1) The document discusses the history of affirmative action in the United States and ongoing challenges to related social justice policies. 2) It notes that affirmative action aims to acknowledge inequality and take race into account to overcome racism, according to Justice Harry Blackmun, while opponents argue for colorblind policies according to Justice Roberts. 3) The document examines groups opposing affirmative action and funding behind related legal challenges, framing affirmative action debates around competing conceptions of equality and the need for an alternative lens on social inclusion.

1. Prof. Kimberle Williams Crenshaw Columbia/UCLA Law Schools Prof. Luke Charles Harris Vassar College

2. Reframing Affirmative Action: New Strategies for Advancing Social Inclusion National Convening of the Fulfilling the Dream Fund October 18-19 th Oakland California

3. Fulfilling the Dream? “ It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note insofar as her citizens of color are concerned. Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check, a check that has come back marked "insufficient funds." (Martin L. King in “I Have a Dream 1963”) “ Under our Constitution there can be no such thing as either a creditor or a debtor race. That concept is alien to the Constitution's focus upon the individual.” (Justice Scalia in Adaran Construction v. Pena)

4. “ The way to stop discrimination on the basis of race is to stop discriminating on the basis of race.” (Justice Roberts in Parents Involved In Community Schools v. Seattle School District N.1) "In order to get beyond racism, we must first take race into account." ( Justice Harry Blackmun in University of California Regents v. Bakke)

5. The Assault on Affirmative Action Not one policy but an entire field of social justice policies Eliminate very acknowledgment of inequality Prop. 54 Seattle School Cases Place social justice interventions in the hands of majorities, out of reach of normal politics

6. Whose Agenda is Inside? American Civil Rights Institute Rupert Murdoch Joseph Coors William Hume Bradley Foundation (Charles Murray American Enterprise Institute Center for Individual Rights Heritage Foundation Richard Mellon-SCAIFE Jacqueline Hume Foundation (20 Million)

7. Challenging Colorblindness Luke Charles Harris “ Waiting on the World to Change”

8. Affirmative Action: Competing Conceptions of Running the Race

9. The Need for an Alternative Lens on Social Inclusion If facts don’t fit the frame, people reject the facts.

10. Equal Opportunity Myth

11. Reverse Discrimination Myth

12. The “(Un)equal Opportunity Race”