American Christianity By Nathan Hatch Summary

American Christianity By Nathan Hatch Summary
Nathan Hatch wrote this book to help understand American Christianity and the courses of action
that have brought us to the present. The books states that Hatch is a professor at the University of
Notre Dame where he teaches history and also works with graduate studies. However, a recent
inquiry finds that he is president of Wake Forest University, a position he has held since 2005. A
well renowned scholar, Hatch has been very influential in studying religion and history.
The book begins with a clear understanding of the direction the author is heading. Within the first
few sentences the thesis is clearly stated. Democratization is central to understanding the
development of American Christianity, and the early years of this republic are the ... Show more
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Because of this common, ordinary people were free to think for themselves when it came to religion.
Christianity was made into a popular theology combining pop culture, renewed supernaturalism, and
biblical literalism. This made numerous religious opportunities in America.
Because of the free thinking that was taking place during this time, Hatch claims that there was a
sort of inversion of authority. Before, the intellectuals were the main source of knowledge. Now,
commoners were a source of Biblical knowledge. Commoners disagreed with the clergy accepting a
salary. Because Jesus lived in poverty, so should they. And the methods of Scripture interpretation
threatened the orthodox views that Beecher held to.
American Methodist ministers helped organize a version of camp meetings that originated in
England. They were controversial because many involved unlicensed ministers who allowed
testimonies by anyone. Even though they were being led by the Methodists, the British Methodist
leaders disapproved of these functions due to the orthodox teaching the British held to. But these
meetings were highly popular in America and carried charismatic values that recruited new
followers who were hostile to the orthodox belief and
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The Kingdom Of Matthias By Paul E. Johnson And Sean...
Sojourner Truth is remembered as an ex–slave who changed her name from Isabella and gave her
famous Ain't I a Woman speech regarding abolition and women's rights. But before her speech,
Truth actively participated in a religious cult and faced a murder charge. Authors Paul E. Johnson
and Sean Wilentz provide a descriptive account of the religious cult in their book The Kingdom of
Matthias: A Story of Sex and Salvation in 19th–century America. Their book follows the life of
Robert Matthews and the events of his life leading up to the creation of his new religion in New
York in the 1830s. Robert Matthews started to refer to himself as the prophet Matthias and recruited
wealthy families to join his religion where they lived in isolation. American society in the 1830s
encountered rapid change with the emergence of the market revolution and the Second Great
Awakening. Impacts from the market revolution, the second great awakening, and personal factors
led Matthias to create and influenced his own religion which other Americans eventually denounced.
Robert Matthews grew up in New York to Scotland immigrants and attended the Anti–Burgher
Secession Church a sect of the Scots Presbyterian Church. The church practiced strict adherence to
Calvinist orthodoxy by living and dressing plainly and following a patriarchal model. Orphaned as a
child, Matthews resided with a church elder, John Maxwell. After his stay with Maxwell, he moved
with Edward Cook who taught him carpentry. A year or

New Religious Movements In Japan During The 19th And 20th...
During the 19th and 20th century, Japan experienced a huge explosion of new religions movements.
These movements in turn helped shape the way many Japanese perceived "religiousness."
Shinshukyo is a term used by Japanese to describe new religious movements. This title is veered
towards religious organizations founded since the 18th century. Many of these New Religions are
greatly influenced by older traditional religions such as Buddhism and Hinduism. Although many
view these new religions as cults, it is the complete opposite; they are non–violent or rebellious. The
rises of these new religions are credited by social factors such as economic depression in the 1920's,
and the period after World War II, in which Japan was occupied and struggling to recover. The
following is a short list and descriptions of new religions that rose in Japan. Soka Gakkai, whose
name literally means "value–creation society", is a new religious group with over more than 12
million members of Soka Gakkai International in 192 countries and territories. Although Soka Gakki
was founded in Japan in 1930 by educator Tsunesaburo Makiguchi before the ... Show more content
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As well as sharing the same interest in the fundamentals of the Three Teachings. A lot of the new
religions roots stem from different beliefs they've plucked from the Confucius philosophy,
Buddhism, and different elements from Taoism. I believe it's safe to say that the New Religions have
survived in Japan because of Japan's unique approach to religion. Because Japan heavily practices in
syncretism it allows its people to practice these new religions while still staying under the umbrella
of the big three, Shinto, Buddhism, and Christianity, which in turn explains their popularity. It's
almost like being in the same religion, but instead just calling it a different name or just focusing on
one particular part of the bigger religion you

Jones Town Religion
909 Found dead in Jones town,Guyana South America from Kool aid flavored cyanide, screams
headline news November, 18 1979.What seems to be a peaceful New religion movement started in
California for People in search for Hope and relief in Desperate Times from the Social inequalities,
Unjust Killing, poverty ,and despair during the late seventies to early eighties.In the beginning
people promise utopia "a perfect society" tens to hundreds of single mothers ,blacks, homosexuals
and families all alike dropped their lives to flocking onto planes for a vision of the good life. Over a
thousand people joined the "Peoples Temple". This entire Religious Movement was run by one man
said to be the by followers "Deliver of Peace ,Shepherd of his sheep,Father, ... Show more content
Time is the key difference in a new religious movement and a religion.There were thousands of
failed religious movements most come to fall from failing to popularize and convince people of the
world that their word is the best word.Currently there are four hundred two confirmed new religious
movements. This is little to the four thousand two hundred estimated religions on earth. One of the
many reasons American colonist seized from the British, was the heavy religious control of
Christianity there. When they finally claimed independence one of the first things declared was the
freedom of religion, allowing all to practice their religion within the united states without
persecution, but freedom at what cost?
Numerous amount of studies have taken place on why new religious movements are so popular. It
seems to be people have some mental disorder that leads them to believe that they have no purpose
in life and everything they do is just a sham."recent study by the National Institute of Mental Health
found that approximately 20% of the general population has at least one psychiatric

Second Great Awakening Research Paper
Introduction
The First Great Awakening was a religious revival that was associated with Jonathan Edwards an
American evangelical preacher and Methodist evangelist George Whitfield. The revivals renewed
interest in the Christian faith. During the revivals, it was believed that people experienced
conversions, salvation, regeneration or spiritual rebirth. It was a time of restructuring and re–
evaluating political social and religions ideas. The movement sparked the American Revolution with
was fueled by the growing religious alienation between the Revivalist and the established religion of
England. According to Alister E. McGrath, "The dominant theme was the desire to break free from
the oppressive and exploitative influence of England". Gusto L. Gonzalez noted that, "The Great
Awakening was the first movement to unite the thirteen colonies, which would become the United
States". Moreover, the independence of the thirteen colonies and the wealth created by the industrial
revolution inspired new religious, political and social ideas. The Great Awakening of the 18th
century was the start of the Evangelical movement that paved the way for the Second Great ... Show
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Accordingly, the camp meeting at Cane Ridge, Kentucky played a major role in transforming
religion. Because thousands were saved during the revival, camp meeting became the most popular
way to share the gospel. As a result, Methodist and Baptist congregations became the largest
denomination in the new nation. Consequently, evangelist Charles Finney started revivals that
became popular because of the new measures he implemented. Finney's revivals required that all
non–religious activity stop for several days. He also implemented the anxious bench, prayer
meetings and public prayer for individuals by

