1. Paloma, MC
Pamintuan, Bipee
Peralta, Alhex
Peralta, Raye

2.  Paloma, MC
 Pamintuan, Bipee
 Peralta, Alhex
 Peralta, Raye

3. Paloma, MC
Pamintuan, Bipee
Peralta, Alhex
Peralta, Raye

4. 1898 - 1941

5. General Jaudenes was more than willing to
surrender Manila, except for two particular
reasons.
Disgraceful act of not fighting
Fearful of the consequences if the
city fell to Aguinaldo
MOCK BATTLE OF MANILA
BAY AUGUST 13, 1898
AMERICAN CONQUEST

6. MOCK BATTLE OF MANILA
BAY AUGUST 13, 1898
It was already pre-planned from the time the first gun
would be fired as well as to what time the guns would
stop firing.
To prevent Manila from falling to the hands of Emilio
Aguinaldo.
The Fall of Manila to the American forces on August 13,
1898 marked the start of American colonization of the
Philippines. (Source: Philippine News Agency)
AMERICAN CONQUEST

7. August – December 1898

8. Peace agreement over America-Spanish war.
Cuba, Guam and Puerto Rico was settled.
Problem: What to do with the Philippines?
Disaster
Germany might invade
Annex – for it to be educated and Christianized
“Ready” it for self-government
 Deal: 20 million US dollars for the Philippines
TREATY OF PARIS
AMERICAN CONQUEST

9. February 4, 1899

10. WHAT HAPPENED TO US?
La Republica reported that, “Many fear
that American nation wants to conquer
us.” (December 21, 1898)
The Americans are “our friends”
Aguinaldo was convinced that Dewey
would give us independence.
AMERICAN CONQUEST

11. Considered as an act of treachery as La
Independencia protested in early January 1899 ;
“Our troops are owners of the land. We are not
merchandise that can be treated this way.”
The American wrote on March 1899, “The only
way to treat these savages is to show them who is
superior.”
TREATY OF PARIS
AMERICAN CONQUEST

13. "The term censorship … connotes any examination
of thought or expression in order to prevent
publication of 'objectionable' material.“
- U.S. Supreme Court, Farmers Educational & Coop.
Union v. WDAY, Inc., 360 U.S. 525, 527 (1959)
WHAT IS CENSORSHIP?
AMERICAN CONQUEST

14. Corporate – restrictions on products that will reach the
market
Military – keep strategies from reaching the enemies
Moral – suppression of obscene / offensive materials
Political - disinformation
Religious - objectionable material to a certain faith
TYPES OF CENSORSHIP
AMERICAN CONQUEST

15. Preventive - exercised before the expression is made
public.
Prior restraint by government
Licensing
Self-censorship
Punitive - exercised after the expression is made
public.
FORMS OF CENSORSHIP
AMERICAN CONQUEST

16. Spanish Era American Conquest
- Censorship was dependent
mainly on the Governor General.
- Censorship was based on the law
/ policy of the constitution.
- Depends on the government if it
is LIBERAL or CONSERVATIVE.
- Control of the public opinion was
more rigid
- Reglamento de Asuntos de
Imprenta (Rules of Printing
Matters)
- Sedition Act
- de policía de imprenta o Gullón - Criminal Libel
CENSORSHIP BEFORE AND
AFTER
AMERICAN CONQUEST

17. Enacted by the Philippine Commission headed by
William Howard Taft, on November 4, 1901, the
Sedition Law of 1901 declared unlawful any peaceful
or overt means such as speech, printing, publication
and circulation of any material that encourages the
Filipinos to fight against the American colonial rule in
the Philippines.
SEDITION
AMERICAN CONQUEST

18. A public and malicious imputation of a crime, or a
vice or defect, real or imaginary, or any act,
omission, condition, status, or circumstance
tending to cause the dishonor, discredit, or
contempt of a natural or juridical person, or to
blacken the memory of one who is dead. (Art. 353,
Revised Penal Code)
LIBEL
AMERICAN CONQUEST

