American Architecture Presentation

AmericanArchitecture
Presentation
Nicole Stebnitz
American Architecture | ART3020 P02 | Dr. Rachelle Starr

Table of
Contents
 Title Page Page: 1
 W1A2 Pages: 2-11
 W2A2 Pages: 12-20
 W3A2 Pages: 21-31
 W4A2 Pages: 32-41
 W5A2 Pages: 42-51
 w6A1 Pages: 52-55
 Works Cited Pages: 56-57
 Images Cited Page: 58

WeekOne:
Assignment
Two
Survey of
Architecture
Guide
Swedish
Colonial
Architecture
Dutch Colonial
Architecture

1. PartOne:Structural andStylistic Identification
Image 1
 Name of Structure:
The Lower Swedish Cabin
 Date of Construction:
Sometime after 1638 but before
1655
 Geographical Location:
Drexel Hill, PA along the Darby
Creek in Delaware County At
site on Creek Road Clifton
Heights
 Primary Architecture Style
used in structure.
Swedish Colonial Log
Construction
-Notched Log
-Clay
-Nails
-Wooden Pegs
Image 4
Image 2
Image 3

Sketches
Swedish
Colonial
Architecture
Notched
horizontal logs
Steep roof
Wooden Pegs
Stone fireplace

Part 2:
Cultural
Analysis
Swedish
Colonial
Architec
ture
The log cabin shown above is one of the last standing log cabins that were built
during this time. This cabin was built where the first settlers from Sweden had arrived. It
was sturdy and easy to construct. When they arrived all they had to do was to chop down
some trees with axes, fit the logs together, stack them horizontally, fill them with clay,
and put a roof over the top as seen in the pictures above. Sometime in the winter of 1679
to 1680 there was a Dutch traveler named Jaspar Dankers that stayed in this cabin. He
said it was “made according to Swedish mode” and that he slept well because the house
was “quite tight and warm”.(ExplorePA, web) One reason why the colonies may have been
so short lived is due to the fact that they had little support from Sweden and the Dutch had
become stronger so they relinquished all political sovereignty to them in those regions.
(Young, web).
The Swedish Log Cabin shown above is the oldest example of Swedish colonial
architecture. It was built at that location because there was an abundance of oak and
chestnut trees with large flat stones for building. There is not a written record of the
construction of the building. But typical Swedish colonials would be made with horizontal
log construction, small windows, clay or mud chinking between the logs, side gabled roof,
brick, stone or clay chimneys, and irregularly shaped windows and doors. When William
Penn and the English came to the new colony they found all of these log structures and
copied it all across America.(White, Web)
The most important thing to note is that although there is not a lot of physical
evidence left from that time because it was so short, yet the Swedish colonial cabins
architecture is still replicated all over America to this day. Although methods have
changed and how they are built may have changed the general structure and design is still
the same.

Part 3: Topical
Issue: Building
design in
relation to the
climate.
Swedish
Colonial
Architecture
 There is not much said about colonial Swedish log cabin construction that is
certain because there were so few left to observe. A typical cabin like the one
above was built from hewn logs that were stacked horizontally. They were put
together with notched ends and the chimney would be in the corner. When
looking at the cabin and how it was built it was the best way to make shelter
with the least amount of tools. So when the settlers came to areas where
there were plenty of trees they used them to build shelter to keep the cold
out. There were different ways to stack the logs. The Swedes used chinking
and filling in between the logs to keep the cold air out. The shingles they
placed on the roof were also for the same purpose. In warmer climates like
the south they would not fill in between the logs and let the air in to dry leaf
tobacco. Swedish cabins would typically be very small with a fireplace in order
to be able to warm up the area. If it would have been too large the fireplace
would not have been sufficient enough to heat. That also changed in warmer
climates where they started building two story log homes. Depending on
what the climate was would depend on how the log structures would be built
and what they would be used for. In what is now Delaware when they found
structures that the Swedish colonies had built, they were used for all different
types of uses.