Is Religious Fundamentalism Always Totalitarian and Prone...
Religious Fundamentalism is not a modern phenomenon, although, there has received a rise in the
late twentieth century. It occurs differently in different parts of the world but arises in societies that
are deeply troubled or going through a crisis (Heywood, 2012, p. 282). The rise in Religious
Fundamentalism can be linked to the secularization thesis which implies that victory of reason over
religion follows modernization. Also, the moral protest of faiths such as Islam and Christianity can
be linked to the rise of Religious Fundamentalism, as they protest the influence of corruption and
pretence that infiltrate their beliefs from the spread of secularization (Heywood, 2012, p. 283).
Religious Fundamentalists have followed a traditional ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
453). A prime example of an Islamic Fundamentalist movement is al–Qaeda which was a new
militant Islamic group when it emerged in 1988. It followed on from the spread of strong religious
beliefs and codes that was common in Africa and the Middle– East (Garner, Ferdinand and Lawson,
2007, p. 150). Al–Qaeda was founded by Osama bin Laden in Afghanistan, its goal when
established was to spread the word of God and to make his religion to most triumphant religion of
all. A main characteristic of Islamic Fundamentalism is to create a theocracy which is a regime
based on religious principles (Garner, Ferdinand and Lawson, 2007, p. 150). Al–Qaeda is most
known for its attack on the Twin Towers and the Pentagon in the USA in 2001, whom they openly
claimed responsibility for and motivated the USA's war on terror (Goodwin, 2007, p. 432).
Another feature of Islamic Fundamentalism is their opposition to modernity, modern values to
Muslims can be deeply alarming (Ball and Dagger, 2010, p. 454). Religious Fundamentalists have a
sharp opposition is modern Western values which they feel are corrupting their people (Garner,
Ferdinand and Lawson, 2007, p. 150). However much Islamic Fundamentalists oppose Western
values they still embrace technology and scientific developments. Examples of such are Iran who
would use nuclear weapons to defend itself against Western threats (Garner, Ferdinand and Lawson,
2007, p. 150). This

Great Awakening Dbq
The Great Awakening was an intensely religious movement that spread rapidly throughout the
colonies in the mid 1700s. This explosive and fiery movement eventually led to the Separation of
Church and State in America. By undermining the prestige and honor of the older clergy members
and the mouthpiece of royalty, the Great Awakening gave authority for members of society to
challenge their authority. The Great Awakening made people question their religions beliefs, leading
to the creation of multiple different denominations, creating competition between churches and
eventual separation. In addition, the Great Awakening led to the founding of new lights centers,
which sparked revolutionary movements. The Great Awakening served as the first ... Show more
The large religious movement made people question their original faith, values, and ideals. The
movement led to more liberal thinkers as opposed to conservative. The movement gave colonists the
ability and confidence to challenge the older clergy members, sparking the religious and
governmental rebellion of the Separation of Church and State. Due to the new thoughts and ideas,
multiple different churches and denominations were created. These served as competition for the
established church, taking power away from it. As the established churches lost power, it left room
for the new thinkers to challenge their ideas. The Great Awakening led to the founding of new light
centers, which encouraged people to meet together and challenge conservative beliefs. Finally, the
Great Awakening served as the first movement of its kind and size in American history. The
movement united men across the colonies, creating a sense of togetherness and power. By
undermining conservative leaders and ideals along with by giving power and unity to liberal
colonists, the Great Awakening set the stage for the Separation of Church and State in

The Hells Angels Research Paper
side, "Cymbals" foretold the coming of the Hare Krishna to the Be–In. The Hare Krishna, the
International Society of Krishna Consciousness or ISKCON, a new religious movement based in
Hinduism, were a pleasure–seeking group who would later be considered a cult. Allen Ginsburg,
Timothy Leary, Dick Gregory, Gary Snyder, Lawrence Ferlinghetti and many others, joined the
devotees. The Hells Angels were on the scene, helping to organize traffic they tried to keep the
peace." "The Hells Angels were members of a group of unruly motorcyclists originating in
California in the 1950s. They typically wear denim or leather jackets, and their symbol is a death's
head. " "More than 20,000 people attended the Be–In, which was inspired by the Monterey Pop ...
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They decided to bring together a variety of performers and speakers for what was supposed to be a
peaceful protest reflecting the two–word mantra of many in both throughout the hippie community
and the anti–Vietnam War movement erupting on campuses: "Question authority." Somewhere
between 20,000 and 30,000 people showed up and were spread out through Golden Gate Park, a
host of luminaries in the blossoming counterculture movement took the stage. Poets Allen Ginsburg
and Gary Snyder delivered addresses to the LSD–laced crowd, but former Harvard professor
Timothy Leary gave the event, the free love movement, its slogan when he spoke about the
importance of psychoactive drugs for attaining higher

Notes On Religion : Final Exam
Victoria (Tori) Lin
Professor Walser
Intro to Religion: Final Exam
Part 1(a): Christianity
With approximately 2.1 billion followers, Christianity is one of the world's largest religions.
Christianity–the religion of martyrs–is based on the teachings of Jesus Christ, Son of God. Before
the establishment of Christianity, the idea of the Messiah as the world's savior, depicted in the Old
Testament, was widely believed and accepted among Jewish communities. Since these ideas existed,
the Christian movement popularized the idea of Jesus as the Messiah to legitimate his life. Writers
then began to propagate the idea of his death as the centerpiece of Christianity after the crucifixion
of Jesus. The crucifixion was portrayed as the sacrifice to end all sacrifices; Christians believe that
Jesus died for their sins. Consequently, a shift within the idea of the Messiah occurred from a
physical and political figure to a spiritual and universal figure. This shift provided Christianity with
a solid foundation that led to an easier acceptance of Christianity. Since the kings and emperors
believed in the godliness of the Messiah, the teachings of Jesus were slowly politicized into the
Roman Empire. Therefore, when authoritative figures adopted Christianity, the amount of Christian
followers increased, manufacturing social solidarity and prestige for its members.
After the crucifixion of Jesus, Christianity rapidly spread throughout the Roman Empire. Despite
this growth, Christian

Aum Shinrikyo Religion
Aum Shinrikyo was a New Religious Movement that was cast into the public spotlight after
members of the group took part in a religious terror attack in Tokyo in 1995; however, as violent this
act may have been, Aum Shinrikyo did not begin as a violent religion. Instead, it was shaped into
one over time as the religion slowly began on the path to introversion and eventual shunning of the
greater society as whole, generating a following that was skeptical of the dominant society, and held
the power of the guru above everything else. Aum Shinrikyo, as with any other new religion, offered
a different explanation to the outside world than the modern society. The modern society attempts to
promote science and traditional religion, even if they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The religion had its purpose shift from an inclusive religion that was attempting to save as many
souls as possible from the end times, to an exclusive religion that focused on surviving the
impending apocalyptic events that were to take place in the 21st century according to their new
apocalyptic prophecy. This shift could be attributed to any threat of nuclear, chemical or high–tech
warfare: the Gulf War being a good example, or the power vacuum that was created by the fall of the
Soviet Union in 1991. Whatever the cause was, the resulting focus shift increased the distrust
between the practicing Aum Shinrikyo members and the dominant society as a whole, contributing
to a mindset among the members of the religion that those of the dominant society were no longer
able to be saved and were, in fact, the enemy. Even if this mindset were not wholeheartedly true for
the members of the religion, a belief in the religion, specifically in relation to the Tantra Vajrayana
addition in the early 1990s, and the power that it gave to the guru, Asahara, could be interpreted as
allowing for the murder of those not saved. A member who had attained gedatsu could murder
someone with lesser spiritual power and therefore increases the karma of the one that was murdered,
making the murder a good deed (In the Wake... 406). This thought process would have then justified
the terror attack in Tokyo as a good karmic deed. Additionally, the teachings of the Four Infinite
Virtues, specifically detachment, accompanied with Tantra Vajrayana ideal, created a disconnection
from reality, that only viewed the world as a series of past karmic actions, with "no connection with
the present", thereby eliminating any personal accountability for one's actions, specifically if it was
done in the spirit of the guru, whose power was absolute, and therefore, beyond