19. The Americans promised freedom of press
Newspapers are mainly political and most of them
still uses Spanish language as their medium.
Jayson Ralston Hayden (a professor of political
science and specialist in Philippine politics and
government) believed that this political trend was
because of the generosity of the Americans
IMPRESSIONS OF THE
PRESS
AMERICAN CONQUEST

21. AMERICAN CONQUEST

22. THE “OLD SCHOOL” OF
WRITERS
Learned thinkers
Reformers
Writers
Philosophers
AMERICAN CONQUEST

23. AMERICAN CONQUEST

24. EL
MERCANTIL/
EL
MERCANTIL
VALENCIANO
Foundation: 1872
Publisher: Press Editorial Valenciana
(Spain)
Oldest Spanish daily
A Spanish publication also shipped to
the Philippines as a daily newspaper
Business paper
AMERICAN CONQUEST

25. MANILA DAILY BULLETIN/ MANILA
BULLETIN
First American-owned daily
Established on Feb. 2, 1900 by a
former American soldier, Carson
Taylor
Evangelista Street, Old Quiapo
Shurdut Building in Intramuros
Manila
Business newspaper
Gen. Hans M. Menzi
Don Emilio T. Yap

26. MANILA DAILY BULLETIN/ MANILA
BULLETIN
Old Quiapo (1945) Intramuros, Manila
AMERICAN CONQUEST

27. EL RENACIMIENTO (THE RENAISSANCE)
• started publication on September 3,
1901 up to January 17, 1910
• edited by Teodoro M. Kalaw and
Fidel Reyes
• leading voice of opositionists
• Aves de Rapiña (Birds of Prey)
(Oct.30, 1908)- editorial by Fidel A.
Reyes, city editor
• “most celebrated libel case”
FrontpageofElRenacimiento
AMERICAN CONQUEST

28. Muling Pagsilang
Lope K. Santos
MULING PAGSILANG
AMERICAN CONQUEST

29.  established by Pascual
Poblete between 1899
and 1900
 pro-labor and radical
nationalist newspaper
 Tagalog edition: “Ang
Kapatid ng Bayan
EL GRITO
AMERICAN CONQUEST

30. AMERICAN CONQUEST

31. EL COMERCIO
AMERICAN CONQUEST
EL SOLDADO
ESPAÑOL
LA OCEANIA
ESPAÑOL

32. HOW WERE THESE PAPERS INVOLVED?
Rumors of the alliance of Filipinos and Americans sparked
and infuriated the Spanish Press
El Comercio, El Soldado Espanol, La Oceania Espanol and
Diario de Manila condemned Filipinos as “traidores”
They called the Filipinos “suckers for sweet promises of an
alien people they have nothing in common with.”
AMERICAN CONQUEST

33. AMERICAN CONQUEST

34. EL RESUMEN
 organ of La Liga Filipina
 founded by Pascual H.
Poblete
“alter ego” of La Sol
 editorial at the front page
 contained news about the
Philippines
La Liga Filipina AMERICAN CONQUEST

35.  established in 1890 as a
substitute for La Opinion
 edited by the conservative
journalist Camilo Millan
 printed by Iñigo C.
Regalado
EL ECO FILIPINO
AMERICAN CONQUEST

36.  founded in Sept. 3, 1898, by
Gen. Antonio Luna &
Fernando Ma. Guerrero
 castigate both Spanish and
American
first separatist newspaper
and was subsidized by
revolutionaries
LA INDEPENDENCIA
AMERICAN CONQUEST

37. founded by Pedro Paterno on
Sept. 15, 1889
published in Mandaluyong
national unity under a
democratic Philippine
Republic
ceased publication in early
1899
LA REPUBLICA FILIPINA
AMERICAN CONQUEST