1. PartOne:Structural andStylistic Identification
Image 1
 Name of Structure:
The Bronck House
 Date of Construction:
1663 First building constructed
 Geographical Location:
Coxsackie, in Greene county
NewYork
 Primary Architecture Style
used in structure.
Dutch Colonial Architectural
Style
-Steeply pitched roof
-Side Gabled entrance
-Small casement windows
-Massive Central Chimney
-Asymmetrical door and window
openings
Image 4
Image 2
Image 3

Sketches
Dutch
Colonial
Architecture
Centrally
located large
fireplace
Steep Gable
Roof
Side Entrance
with gable roof

Part 2:
Cultural
Analysis
Dutch
Colonial
Architec
ture
The house was first built by it owner Pieter Bronck. He was a relative of Jonas
Bronck which the Bronx, NewYork was named after. Pieter and his Dutch wife bought a
plot of land from the Mohican Indians in the location where the first structure was built.
When talking about Dutch colonial architecture they were originally built in NewYork
State and other close areas like Delaware, New Jersey, and western Connecticut.
Although Pieter was from Sweden, apparently his wife made the decisions in the design of
the house. They were mainly of brick or stone construction, had Dutch doors (the top and
bottom of the door could be opened apart from the other), matching chimneys on each
side, (or a gigantic chimney on the front of the home that looked like a wishbone), eaves
that were flared, or gambrel roofs (these types of roofs look like a barn roof and have two
separate pitches), or they could have both the gambrel roof and slightly flared eaves. (
Craven, 10 May, web)
The Dutch colonies, just the Swedish colonies did not last for a very long time.
They only had control of the HudsonValley from about 1609 to 1664. Even with that being
said they were too (just like the Swedes) able to create trading posts, towns, and forts all
through that area that set up for some areas that still are there today. Due to a first
unsuccessful trip two years after Jamestown was founded, the Dutch Government founded
the West Indies Company. They sent over settlers who started a colony on what is now
Manhattan. Progress was slow to expand and it caused problems with the Native
Americans and English colonists in the Area. They then moved throughout the Hudson
Valley to avoid any armed conflict. They were able to maintain and set up colonies
throughout the area. Due to corruption and poor relations with Native Americans because
of lax trading policies tensions were always high.(nps.gov, web)
Although the Dutch were able to thrive for those years, the Dutch lost the New
Netherlands during the second Anglo-Dutch war in 1664. Even though they were only able
to own and set up colonies for 60 years the architectural style of the Dutch home has
continued on today.

Part 3: Topical
Issue: Building
design in
relation to the
climate.
Dutch
Architecture
 The Bronck farmhouse was built in the lower Hudson River valley and other areas
mentioned above were usually of stone or wood, or made with both types of
materials. They had the gambrel roof, but these types of houses are not found in
the Netherlands. So some think that the construction of the homes built here was
due to combining Dutch and Flemish construction techniques changed to fit the
weather of the region along with the materials that were available to build the
homes.
 The construction of the homes from brick and the fact that they were normally
small with a big fireplace lends to the fact that the climates was cold in these
areas. The settlers were building these by hand and on their own. So they were
simple in design and built to withstand the cold long winters and to provide heat.
Buildings during this time were built simplistically and to survive the elements. As
climates could be a little different than where they were coming from and the types
of materials they had to work with were different, they may have had to change
some things to adapt to the current environment. The Bronck farmhouse was built
with materials that were easy to find nearby from that geographical location. The
materials were also used to withstand the cold in the winter by adding the fireplace
as seen above. The steep roofs would help to keep the snow and ice from staying on
the top of the roof. They also had the porch to enjoy the warm summer months on
them.
The overall design of the Bronck house is somewhat from the owners
Dutch heritage but then they took that and had to adjust to what materials were
available along with what the climate was. It is very important to see that while still
using some of their constructions techniques they had to adapt to the climate and
landscape to build their homes

W2A2:
Survey of
Architecture
Guide
 GOTHIC REVIVAL
ARCHITECTURE
 EGYPTIAN
REVIVAL
ARCHITECTURE

PartOne:
StructuralandStylistic
Identification:
1. NameofStructure:
HENRYBOODYHOUSE
2.DateofConstruction:
1849
3. Geographical Location:
256MaineSt.BrunswickME
4. PrimaryArchitecturalStyle:
GOTHICREVIVAL
5. Architecturalelements
presentin structure:
BoardandBattensurface
SteeplypitchedRoof
Heavycornerposts
Porches
IncisedWoodenTrim
RoofGables
VerticalBoard&BattenWood
Siding
Photo: Henry Boody House, ca. 1849,
256 Maine Street, Brunswick, ME.
Listed on the National Register of
Historic Places in 1976. (Image 1)
Henry Boody House: (Image 2)
GOTHIC REVIVAL

SKETCHES
ARCHITECTURAL
ELEMENTS:
GOTHIC REVIVAL
Examples of the different
architectural elements that were
found in Gothic Revival Buildings.
Heavy Columns
and corner posts
IncisedWooden
Trim
Vertical board and
batten wood siding
associated with
Carpenter Gothic
Style
Steep Roof
Gables and
Dormers Porches with delicate wood
trim