Jonestown Cult Analysis
Over nine hundred people dead within five minutes and all done by one all–powerful cult leader.
Unfortunately, that was the case for the members of Jim Jones's cult of Jonestown. Jonestown is a
prime example of how a religious movement can turn into a cult in the matter of time, and how it
can be difficult to protect people against. This is due in part to our general acceptance of most
religious movements in accordance to the first amendment, but also due in our classification of what
a cult is. "Cults" are just destructive religious movements and are still protected by the first
amendment. But one can't help but wonder how many cults are getting away with doing terrible
things under the guise of religious choice. It's hard to admit that there's ... Show more content on
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However, the reason why we shouldn't allow a clause to protect individuals from religions is fairly
complex, but crucial to understanding why just adding new qualifiers isn't necessary. Within the 1st
amendment there is the freedom of religion, but within that comes two very important clauses – the
Establishment Clause and the Free–exercise Clause. They are written as follows: "Congress shall
make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof" ("The
Constitution of the United States," Amendment 1). The words in the amendment are indicative of
the clause. The establishment clause already puts a careful line on how much government
interference there is with religious establishments, however the free–exercise clause is critically
important when discussion religious scrutiny in this paper. The law is absolute that congress can
make no law prohibiting the free exercise of religion, however, this is often not followed. In
Employment Division vs Smith (1990), it was decided that a government entity had to prove it had
compelling interest if the generally applicable law infringed on religious beliefs, and that careful
scrutiny would be made if fundamental rights were at stake. Often, this was wishy washy and
especially hard to do when religious freedom cases can vary from things like religious beliefs
interfering with work or animal ritual sacrifice, one issue having a clearer moral quandary than the
other. It is important to consider that the element of "compelling interest" already does what a
protection against cults would do, and although it is often in flux, it has done its job without putting
any lives in

How Did The Great Awakening Influence The Role Of Religion...
Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, a series of religious revivalist movements took place in the
English colonies of North America. Born out of the declining religious devotion of many colonists,
the revival, known as the Great Awakening, created a new form of Christianity and transformed how
religion was viewed in the colonies. This monumental event had long–term effects on North
America, some of which continue to be felt even today. The most notable long term effects included
the transformation of Protestantism and religious worship, the spread of revolutionary zeal due to
the establishment of the American spirit, and the emergence of higher education in America.
The Great Awakening had many lasting effects, one of which was the transformation of religion in
America. The movement gave birth to a new branch of Christianity, known as evangelical
Christianity, as well as a new style of preaching. Traveling preachers used emotion and passion to
ignite fear and piety in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Great Awakening taught people that challenging previous authority, such as the church, was
allowed. People could speak out against the establishment and choose to have their own ideas
regarding religion and society. Thus, people were later less hesitant to speak out against British
authority. Furthermore, the Great Awakening unified people and created a distinct identity. As they
now could choose their religion and lifestyle, people bonded over their similarities and ways of
living. The church, whose authority stemmed from England, was rejected, and thus, the British
influence on people lessened. It was this that allowed people to break free from the British during
the Revolution, as they were now acting as their own entity, rather than a part of Britain. They
wanted to preserve their own freedoms and lifestyles rather than succumb to British authority, which
fueled revolutionary

Analysis Of The Film 'Waco-Rules Of Engagement'
A cult, a term widely utilized within popular culture and American society to describe contemporary,
arguably, religious groups has garnered an extremely negative stigma. These media portrayed,
'dangerous' groups have over time been accumulating and growing amongst other religions. It is
definite that though, historically, these 'cults' have been victims of marginalization, invalidation of
their beliefs and media/government harassment, many of these organizations are minimally nothing
of the demonized ameliorated image, that is enveloped by American society. Hence, from this point
forward, within the 'briefing piece', it is only with a deep understanding/a religious study
interpretation to acknowledge these groups as 'new religious movements' (NRMs). As a standoff
between the FBI and the religious organization is inevitable, considering illegal acts may be
occurring within the NRM, it is with a better approach to look at the film 'Waco–Rules of
Engagement", directed by Amy Sommer, to avoid any unlawful procedures that could possible occur
with the group. Additionally, by gaining insight with the help of Catherine L. Wessinger's article,
"How the Millennium Comes Violent" the agency could better handle the situation and avoid the
effects of acting too hostile against the organization. Apparent through watching the entirety of the
film, "Waco–Rules of Engagement", extreme measures were enacted upon 'The Branch Davidians' –
religious followers of David Koresh, by the ATF. By

Loyola's Use Of Reform In What Surprised Me
What Surprised Me: Loyola deserted his career as a solider because the literature impacted him
severely. "This literature so affected him (Ignatius Loyola) that he abandoned his career as a solider.
(Noll 190)" During a long convalescence Loyola was given devotional literature dealing with the
life of Christ, which overwhelmed him so greatly he left his career as a solider. The contrast in
transformations was not dealing with degree, but on being kind. "The difference in transformations
was not in degree, but in kind. (Noll 191)" The distinction in transformations was based on being
kind. The greatest example of reform as an internal movement was the great surge in making new
religious orders from the 1520s. "The clearest instance of reform as an internal movement was the
great surge in creating new religious orders that dated from the 1520s. (Noll 194)" The great surge
in constructing new religious orders was the clearest instance of reform as an internal movement. ...
"The emphases of the new orders ranged from strict devotion to the contemplative life at one end of
a continuum to intentional activism in the world at the other. (Noll 194)" The new orders ranged
from strict devotion to the contemplative life at one end to intentional activism. #18 Critical
Response (from The Founding of the Jesuits) My Statement: Loyola was so greatly affected by
literature that he abandoned his career as a soldier, the contrast in transformations was based on
being kind, the great surge in creating new religious orders was the most obviously instance of
reform as an internal movement, and the significance of the new orders ranged from strict devotion
to the contemplative life to intentional activism. #18 Critical Response (from The Founding of the
Jesuits)