38.  published by Pablo Ocampo on June 20, 1898
 edited by Clemente Jose Zulueta
 suppressed by General Aguinaldo
 succeeded by El Heraldo de La Revolucion
Filipina
LA LIBERTAD
AMERICAN CONQUEST

39.  established by Emilio
Aguinaldo in accordance to
his decree of July 4, 1898
 published and edited by
Antonio Luna
 official publication of the
Revolutionary Government
EL HERALDO DE LA REVOLUCION (HERALD OF
THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION)
AMERICAN CONQUEST

40. published in Malolos on Sept.
29, 1898
decrees of the Revolutionary
Government, news and works
in Tagalog
 changed to Heraldo Filipino
and later to Gaceta de Filipinas
EL HERALDO DE LA REVOLUCION (HERALD OF
THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION)
AMERICAN CONQUEST

41. La Federacion – 1899 in Iloilo
Ang Kaibigan nang Bayan (fly sheets)-
1899 in Lipa Batangas; tri-weekly
publication; a weekly which first
appeared in November 1898, and closed
on Valentine’s Day 1899
OTHER PUBLICATIONS…
AMERICAN CONQUEST

42. AMERICAN CONQUEST

43. AMERICAN PRESS VS. FILIPINO PRESS
AMERICAN FILIPINO
• had to prove a civilizing,
humanitarian and “crusade-
like” war
•“The only way to treat these
savages is to show them who is
superior.” –The American,
March
• vibrant with nationalism
though weak
• had to keep the morale and
hopes high
• exaggerated victories, denied
defeats
AMERICAN CONQUEST

44. first English-language newspaper in the
Philippines
published by enlisted men of the 18th
Minnesota Volunteers in the U.S. Army
appeared on September 10, 1898
 financer: W.W. Brown
 managing editor: George Smith
 8th Army Corps
THE AMERICAN SOLDIER
AMERICAN CONQUEST

45.  established in August, 1902
 focused on our economic
growth
founded by Israel Putnam
(brought Duplex presses in the
Phils.)
“Cablenews” + “The
American” = “Cablenews-
American” (1908)
The Duplex printing press
CABLENEWS
AMERICAN CONQUEST

46.  first American paper published
in the islands
 printed on Dewey's flagship,
the Olympia
 sold for 25 cents gold per copy
 sold to the soldiers after the
capture of Manila as souvenirs
THE BOUNDING BILLOW
AMERICAN CONQUEST

47. “Tribune”
-started by C. W. Ney in 1899
-lived only two or three months
“Insular Daily Press
-lasted for a few days, or a few weeks at most
“The Sentinel”
-organ of the American Catholic Club
-appeared on October 21, 1899
OTHER PUBLICATIONS…
AMERICAN CONQUEST

48. AMERICAN CONQUEST

49.  the first American daily
established on October 11,
1898
 publisher: Thomas Cowan,
an Englishman
 sold to Thomas C. Kinney,
who incorporated the
present Times Company
MANILA TIMES
AMERICAN CONQUEST

50.  founded by Judge W.A.
Kincaid in 1906
 most influential English-
language weekly
fearless crusades against
government corruption
 nationalist paper
PHILIPPINE FREE PRESS
AMERICAN CONQUEST

51. Tribune
La Vanguardia
Taliba
TVT CHAIN
AMERICAN CONQUEST

52. founded on April 1,
1925
 included in the Roces
chain of newspapers
 published as a
morning daily
THE TRIBUNE / MANILA TRIBUNE
AMERICAN CONQUEST

53. LA VANGUARDIA
 established in 1910 by
Don Martin Ocampo
 afternoon daily in
Spanish
 probably the most
influential Filipino
newspaper in Spanish at
that time
AMERICAN CONQUEST

54.  also bought by
Alejandro Roces in
1916
 catered to the Tagalog
readers
 had a great circulation
in the Tagalog
provinces
TALIBA
AMERICAN CONQUEST