Part II:
Cultural
Analysis:
Gervase
Wheeler and
Henry Hill
Boody
English architect Gervase Wheeler was an English architect that came to the
United States in 1846. There is little found on his education or training in architecture,
but research found that possible social connections with the Anglican church in England
were what sparked his interest in working in the United States. This was a transitional
time as there was just becoming the idea that there needed to be some type of
professionalism in this trade. In and excerpt that tried to explain what moved Gervase
Wheeler and how he designed this building there was a theory that was evolving.
Wheeler liked things that were vivid, charming, colorful, etc.. He wanted to take into
account what the landscape was outside of the building and build it so that the views of
the landscape could be seen from the inside. If you look at how the house is on the land
and all of the windows you can see that they are placed to see the beautiful nature
around it. The new theory came about that “ building and design conceived in relation
to the landscape.” He also put that same consideration into the exterior of the building.
He wanted things that stood out and were large and out of the ordinary. This was
something that was different than the order of classicism. (Tribert, Renee, Web)
Henry Boody was a professor, politician, and later and entrepreneur. He wanted to build
a house that mirrored his personality. He was said to be ambitious and at the top of his
class in college. Gervase Wheeler was in Brunswick, ME at the time working on Richard
Upjohn's’ College Chapel. It is not found anywhere how the two actually met each other
(and although Wheeler would write two books later they had not been published yet),
but seeing Wheelers’ design and how it was dramatic, grand, and detailed, it would
make sense that Boody would decide to go with his Gothic Revival Design. The intricate
details of the exterior along with the strong structural element of the design were
perfect for Boody whose personality matched that. (Henry Boody, Web)

Part III:Topical
Issue
How does the
function and
use of the
structure
relate to their
design.
Henry Boody used this as his primary residence while he was
working as a professor at the college. The inside carried all of the
elements that would be expected and then some. The first story
held a parlor and a sitting room on the left of a central hall, and on
the right of the hall was a library and a dining room. It would make
sense that someone of Boodys’ stature would require such rooms in
his home. The interior was also symmetrically arranged. There
were three stories with bedrooms on the second story. The third
story carried the gabled areas with windows. The exterior design of
the house was built to show that it was sturdy and grand and give a
preview of what the interior would be. It was important forWheeler
to design a house that was going to fit the owner. This home is
actually considered to be a precursor to the upcoming Stick Style
homes that would emerge.(Henry Boody,Web).The batten board
siding also reflected the structure and gave a feeling of sturdiness,
but the intricate details of the wood trim and carvings softened the
lines. The function and design relate to the owner and what he was
looking for in his home. Wheeler created a building that would
emulate its owner while also revealing his own type of style and
design. Wheeler was able to create a space that fit to the needs of
the occupant, both functionally and aesthetically.

PartOne:
Identification
1. NameofStructure:
EgyptianBuilding,VA
CommonwealthUniversity
2. DateofConstruction:
1845
3. GeographicalLocation:
Richmond,VA
EgyptianRevival
presentinstructure:
Useof hieroglyphics
OpenLotus BudCapitals
Largemassivecolumns
Flatroofing
SolarDisk
All images below: (Image 3)
EGYPTIAN REVIVAL

SKETCHES
ARCHITECTURAL
ELEMENTS:
GOTHICREVIVAL
Massive Columns
Flat Roof with
Replication of
hieroglyphics. Here
is the beetle with a
sun disk
Open Lotus Bud
Capitals

Part II:Cultural
Analysis:
Thomas
Stewart
 Thomas Stewart started out as a carpenter and worked under his
uncle as a master carpenter in Philadelphia. It is not known where
he trained but he started to enter architectural competitions. The
Egyptian Revival was growing from the invasion of Egypt by
Napoleon and finding the Rosetta Stone. Tombs were being
excavated and the findings were showing the Egyptians as very
philosophical and knowledgeable people. Stewart who was asked
to design the Medical College decided that it would be best to
design it in the image of the Egyptian buildings.(D.OK.,Web)
America is a place of thought and learning, a place where people
believe they are great. Using Egyptian architecture in buildings of
education such as this show that we are just as knowledgeable as
the Egyptians. That we can learn and be great. Although there is
no specific reason stated whyThomas Stewart liked the Egyptian
Revival Style, he chose this for this building based on what the
school was going to be doing in the building and what the building
would stand for.