The New Religious Movement Of Scientology
Introduction
Throughout history, all religions have had their beginning. Religion itself has the ability to influence
and shape its followers and the world. Whether religions stem from an established religion or a new
religion, both are defined as new religious movements (NRMs). These new religious movements can
take a scientific approach to religion, such as Scientology, referred to as a "client cult" where
services are provided or branch off from an established religion like Christianity as did Mormonism
with its teachings based upon the Holy Bible and The Book of Mormon. (Fisher, 2014, 459, 465)
With various NRMs emerging including Scientology and Mormonism, will they endure and
continue to grow, attracting future generations to their particular religion? Their similarities and
differences will be examined.
Scientology and Mormon Similarities
The new religious movement of Scientology is based upon the teachings and writings of Ron L.
Hubbard, an author and philosopher. (Fisher, 2014, p. 459) Similarly, Mormonism also has an
original founder, Joseph Smith, who discovered golden plates on a dig which Smith translated into
The Book of Mormon. (Fisher, 2014, p. 465) Much is not known about the in–depth religious beliefs
of these NRMs as both are secretive with those who investigate their practices and discourage
members from sharing information with others outside their faith as portrayed in the media.
However, it could be said that these new religious movements

Righteous Dopefiend
Emily Schulz ANT 102 Outline #5 A Community of Addicted Bodies What is Righteous Dopefiend?
Righteous Dopefiend is a book about the influential study that takes you into the world of being
homeless and having a drug addiction here in the United States and what it is like to see the way
they do. We continue along with the book. This time it is on chapter 3, A Community of Addicted
Bodies. This chapter goes into detail about the community and life around the people. This chapter
explains how the community as a whole is a caring and open environment. The book gives an
example of the people sharing the cotton pads that have little amounts of heroin but enough to cure
the heroin withdrawn. They are a community. In this chapter they also talk about the difference
between the drugs and the use of them. They give the examples, african ... Show more content on
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Treatment programs also need to take advantage of the moments of life crisis that drive long–term
injectors to seek treatment. Most of the spur of the moment, crisis–driven windows of opportunity
for changing the lives of street addicts are missed because underfunding, exacerbated by neoliberal
audit culture, forces treatment programs to exclude risky patients." ― Philippe Bourgois, Righteous
Dopefiend "Without substantial institutional resources, it is difficult for long–term chronic users to
figure out how to pass the time of day. They have to construct a new personal sense of meaning and
dignity. Instead, they often fall back on their more familiar and persuasive righteous dopefiend ways
of being in the world, and they seek out old drug–using friends and acquaintances." ― Philippe
Bourgois, Righteous Dopefiend

Summary: A New Religion Movement
A new religion movement or a cult is explained by Myers and Twenge (2013) as a group, that is
typically recognized by its rituals and beliefs related to religion or a particular person (leader). Cults
are also explained by their typical isolation from others and by the intensity of their charismatic
leader (Woody, 2009; Myers & Twenge, 2013). According to Woody (2009), many cults or new
religious movements are identified by the power of their leaders and the influence the leaders have
on their following. Members of cults tend to join cults because of the social influence the group has
in relation to their search for meaning, fulfillment, social change, happiness, and sense of belonging
(Salande & Perkins, 2011). Cult like organizations and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Obedience study that was conducted by Stanley Milgrim in 1974 addressed a person's
obedience to an authority figure. The participants in the study were asked by a person in a lab coat
(authority figure) to shock learners (who were confederates). Milgrim found that the participants in
the study obeyed the authority figure, because they felt that they were not in control and were not
responsible for the shocking of the learners (Gardner, Williams, & Sadri, 2007; Myers & Twenge,
2013). The idea of obedience is linked to the power of situations for people, which can induce
seemingly normal people into the engagement of cruelty against other people (Myers & Twenge,

A Peaceful New Religion Movement
909 Found dead in Jonestown,Guyana South America from Kool aid flavored cyanide, screams
headline news November, 18 1979.What seems to be a peaceful New religion movement started in
California for People in search for Hope and relief in Desperate Times from the Social inequalities,
Unjust Killing, poverty ,and despair during the late seventies to early eighties.In the beginning
people promise utopia "a perfect society" tens to hundreds of single mothers ,blacks, homosexuals
and families all alike dropped their lives to flocking onto planes for a vision of the good life. Over a
thousand people joined the "Peoples Temple". This entire Religious Movement was run by one man
said to be the by followers "Deliver of Peace ,Shepherd of his ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Barrels of cyanide laced Kool aid bought from the American government for "gold cleaning" was
voluntary drunk,and forcefully injected to the People 's Temple members . Some killed themselves
with rifles or pistols, many were shot who tried to flee.Over one third of the dead on that day where
children and infant that were dragged into this without choice.Pets like dogs and cats were also
killed in the progress for "all who pass will be saved". For Jim Jones speculation that he shot
himself, but after investigating the crime scene the weapon thought to be used was found over 40
feet away from Jones body so the case still speculates. Upon return of the congressmen ,and United
States Army was surprised to see upon arrival a mass suicide took place counted nine hundred nine
confirmed deaths caused by cyanide laced Kool aid.for the survivors of the massacre whether it be
from under dosage or faking their own death

Sociology Essay On Cult
There is no universally agreed definition of the word 'cult', it is only rarely used as a self–description
and does not refer to any particular belief system. Since the 1920s, the word 'cult' has most
commonly been used to designate a minority religious group whose beliefs and practices an outside
observer views as dangerous or strange.
There are different varieties of cults, the Moonies, the Children of God, Eckankar, the Hare Krishna,
and Scientology are a few. Basically, there are two main types of cults, those with Christian based
beliefs, and those with Eastern Religion based beliefs.
Some organizations have issued checklists with 'characteristics' of 'destructive cults'. From a
sociological perspective, many of these lists contain value judgements which are arguably a matter
of opinion rather than fact, e.g. a cult is a group with a manipulative leader who financially exploits
the members. By using this description, any group which tithes could ... Show more content on
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Most are single when they enter, and at the time of their joining are not gainfully employed. Most
have their high school diploma, are under the age of 30, come from middle and upper–middle class
families, and most come from Protestant or Catholic backgrounds. As children, most attended
church weekly with their families. Many may incorrectly assume that the people who join cults are
in search of support of all kinds. The parents of these members, however, tend to be well off
financially and able to properly support their children. Many members associate themselves with a
highly authoritarian cult that emphasizes enthusiastic religious devotion. They are in search of group
support and family values that lacked in their childhood. This is viewed as deviant behavior because
they find conventional ways unsatisfactory to their lives, and instead find unorthodox means to
fulfill their

A Madman's Short Story Quod By Lu Xun
In 1915, the New Culture Movement was initiated, being accompanied by the ideas mainly aimed at
criticising the Confucian traditional values in China, and also approaching a more modern and
western mindset. In 1919, a mass protest of over 6000 students was conducted to rebel against the
signing of the Versailles Treaty, which would hand over Chinese territorial rights from the Germans
to the Japanese and this movement later became known as the May Fourth Movement. One of the
significant leaders of this movement who made great contribution, was Lu Xun. As it was
mentioned by the professor during the class, it is quite of an unquestionable fact that Lu Xun was a
highly influential writer of the New Culture Generation. He often discussed many ... Show more
The madman is the main character of the short story. However, a question should be raised before
any analysis is initiated; "Is the madman really mad?" In the very beginning of the story, the writer
proclaims that he had found out that the madman "had suffered from a form of persecution
complex". I disagree with this claim because, like what the writer asserted, if what is written on the
diary is just the outcome of the illusion caused by persecution complex, the value of the story would
be somewhat meaningless. Furthermore, the madman has clear subjectivity and consistency. Hence,
the madman is not actually mad. The madman's diary reminded me of a Korean folktale that my
mother used to tell me, which is about a man with two eyes visiting a land where everybody is one–
eyed. The two–eyed man who always thought having two eyes is normal, was mocked and called,
"abnormal" for having two eyes. Eventually the two–eyed man ended up stabbing one of his own
eyes and chose to be one of the one–eyed men. From the perspective in regard to this folktale, the
madman is actually the one who became conscious of the truth. However, he is not the only one in
the story who is aware of the truth. As it is illustrated in the text, there are two types of cannibals;
those who believe cannibalism is acceptable because it is their tradition that passed down through
multiple generations, and those who realize that cannibalism is wrong but would still maintain it.
Their recognition itself that cannibalism is inappropriate is same as that of the madman. However,
unlike others who do not make an attempt to break the convention, or tradition (cannibalism), the
madman resolutely broke away from the existing convention and expressed his dedication toward
breaking the convention and tried to make it happen. I personally think that the madman was rather
a representation of the intellectual. In addition,

