to
be a complex interaction between swelling, diffusion and erosion
mechanisms [30]. In the present study, the higher swelling has been
observed at pH 9.2 as compared to the swelling at pHs 2.2 and 7.4.
Mathematical modeling of drug release can be very useful to speed
up product development and to comprehend better the mechanisms
controlling drug release from advanced delivery systems. According
to the values of diffusion exponent ‘n’, 0.5 < n < 1.0, in table 1, swelling
of the hydrogels occurred through non-Fickian diffusion mechanism.
In this mechanism, the rate of diffusion of water molecules into
the hydrogels matrix and rate of polymer chains relaxation are
comparable. On the other hand, the non-Fickian release mechanism
implies that the release is controlled by diffusion or a combination
of diffusion and macromolecular chain relaxation mechanisms. The
results showed that the Higuchi and Korsmeyer–Peppas equation
gave the best fit with the highest correlation coefficient (r2
) for all the
hydrogels.
Antimicrobial activity testing
Nowadays nanotechnology has expanded its applications in
biomedical field including fighting and preventing of diseases using
atomic scale functional materials. Figure 6 shows the results of
antimicrobial activity of samples. The finding towards inhibition of
microorganisms was correlated with the standard antibiotics such as
chloramphenicol and nystatin. The TG samples showed no inhibition
zone while all other samples containing quaternary ammonium
showed inhibition zones. Researchers have shown that acrylic acid43
and acrylamide44
hydrogels do not have the antibacterial activity
against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. All samples in this
study, except TG, showed good activity against gram-negative and
positive bacteria. In addition, antifungal activity revealed that the
samples containing quaternary ammonium showed a good growth
inhibitory effect against C. albicans. The antifungal activity of the
tested samples was more effective than nystatin. Among the tested
hydrogels, QTG-AM hydrogels exhibited the higher antibacterial
activity than QQTG-AA hydrogels. This may be due to the
presence of the cationic amine (NH3
+
) in QTG-AM hydrogels [31].
Therefore, the improved antibacterial efficacy of QTG-AM hydrogel
in comparison to the antibacterial activity of QTG-AA might be
due to presence cationic amine. The antibacterial mechanism of
quaternary ammonium salt (cationic amine) is widely thought to be
Figure 4: Effect of time on in-vitro drug release profiles of QTG-AA
A. QTG-AM. B. Hydrogels in PBS at different pHs.
Table 1: r2
parameter of drug release obtained by fitting release data by different
release kinetics models at different pHs.
samples pH Zero order First order Higuchi Korsmeyer Hixson-Crowell
QTG-AA 2.2 0.95 0.63 0.99 n 0.99 0.86
7.4 0.95 0.7 0.97 0.85 0.97 0.83
9.2 0.87 0.6 0.95 0.71 0.96 0.77
QTG-AM 2.2 0.96 0.7 0.99 0.92 0.97 0.78
7.4 0.9 0.73 0.98 0.77 0.98 0.81
9.2 0.92 0.81 0.98 0.72 0.99 0.77
Figure 5: Kinetic study of the released quercetin.
Figure 6: The antimicrobial activity of samples against E. coli, P. aeruginosa
(Gram-negative), S. aureus, B. subtilis, (Gram-positive) bacteria and a fungus
C. albicans. The samples were compared with known antibiotics: nystatin,
and chloramphenicol. *P <0.05 as compared to TG. Each error bar represents
1 standard deviation and serves as the estimate of standard uncertainty
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“contact killing”: a long, lipophilic alkyl chain penetrates bacterial cell
membranes to produce leakage, autolysis, and cell death of bacteria
[32].
CONCLUSIONS
Two types of antimicrobial graft copolymer hydrogels (QTG-AA
and QTG-AM) based on natural biopolymer TG were synthesized
and characterized. The synthesized antimicrobial graft copolymer
hydrogels released the loaded drug in a controlled manner with salt-
and pH-responsiveness properties. In addition, both QTG-AA and
QTG-AM hydrogels revealed desirable antibacterial and antifungal
properties against the tested microorganisms.
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