55. AMERICAN CONQUEST

56. El Debate
Philippines Herald
Monday Post
Mabuhay
DMHM CHAIN
AMERICAN CONQUEST

57.  published on Aug. 8, 1920
 first Filipino-owned English language daily newspaper
 edited by Conrado Benitez
 voice of Filipinos vs. conservative Americans
PHILIPPINES HERALD
AMERICAN CONQUEST

58. EL DEBATE
a regional newspaper circulated in Central
Luzon Region.
the only Spanish morning
daily edited by Filipinos
MABUHAY
AMERICAN CONQUEST

59.  founded by Ramon Roces
became the most widely read
weekly magazine in Tagalog
gave rise to publications of the
same type in other Philippine
dialects (Hiwaga and Graphic)
AMERICAN CONQUEST
LIWAYWAY

60. AMERICAN CONQUEST

61. a single corporate identity that
operates more than one property,
with all properties reporting to
corporate headquarters
CHAIN OWNERSHIP
AMERICAN CONQUEST

62. ROCES CHAIN OF OWNERSHIP
Gijon, Asturias, Spain
two groups of
Roceses who moved
to the Philippines:
Iloilo –brown sugar
trade
Manila- publishing
Roces hometown in
Spain
AMERICAN CONQUEST

63. FAMILY MEMBERS (1ST GEN)
AlejandroRocesyGonzales
Florentino de
Leon
Alejandro
Ramon
Roces
y Mauricio
Alejandro
Roces y
Gonzales
“Moy”
Antonia
Pardo
Ramon
Alejandro Jr.
Filomena
Isabel
Mercedes
Rafael
Antonia
Joaquin
Marcos
Filomena
Rosario
Jesus
Joaquin
Rafael
Marcos
Doña Severa
AMERICAN CONQUESTFirst Gen. of Roces Publication
Family Real Estates

64. Rafael and Marcos, saw the potential of
publishing as a business
Moy came up with the newspaper
chain TVT (Taliba-La Vanguardia-
Tribune) in the early 1900's
THE TVT CHAIN
AMERICAN CONQUEST

65. SECOND GENERATION
AMERICAN CONQUEST

66. SECOND GENERATION
AMERICAN CONQUEST

67. THIRD GENERATION
AMERICAN CONQUEST

68. FOURTH GENERATION
had all been part of Atlas
Publishing Inc.
Atty. Katrina Legarda
last descendant from the
fourth generation Roces that
was involved in print media
became publisher and editor-
in-chief of the "New Manila
Times", after the ownership of
the Gokongweis (1999)
AMERICAN CONQUEST

69. THE ELIZALDE CHAIN OF NEWSPAPERS
THE DMHM
CHAIN
In 1933, Joaquin Elizalde bought the
Herald, and organized the DMHM
chain ( El Debate-Mabuhay-Herald-
Monday Mail)
chief competitor of the TVT Chain
 “Dito Muna Hanggang Meron”
J.M. Elizalde, Sergio Osmeña, and John W.
Hausermann, taken in 1938
AMERICAN CONQUEST

70. THE LOPEZ CHAIN OF NEWSPAPERS
Benito Lopez established
“El Tiempo” in 1901
Known as the leading
periodical in Western
Visayas.
Eugenio Lopez Sr. revived
the Spanish daily as a
tribute to his father,
Benito, in 1929
 Tri-lingual chain:
 El Tiempo (Spanish)
“Iloilo Times” (English)
“Ang Panahon”
(Hiligaynon)
 The empire was gone after the World War II
 Eugenio bought shares in “The Chronicle”.
After 25 years, he became the publisher of
the newspaper.
Eugenio Lopez Sr.
AMERICAN CONQUEST