Heaven's Gate: Group Groups As Followers Of Cults
A cult is a group of people that may follow a figure of authority, a god, or an object in an extreme,
typically secretive, and radicalized way. Followers of cults are usually subject to groupthink in that
they irrationally and unconditionally follow the thoughts and interpretations of one or many figures
of authority, with most pledging complete loyalty and obedience to the cult through persuasive
coercion. Cults differ to religious sects, as followers of cults are forced into the belief system of the
cult, whereas religions are far more open, do not have a leader, and are quite often inherited.
One such cult, Heaven's Gate, was an American doomsday cult based in California, and consisted of
at least 41 members. It was founded in 1974 by Marshall "Ti" Applewhite, who had convinced his
followers that he was the second–coming of Jesus. The main target of the cult were people who
were searching for enlightenment and acceptance, such as hippies. Over 3 days starting from the
24th of March 1997, 39 members of the cult, including Applewhite himself, committed mass–
suicide believing that their souls would be saved from the apocalypse. They believed that their
physical bodies would be transported to a nearby extra–terrestrial spacecraft trailing behind the
Hale–Bopp comet. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Marshall Applewhite utilized several psychological persuasive techniques to captivate his followers
and solidify their unconditional obedience. This can be seen through the presence of groupthink, as
well as the dehumanisation and conformism of the followers of Heaven's

The Reformation : Four Challenges For The Catholic Church
The Reformation: Four Challenges to the Catholic Church The Reformation was a European
religious movement of monumental proportions and consequences, during which a new Christian
religion, Protestantism, was created. Protestantism differs from other forms of Christianity in that it
is not a single church, but many different churches, denominations, and congregations, it is
extremely diverse. The first proto–Protestant congregations, even predate the Reformation, drawing
their origins from an earlier religious movement, the Hussites. However, it is the Protestant
Reformation that gave a start to the first major denominations of Protestantism, of which we list
four: Lutheranism, Zwinglianism, Calvinism, and Anglicanism. Lutheranism was started by Martin
Luther, a German theologian who instigated the very beginning of the Protestant Reformation.
Luther 's protest was written down in his famous 95 Theses of 1517, which critiqued the Roman
Catholic Church as a system, which claimed to be essential for human salvation, yet was
noticeably–corrupt and hypocritical. Luther attacked the very dogma that stated the unique and
divinely sanctioned role of the papacy and church. Hence, he was excommunicated from the
Catholic Church; Luther responded to it by translating the Bible from Latin to German, writing the
"Book of Concord" – a collection of theological texts meant to replace the Catholic tradition – and
building a new religious movement based on these works. In this new

Globalization Theory
Globalization Theory Globalization theory is defined as an approach that addresses the development
of the global resurgence of religion (Christiano et al., 2016). With the resurgence of religion came
Fundamentalism, which originated in American Protestantism. Fundamentalists where known for
practicing the essential fundamentals of Christianity, fighting back the modernization of religion.
T.K Oommen (1994) defines fundamentalism as "text without context"; meaning the scriptures
written back in history where relevant to that history and culture at that time and place (Christiano et
al., 2016). Such texts without context then simply disregard current settings. Fundamentalists
believe their religion is the objective truth, which as a result, defines other religions as myths
(Christiano et al., 2016). Globalization has shifted religious views in our society, from
predominately Fundamentalist based to more modern. This shift in religious views has resulted in
religions catered to anyone and everyone. Faith is what allows us to accept a truth, a truth believed
by many, resulting in religion.
"The Truth" The three greatest Western religions are Christianity, Judaism, and Islam (Christiano et
al., 2016). Different societies interpret "the Word of God" differently. As stated in the text, "the
Word of God" can be magnified or reduced. As a result, this is considered one of the major
downfalls of globalization. Further in the text, it is stated that though religions, like Islam,

Cults And Its Effects On Society
Cults have been around since the 1930's and are becoming well known around the world. Although
awareness has been spread out about the serious consequences joining a cult may have on a person's
life, individuals continue falling pray into cultic groups and remain an active part; the result of
joining is decades being brainwashed into believing only the members hold the "truth"/enlighten by
already brainwashed, devoted members and their "prophet". The majorities of individuals in a cult
live under cruel, almost inhumane, conditions and are treated awfully. The members have been
stripped from interacting with family members/friends, freedom on speech, nutrients, money, and
the right to think for one's self. Probably the worst punishment ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Normally in cultic groups, it is prohibited to assimilate with non–members. If those whom are
caught breaking this rule, her or she will suffer serious consequences such as beating, public
humiliation, and starvation. Another characteristic shared among this group is the zero tolerance of
priest, rabbis, or ministers berating/ harassing their congregations with hate speeches towards
anyone with the intent of causing harm to another person. If a priest happens to encounter someone
problematic, it is encouraged to pray for his or her salvation. Also related to the priest, he will not
restrict couples from a normal sex life; instead, priest will promote self–respecting boundaries for
couples in and out marriages. Usually in terror groups, the priest controls all sexual activity among
individuals and frequently demands members to use his or her sexual appeal to lure new recruits.
This method of recruitment often leads marriages to end. Correlating with normal characteristic
presented in a group, it is imperative to take a carful look at the movement's leader and examine if
he or she presents good leadership qualities that will make the whole groups successful not just
them. As presented in Olsson's (2013) journal "Normal" Compared to Abnormal Leaders and
Groups, a good leader obtain four necessary qualities: knowledge, honesty, narcissism, and
communication skills. Leaders should be capable of making smart decisions under stressful
circumstances,

Charismatic Disorders: Cults And Religion
When we think of cults, we think of a charismatic group that differ from known beliefs. The
characteristics of such cult groups include exhibiting strong cohesion, the support of the specific
belief system they follow which appears strange to people who aren't a part of this organization, the
influences towards their behavior and recognizing leaders as being charismatic. Various cults have
beliefs that could be considered a deranged disorder and many could also share a psychotic disorder.
Cult members participate in violent actions based on a related belief including murder. Based on
this, the courts decide if cult faith would represent religion or delusions. One example would be
Charles Mason and his family who killed multiple people in an