Part III:Topical
Issue
How does the
function and
use of the
structure
relate to their
design.
This building was originally the Medical College of Richmond, then it was changed to
the Egyptian Building as a part of the Medical College ofVirginia. Now it is part of
theVirginia Commonwealth University. It was believed that the Egyptians had
invented philosophy, medicine, and other forms of advanced knowledge. There was
an Egyptian king Imhotep who people thought was a doctor and an architect. When
the Egyptian Revival came about it was mainly used in buildings that were used for
public and educational facilities, cemeteries, and churches. This building was built in
this design to function as a place for higher learning, and it made sense to emulate
the knowledge of the Egyptians of old. An article on architecture Richmond website
actually sums up the function and design of the medical building with a statement by
Dr. Wyndham Blanton. Nothing could more meaningfully convey the building’s
significance than a remark by Dr.Wyndham Blanton at a Founder’s Day function in
1940. He stated:
“It is a shrine, a sanctuary of tradition, the physical embodiment of our genius. It is a
spiritual heritage. In a world often accused of cold materialism, with an ideology of human self-
sufficiency, and an adoration of objects that can be handled and seen, there is a need for things of the
spirit, if science is to do more than make life safer, longer and more comfortable.”(D.OK.,Web)
It was important at this time in America where we were growing and becoming more
powerful to show that in our buildings. Our thinking at finding these tombs and
Egyptian architecture was that this was a civilization that was smart and knew many
things. So it would make sense that we would want to convey that in our institutions
such as this one of higher learning. As the world was in awe at what was being found
in research about the Egyptians this was being placed into buildings here to follow
suit and say we were just as advanced if not more so. I think this is shown in the
remark shown above. This building along with others like it were a reflection of how
Americans felt about our country.The importance of the Egyptian society and what
was thought of them had an integral part in the design of Egyptian Revival
Architecture in the 19th Century and the design of this building

W3A2:
Survey of
Architecture
Guide
 PRAIRIE SCHOOL
1893-1920
 HISTORICIST
SKYSCRAPERS
1900-1940

PartOne:
Identification:
1. NameofStructure:
FREDERICKC.ROBIE
HOUSE
1908-1910
5757S.WoodlawnAve.
ChicagoIL60637
PRAIRIESCHOOL
Strongexteriorhorizontal lines.
Lowpitchedroofs.
Longbandsofwindows.
Naturalmaterialslikebrickand
wood.
Artglasswindows.
Exterior: (Image 1)
PRAIRIE SCHOOL
Exterior: (Image 1)
Exterior: (Image 1)
Exterior: (Image 1)

Robie House
Images:
Interior
Art Glass Windows Image 1
Image 1
Living Room Image 1
Image 1

SKETCHES
ARCHITECTURAL
ELEMENTS:
PrairieSchool
Examples of the different
architectural elements that were
found in Prairie School Buildings
Long row
windows
Glass windows
with leaded
design
Low pitched
roof
Brick and
wood exterior

Part II:
Cultural
Analysis:
Frank Lloyd
Wright and
FrederickC.
Robie
 Frank Lloyd Wright was a very prominent architect during the 1900’s. He was born in
Richland Center, WI in 1867. His mother was determined that he would be an architect
and put drawings of cathedrals around his crib. She bought him a set of Froebel
blocks thatWright would later say taught him lifelong lessons in geometry and design
(About the, web). His love of Wisconsin and its beautiful landscape of woods, lakes,
wildlife, and different seasons would all prove to give him a great love of nature which
shows up in his designs. He studied engineering and then worked for a couple of very
important architects (the last one being Louis Sullivan), before he started his own
architectural firm in 1893. During these first years up until 1909 was considered his
“first golden age”, and this is when the Prairie style type of architecture emerged that
is seen in the Robie House. Frederick C. Robie was a successful businessman that
wanted to build a house in this very influential neighborhood. He wanted a house that
would be flowing and open, yet also private. He did not like blocked off small rooms.
Seeing the prairie style homes ofWrights’ designs he went to him to design his home.
The early 1900’s, specifically 1900 to 1929 is considered the Progressive era to the
New Era. This period of time would bring about the modern business corporation,
modern politics, the modern presidency, a modern vision of the international order,
and modern consumer capitalism. (Rodgers, Web) When you look at what was going
on in America during this time, Frank Lloyd Wrights Prairie Style home reflects a
modern twist on Architecture. He also believed in God and that we are all a part of
Nature. He actually capitalized Nature in an article he wrote. That was how strong his
love for nature and how he designed the buildings directly correlated to that. He
created a modern design that incorporated his love of nature. He believed that nature
and the home should be one and flow together. This would also explain why Frederick
Robie chose him as his architect. He wanted a home that was modern and flowed.
There were many new things that were going to come about during this time period,
and Frank Lloyd Wrights new Prairie Style type of architecture was one of them.