72. Cecilio Apostol
~ Greatest Filipino epic poetry
writer in Spanish
 Fernando Ma. Guerrero
~ Prince of Filipino Lyric Poets
Jesus Balmori
~ “Batikuling”
Manuel Bernabe
~ First woman poet in the
Philippines who was good in
spanish
THE SPANISH WRITERS
AMERICAN CONQUEST

73. Lope K. Santos
~ The Father of National
Language Grammar
Jose Corazon de Jesus
~ Poet of Love
 Amado V. Hernandez
~ Makata ng mga Manggagawa
Valeriano Hernandez Pena
~ Father of Tagalog Novels
Severino Reyes
~ Father of Tagalog Drama
Pedro Bukaneg
~ Father of Ilocano Literature
THE FILIPINO WRITERS
AMERICAN CONQUEST

74. Paz Marquez Benitez
~ Authored the first Filipino
modern English language short
story, Dead Stars
 Salvador P. Lopeza
~ Wrote the essay, Literature and
Society
Camilo Osias
~ Published the Filipino Way of
Life
Carlos Quirino
~ Renowned biographer of his
time
I.V. Mallari
~ Ranked as leading literary and
art critic in the Philippines
THE ENGLISH WRITERS
AMERICAN CONQUEST

75. September 3, 1901- January 17, 1910
Founders: Martin Ocampo and Rafael Palma

77. DIARIO FILIPINO (1901 -
1904)
DIARIO FILIPINO INDEPENDIENTE
(1905 - 1910)
AMERICAN CONQUEST

78. The sister publication of
El Renacimiento
MULING PAGSILANG
AMERICAN CONQUEST

79. To bring about a mutual understanding
between the government and the people
To encourage young Filipinos for newspaper
work
To defend the interests of the Filipino People
GOALS
AMERICAN CONQUEST

80. Cried for reform and liberties
The real plight of the country during the American
regime
The abuses committed by the US constabularies
Editorials regarding the immoral government officials
and their doings
WHAT IT WROTE
AMERICAN CONQUEST

81. Written by Fidel A. Reyes
Edited by Teodoro M.. Kalaw
October 30, 1908
The article which caused the
second libel suit
AVES DE RAPINA(BIRDS OF
PREY)
AMERICAN CONQUEST

82. TEODORO M.
KALAW
FIDEL A.
REYES
AMERICAN CONQUEST

83. -Member of the United States
Philippine Commission
-In 1913 he served as secretary of
the interior for the Insular
Government.
-Filed the Second libel case on the El
Renacimiento newspaper
AMERICAN CONQUEST

84. Filed against Teodoro M. Kalaw (defended by Felipe Agoncillo,
Fernando Salas and Ramon Diokno), Martin Ocampo (defended by
Roberto Moreno, Fernando Salas and Luciana de la Rosa) and Fidel
A. Reyes (defended by Felix Ferrer and Felipe Agoncillo)
Filed by Commissioner Dean Conant Worcester on January
23, 1909
Lasted from 1908-1914
AMERICAN CONQUEST

85. (JUDGE CHAS H.
SMITH)
Sentenced Ocampo to 6 months of
imprisonment and a fine of 2,000 pesos
Sentenced Kalaw to 12 moths of
imprisonment and a fine of 3,000 pesos
25,000 pesos for moral damages
AMERICAN CONQUEST

86. Filed against Martin Ocampo, Teodoro M Kalaw, Lope K.
Santos, Manuel Palma, and Arcadio Arellano. Angel Jose,
Galo Lichauco, Feliciano Barretto and Gregorio N.
Casipit
Filed by Dean Conant Worcester
Court Decision (Judge J.C. Jenkins) : 60,000 pesos fine
on the accused (35, 000 for mental sufferings and
25,000 for punitive damages) (January 15, 1910)
AMERICAN CONQUEST

87. -weekly news magazine established by Martin Ocampo
AMERICAN CONQUEST

88. SOURCES:
AMERICAN CONQUEST

89. Paloma, MC
Pamintuan, Bipee
Peralta, Alhex
Peralta, Raye