Essay New Religious Movements and the Biased Media
New Religious Movements and the Biased Media
What happened in Jonestown? How could "sensible people" follow the "rantings of a crazed
lunatic?" The questions and the simplified answers that are provided by the media coverage of
Jonestown and Heaven's Gate perhaps contributed to their downfall. The feeling of public
persecution is a central theme of many new religious movements, and the negative publicity of
suicide cults only fuels the fear of other like–minded religious groups. The misleading definitions
the media provided for the how, what and why of these new religious movements were symptomatic
of the media bias against all such movements. Through examination of the print media response
immediately following both mass suicides, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The following Monday, a larger headline described how "Guyana Official Reports 300 Dead at
Religious Sect's Jungle Temple." A father of one woman living in Jonestown revealed how all the
members had written undated suicide notes while still in the United States and had staged mass
suicide rehearsals. "They will be all dead by tomorrow," he predicted. Another article on Monday
detailed how the "Deaths in Guyana Threaten Sect's California Organization." Members of the
People's Temple in California had read a statement on Sunday that declared, "Rev. Jim Jones has
always deplored violence...and whatever the circumstances of the airstrip incident it is not the kind
of action anyone in the temple would precipitate." The article also mentioned that, according to an
interview with his wife, Marceline, Jim Jones did not believe in Christianity but was instead a
Marxist.[1]
This important distinction of Jones' political views began a discussion that would continue in
subsequent descriptions of him. According to the articles, Jones realized early "that in order to bring
people out of their superstition, you have to give them a substitute." Through the description of
Jones' radical political beliefs, the media found an alternative for why Jones was able to lead so
many to their death. The religious beliefs of Jim Jones and

Religion: Christian Science
Christian Science is an idealistic and most radical form of transcendental religiosity. The study of
Christian Science teaches a feeling of understanding of God's goodness and the differences between
good and evil, life and death. The purpose of this paper is to address how the study of Christian
Science helps us better understand the impact of globalization in America, as well as the impact of
American on globalization. This paper is important because globalization features a dominant
worldview. All throughout the world people believe, study and teach different types of religious
movements that impact others. People need to better understand how certain religions modify,
conflict with, and impact the world. First, it will discuss ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This movement asserts humanity and the universe as one. It's spiritual rather than material in nature.
Worship and devotion in daily life involves praying and studying the Christian Science Bible.
Throughout the year, one hour Sunday services are held and testimonies of healing were weekly on
Wednesdays. The beliefs that go along with this new revelation teaches us of the existence of an all–
powerful God and the gratefulness, authority and inspiration of the Bible. Any and everything
created on this world is entirely spiritual and perfect and that matter does not exist. One of the main
things Christian Science teaches is that they can heal themselves spiritually through prayer and
realizing illness, sin and death do not exist. Also, Christian Science adherents believe in the practice
of telepathy for a form of psychic healing. Besides praying every day for welfare and health of the
local communities, Christian Scientists would host public events regularly where people could learn
about this new religious movement. This event helped Christian Science globalize because the world
was learning about this religion through the words of its adherents. America, having a remarkable
religious diversity, easily spread the thoughts and ideas of Christian Science where it quickly
became a well know religious movement. When hearing about a new religion such as Adventism,
New

Civil Rights Act Pros And Cons
Civil Rights Act Following violent demonstrations in Birmingham in 1963, President John F.
Kennedy proposed the Civil Rights Bill (Marsh, 2004). The president took the step as a measure to
end the negative publicity against authorities for using excessive force against protesters. The Civil
Rights Act was signed into law by Kennedy's successor in 1964. The Act was a major victory as it
introduced reforms that undermined the system of racial segregation. It outlawed racial
discrimination in voting, employment, and public service. It also authorized the federal government
to take measures to prevent racial discrimination. The Civil Rights Act was a controversial law
given the nature of US politics at the time (Landau, 2008). The three arms of ... Show more content
The timeline of the Civil Rights Movement shows that it started gaining momentum after the ruling,
even though the concerns over racial inequality had existed for a long time. The civil activists used
the ruling as the legal basis for demanding for more concession by the state and local governments
advancing the system of racial segregation. The Rosa Parks incident was one of the immediate
reactions to the ruling. Rosa Park set the stage for civil disobedience and protests against racial
discrimination. The coalition with other social movements gave the Civil Rights Movement more
influence in the calls for change. Religious organizations joined the movement on the view that
racial discrimination was immoral. The Black Power Movement joined on the view that racial
discrimination was against human rights. The coalition brought more supporters to the rights
movement. For instance, the whites were able to join the movement through the religious

Why People Join Cults Analysis
Groups such as the Masons, the Church of Scientology, and political parties can be considered cults
that share different ideologies. In addition, cults have the ability to influence society in terms of
changing an individual's perspective on certain things. Furthermore, people seem to show a strong
interest in the mysteries behind cults despite the dangerous aspect of joining a cult. Over the years,
the number of individuals joining cults has increased. To understand this a bit more, Dr. Adrian
Furnham wrote an article on Psychology Today titled "Why Do People Join Cults?" In the article,
Dr. Furnham argues the motives behind joining a cult, the different characteristics of a cult, and the
misconceptions that individuals have in their initial encounter with a cult.
Dr. Furnham analyses the reasons why individuals join cults. In his initial assessment, he argues that
certain benefits that cults can offer such as connections, an identity, and a chance to contribute.
Throughout his article, Dr. Furnham questions if the motives are similar to groups such as Al Qaeda,
Hamas, or the Order of the Solar Temple He ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Next, these cults attempt to maintain psychological and physical dependence on their members
through mind controlling tactics. Dr. Furnham argues that members are taught to remove both
individualistic and critical thinking similar to how the army breaks and rebuilds soldiers. He goes as
far as to assert that "the mind–control techniques are no different than those of the army, religions,
prisons, or organizations.'' (Furnham, 2014) As a consequence, many members are constantly being
exploited by the organization in order to achieve the goals of the leader. Ultimately, "these groups
will use physical and psychological harm, to hurt members, families, friends, and the community.'' (
Furnham,

Essay about Inherit the Wind
Inherit the Wind is about a 24–year–old teacher named Bertram T. Cates, who is arrested for
teaching Darwin's Theory of Evolution to his junior high–class. Some high–profile Hillsboro town's
people press charges and have Cates arrested for teaching evolutionism in a stringent Christian
town. A famous lawyer named Henry Drummond defends him; while a fundamentalist politician
Matthew Harrison Brady prosecutes. The story takes place in Hillsboro, which is a small town in
Tennessee. Cates is merely trying to teach to his class that there is more to life than just what the
Bible teaches. He is not trying to be nonreligious; rather he is just teaching his class to think outside
the box. The town's people think that Cates is trying to push ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Having the label of colonel applied to his name only increases his perceived appearance of power
and knowledge. The locals feel inferior to Brady's intellectual persona radiating from his ego. This is
identical to cults where the members feel inferior as common folk, compared to the omnipresent
director. Like many cultic leaders, Brady eventually falls victim to realism and practicality. Brady is
no expert on the Bible and that is made abundantly clear during the trial. He is wise enough to recall
major key elements, and has also committed many Biblical passages to memory. However, he is
naïve and poorly versed on the literal translation of some controversial facets of the Bible, which in
turn destroy his credibility during cross–examination by Drummond when he takes the stand.
Bertram Cates is not a typical criminal. He is quiet and reserved and doesn't to want to cause trouble
or conflict. He is merely standing up for what he believes in and is doing his best to teach his
students that there is more to the world than what the Bible states. He is viewed as unchristian and
toxic by the locals. Both Drummond and Cates experience a struggle against mainstream society.
Cates doesn't try to stand up for himself too much, he actually is quite dependant on Drummond for
support and direction. In the end, Cates is ironically more forgiving than his Christian counterparts.
Cates' role in the film is quite small in

How Did The Great Awakening Impact On Colonial Society
The movement of the Enlightenment period and the Great Awakening period had a profound impact
on American colonial society. As a result, the Enlightenment movement and the Great Awakening
movement challenged and changed religious, secular, and education ideologies that ushered in a new
era in American colonial society while giving birth to a social and religious renaissance in the
American colonies. The Enlightenment movement was a social movement that placed a highly
valuable emphasis on one's capacity for reasoning, and regarded it as the pinnacle of human success.
Significantly, the Enlightenment movement instigated both harmony and resistance amongst the
religious community; thus, giving rise to prominent religious leaders and spiritual thinkers who
espoused their views on the subject. Notably, the most famous Enlightenment thinkers were
Benjamin franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and Thomas Paine. However, religious leaders such as Cotton
Mayer, John Winthrop, William Bradford, and Edward Johnson also espoused ideas on the
"centrality of God ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Great awakening inspired the growth of the church community branching off into sects to meet
the ever expanding colonial population; thus, increasing the number of churches in colonial america.
Likewise, paving the way for the emergence of lower churches such as the Baptist who sought to
overturn aristocratic rule. Also, this impacted the increased development of colleges to meet the
demand of having to train new ministers in the ministry. Additionally, the Great awakening made
allowances for Enlightenment idealism in conjunction with religion. Furthermore, the Great
Awakening was considered to be the precursor to the American Revolution as it severed its religious
ties to the Church of England; thus, a declination of religious authority and its long standing

The Second Great Awakening And The Second Great Awakening
During the Jacksonian Era, the Second Great Awakening grew immensely in popularity in the
United States. This return to religion brought along not only religious zeal but also the urge to
achieve reform in various areas of American life. The religious revivals that took place during this
movement had a major effect on the culture of the United States. This is so because it caused many
new religions to branch off of Protestantism. Baptists, Methodists, and Congregationalists are a few
of the many examples of these emergent religions. One man in particular, Aaron Lummus, describes
the story of how he was converted to Methodism and how much it affected him: "My heart was
filled with a calm peace, which I never felt before" (Lummus 4–11). His story shows just how
powerful the conversions affected these people and how the newly converted could use their
religious fervor to impact others and the US. Lummus himself later became one of many Methodist
ministers, all of whom converted many others during this period. Many of these newly–formed
Protestant religions are still active today, showing how significantly this movement affected the US
even in present–day. The Second Great Awakening greatly expanded upon the First Great
Awakening. It did so by bringing Americans back to the faith after a period of straying from a
religion. However, both movements revived religion in different ways. The First Great Awakening
mainly utilized fear in order to convert people by saying that if they

Santeria And Rastafari Movement: The New Religious Movement
Kyle FitzPatrick
Reed Hall
PHI 114
DEC 07, 2014
The term New Religious Movements (NRM) is a sort of politically correct catch all to replace the
word cult, because cult has become a derogatory word in our modern culture. This really only for
academic differentiation purposes, as any shared belief system could simply be stated as a religion.
As we will see, there are also groups who prefer no label at all, especially the label of religion. Two
of these NRM's are from the Caribbean; Santeria and Rastafarhi. Santeria was born in Cuba, when
African slaves blended their traditional Yoruba beliefs with Catholicism. Forced upon the slaves
Catholicism became the dominate religion in Cuba, while Yoruba beliefs were outlawed. As with
other minority ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is where Rastafarians get there namesake; Ras, meaning chief or "Godhead." Rastas view Haile
Selassie as the reincarnation of God. They believe that Salssie will lead them to Zion (paradise),
believed to be Ethiopia. Unlike the Jews, who are still waiting for the second coming, Rastas believe
it has happened in the form of Haile Selassie I. The Rasta movement is monotheistic. Rastas believe
in one God in which they call "Jah". Jah is shortened from Jahweh or Jehovah. Rastas believe that
man and the holy spirit are one and the same. They use the phrasing "I and I" instead of "we" to
illustrate this belief. Though many of the Rastafarian beliefs come from the Holy Bible, Rastafarians
have developed their own objectives separate from Judaism or Christianity, as well as their own
traditions. One of the more prominent messages from Rastafari is the rejection of the power
structure in society that keeps people oppressed, and the unequal rights of

Proliferation of Churches
European Journal of Scientific Research ISSN 1450–216X Vol.45 No.4 (2010), pp.649–657 ©
EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2010 http://www.eurojournals.com/ejsr.htm Proliferation of Churches:
A Leeway to Commercialization of Religion Anthonia M. Essien Department of Religious and
Cultural Studies Faculty of Arts, University of Uyo, Nigeria E–mail: eteyesma@yahoo.com Tel:
+234(0)8033596961 Abstract This paper posits that religion has become a top bracket business in
Nigeria. This is occasioned by the agglomeration of autonomous, non–centralized, independent and
illegally established religious movements in Nigeria. This situation favours commercialization of
religion. Although the founders and leaders postulate spiritual reasons for the ... Show more content
In the Israelites wars of Jericho recorded in the Books of Joshua, the invasion of the city of Jericho
led to the putting of everyone to death except the family of Rahab at the command of the Lord. In
addition humanity has also recorded countless histories of the manipulation of religion to the
detriments of the victims. In various ways, religion has been used as a tool for politicization and
violence. It has been a very common experience to politicize religion. In Nigeria, political violence
has been given religious overtone and countless lives have been destroyed. Yusufu Bala Usman in
his book The Manipulation of Religion in Nigeria 1977–1987 observed that "the Maitasine uprising
in Kano city from 18th December 1980 to 29th December 1980 led (according to official figures) to
the killing of 4, Fidelis K. Obiora The Divine Deceit Business in Religion Optimal Publishers,
Enugu. 1998. 3 Fidelis K . Obiora. 1998. P. 88 4 Fidelis K. Obira 1998 P. 58 5 N.S. Xavier, M.D.
The Two Faces of Religion A psychiatrist's View. Theological Publications, St. Peter's Seminary,
Malleswaram West, Bangalore, India. 1989, p. vii. 6 N. S. Xavier . p.vii 7 Book of Joshua Chapter
11 2 651 Anthonia M. Essien 177"8. In our very recent present, Nigeria has witnessed the so–
called religious–crises in Northern Nigeria that has claimed millions of lives9. These religious crises
could as well have

What Was The Impact Of The Great Awakening
Throughout the course of human history, religious movements have been a reoccuring theme, from
the Chartist movement to the advent of scientology. They are brought about by a variety of reasons,
and no reason is completely determining of how the movement affected the people around it more
than another. By 1763, with the end of the Seven Years' War, liberal political ideas such as
republicanism and liberalism were taking root in the colonists' mind; what these two philosophies
shared most in common was that they were breaking away from the conventional political
jurisdiction. Thus, this brought about a wave of anti–secularization in which the already ultra–
religious colonists became even more religious in a movement known as the Great Awakening. ...
A key aspect that caused the American Revolution was people not only losing faith in their mother
country of England, but not caring to obey the rules and laws that England imposed upon them,
causing a lack of respect for England's authority. This was brought about by the Navigation Acts, but
also by the ideals that were brought about in the Great Awakening. People started becoming more
bold and revolutionary, rethinking everything that they held to be true. There were certain political
concepts that criticized the social hierarchies of colonial society, and eventually, this led to
criticizing religious norms, which led to criticizing norms of all kinds, from what religion meant to
oneself to how much authority of a government overseas really possessed over the colonists.
However, the Great Awakening, while doing many benefits, also lead to some consequences for
certain groups. The church and its associated clergy became less important as people started to
believe that they could rely on their own beliefs. Colonists had their own religious power right in
their hands, rather than in the hands of the Church of England. Traditional authority and everything
a colonist took to believe was true was suddenly being

The Pros And Cons Of Cult Leaders
When someone hears the word cult they quickly think of the many mass murders or they scare
children by telling them not to "drink the red koolaid". Today, there are thousands of cults and cult
leaders worldwide. For many years, the leaders of clut have had a powerful psychological hold onto
their followers minds. Some cult leaders have brainwash their followers by using fear, guilt and
violence as a weapon to control the minds. However , in other cases cult leaders leave behind those
methods and use spiritual and persuasive speeches making their followers believe in what they are
doing is the right thing.Due to cult leaders withhold a all–powerful physiological offense their
followers are alter to do things they would not normally do in their right state of mind.
For a long time, there has been an non stop issue surrounding the definition for the term "Cult". The
term cult has a lot of different meanings. However the term cult is described as "A group, often
times though not always religious or spiritual in nature, that is led by a single or small group of
leader's." ( Urban Dictonary). A cult is basically a group having a leader and followers that bond
together by the appreciation for the same thing,idea or a person. ... Show more content on
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Jim Jones was a young preacher that believed he was the "son of god" and convinced the people
from church he was their only salvation. After the US government began investigated more into
Jones "church" he moved his church yo Ghana in where JOnestown was founded. On November 18,
1978 America faced the most horrific tragedy in Jonestown GUyana. Cult leader Jim Jones and 909
members of the Peoples temple died from poisoning , in a "revolutionary suicide". Jim Jones
convinced everyone that the end was bear and order everyone of his loyal followers to drink
poisoned kool–aid , however those who did not followed orders were forced to drink, in the end JIm
JOnes took his own life as

Commercial Sports Research Paper
Commercial sports prosper in certain types of societies, especially in the United States. This is
because we have various commercial sports on an amateur and professional level. In the United
States, participants on both levels are apart o a free enterprise. On the amateur level, participants are
rewarded with paid college scholarships. They also get exposure to being able to compete on the
professional level if they are exceptional athletes. On the professional level, participants not only get
high salaries but they also get endorsements and personal platforms. When athletes receive
endorsements they get a check for themselves and their team as well. The personal platform they
receive gives them a way to promote business ventures they are ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There are three goals for changing sports, the conservative goal, reformist goal and the radical goal.
The conservative goal is growth, the idea that sports should constantly be strengthened and
expanded in their current forms. The reformist goal is improvement, the idea that foundations of
sport should be restored, maintained with participation opportunities should arise. Lastly the radical
goal is transformation, the idea that sports must be reorganized or replaced to create a new meaning
and/or purpose. My preference of these three goals is first the reformist goal, then radical goal, and
lastly the conservative goal. I like to think of these three goals as such (reformist goal + conservative
goal= radical goal). I chose the reformist goal first because i feel like when it comes to organized
sports, each participant should have equal opportunity. The reformist goal will take away the access
of cheating, deviance and drug use which will put everyone on the same playing field and the same
chance to prove themselves. It will also clean the image of organized sports being biased. Next, i
chose the conservative goal because it will feed off of the reformist goal. Once you change the status
of the sport, you will have to give it room to grow, hence the conservative goal. By doing this you
will increase the resources participants to reach success which will directly help society. The more
that society see participants are thriving in sports the more willing people will

Assess the Sociological Explanations for the Growth of New...
Assess the sociological explanations for the growth of new religious movements.
By: Amy Rashid
Over the years, there has been a growth of new religious movements in the society. This growth can
be explained in terms of why people chose to join the movements or in terms of wider social
changes. Hence, in this essay, I shall discuss several sociological explanations for this occurrence.
Firstly, Steve Bruce (1995, 1996) attributes the development of a range of religious institutions,
including sects and cults, to a general process of modernization and secularization. He believes the
weakness of more conventional institutionalized religions has encouraged some people to consider
less traditional alternatives. As modern societies ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, members are expected to remain celibate during their youth. They are to subsequently marry,
have children, and create an ideal family which contributes to world peace. Thus showing that
world–rejecting new religious movement attracted the youth with its idealistic, spiritual and caring
way of life. Furthermore, this may be supported by Steve Bruce (1995) who saw world–rejecting
movements as having a particular appeal to the young. Many became disillusioned by the failure of
the counter–culture in the 1960s to radically change the world. Drugs and exploitation of the
movement disintegrated the hippie culture, and thus these disillusioned youths turned to religion as a
path to salvation rather than religion. An example of this would be the International Society for
Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), which is also popularly known as 'Hare Krishna'. ISKCON is
based in Hinduism and they worship the hindu god, Krishna as the Supreme God. Hare Krishnas are
also known for their public singing and dancing and distribution of materials including their
magazine, Back to Godhead. ISKCON is actively evangelistic, with the goal of spreading God–
consciousness throughout the world. Notable followers of this movement would be the Beatles.
Therefore, showing that new religious movements appeal to youths due to its potential for a more
spiritual and idealistic life via more loving social relationships. Lastly, Wallis also claims that
world–affirming new religious

Characteristics Of Cult Classification Of The Family
The Family holds many characteristics that classify it as a cult rather than any other new religious
movement, and it will hold that classification unless it undergoes some serious structural changes.
By looking at this group through the lenses of different theories pertaining to cult classification, I am
confident in saying that this group meets enough qualifications to put it into the 'cult' grouping. The
Family is a new religious movement that I am defining as a cult. It hits on all the qualifications
concerning leadership, structure, recruitment, and deprivation theories. Differing from a sect, The
Family "... does not call for a return to the original, pure religion, but rather emphasizes the new" ,
because it seeks to interpret the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By Johnstone's definition, the deprivation theory has five distinct forms of deprivation. Firstly,
"...economic deprivation, which consists of limited income and access to the material necessities of
life." The members of The Family were and are required to pay dues to the church and donate a
percentage of their annual income to pre–selected charities, as a form of tithes. These required
donations put financial strains on members of the cult, and limits their ability to fully provide for
themselves. Secondly, "...social deprivation refers to the relative absence of such societal rewards as
prestige, power, social status, and opportunity for participation in various activities and
organizations." By becoming a member of this cult, people were relinquishing their individuality in
a sense, and accepting the fact that they would fall in line under the rule of David Berg. In an
interview with an ex–cult member, she says "I took a new name. I cast off my belongings. If this
abrupt change hurt my friends, I was blind to it. I lost contact with them. I was completely swept up
in my zeal." By alienating herself from her former life, she not only is playing into being socially
deprived in her world, but also to experiencing the alienation theory in action. The more secluded a
cult member was from their former life and relationships, the more power the cult tended to have
over them. Ethical and psychic deprivation further isolate cult members

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American Christianity By Nathan Hatch Summary