Part III:Topical
Issue
Discuss the local
vernaculararchitecture
in relation tothe
design ofthe
structuresyou
select. Doyour
buildings rejector
embracethe local
vernacular?Why, or
whynot?
There were several architectural style homes that were being built in the Chicago
area in the early 1900’s. The first one was the Bungalow. It consisted of one and a half stories,
made of brick, verandas that faced the street, and a basement.The interior was broken up into
rooms such as living, dining and kitchen on one side and the bedrooms and a bathroom on the
other side.There was an attic with a lot of storage and a porch in the back. It was usually
decorated with Arts and Crafts style woodwork. The second type of home being built was the
FrameTwo-Flat. These were a way for the working class to go from life in an apartment to
owning a home. The first floor was where the owner lived and the second floor would be rented
out. These were made from wood, brick or stone and could come in a variety of architectural
styles. The third style was the Chicago Greystone. The limestone exterior was brought in from
quarries around Bedford, Indiana. It had stacked apartments with one entrance that faced the
street. It looked large and had spacious interiors and gave the illusion of a single family dwelling.
The fourth style was the courtyard building. It was a U-shaped that was built around a green
space that could be seen from the street. These were considered luxury units, usually with a brick
exterior. The fifth type of building was the worker cottage. Built from wood at first but then from
brick after theChicago fire of 1871. Either one or one and half stories with gabled roofs that faced
the street. They could also be built in different architectural styles.
In some ways the Robie House and Frank LloydWrights Prairie Style homes
embraced the local vernacular. The Robie House was also made from brick and wood and used
materials that were from the area. The suburban homes built were larger than in the city but
would still usually be more than one story with the main living spaces on the first floor and the
more private ones on the second floor. Many of the building built during this time would have
had some type of architectural style that was reproduced from a different culture or era. The
Robie House was actually a new style altogether but it still embraced the local vernacular as far as
composition of the building. The interior would probably be considered different as the most
buildings rooms would have been separated. In the Robie house one room flowed to another and
wasn’t sectioned off. This building was also one of the first residential buildings that
incorporated steel beams to support the cantilevered roof. But this type of construction was also
being used in the skyscrapers of the city. Although this house had its own architectural style it
still embraced the local vernacular through the materials used and what homeowners wanted in
that area.(Latrace, Web)

PartOne:
Identification
1. NameofStructure:
TheWaldorfAstoria
1893
5th Aveand33rd St. NY
4. PrimaryArchitectural
Style:
HistoricistSkyscrapers
presentinstructure:
Stone andbrickCladding
SteelFrame
MansardRoof
architecturalelementsfrom
anypreviousstyle
Waldorf Astoria 1893-1929
All images: (Image 2)
HISTORICIST SKYSCRAPERS

PartOne:
Identification
1. NameofStructure:
TheWaldorfAstoria
1931Completed
301ParkAveNY
Style:
HistoricistSkyscrapers(Arts
andDecoStyle)
presentinstructure:
Artsanddeco
rectilinearshapes
Symmetry,boldgeometric
shapes.
Waldorf Astoria 1931 to Present
All images: (Image 3)
HISTORICIST SKYSCRAPERS

SKETCHES
ARCHITECTUR
AL
ELEMENTS:
Historicist

Part II:Cultural
Issue
 The original Waldorf Astoria was designed by Henry J Hardenbergh forWilliam
Waldorf Astor. Mr. Astor commissioned him to build the best, most luxurious
hotel in the world. The corner of 5th Ave and 33rd street was originally Mr.
Astor's home. He wanted the best of society to gather and stay at his new
hotel. Mr. Hardenbergh built many of the hotels from this time. The original
building was built in a revival of German Renaissance architecture. Mr.
Hardenbergh had received his education and opened his own business in New
York, and because of family connections was able to get his first three
contracts for buildings there. This is what would get his foot in the door for
future buildings. Society at this time was starting to flourish. This area was
where the influential lived. Mr. Astor was of German descent which explains
why that type of architectural design was used. The historicist period of
architecture also refers to the revival of all of the architectural styles that
came before. When the building was taken down in 1929 so the Empire State
Building could be built, it was relocated. The new building had new architects
that decided to use arts and deco style architecture throughout. This was
done as many things were changing in the way buildings were being built
because of technology. Machine style imagery replaced hand sculpted or
carved motifs to save on costs. The new hotel was built with the backing of
several investors. It was thought that there still had to be a luxury hotel in
NewYork. The stock market hadn’t crashed yet and the economy was great.
The NewYork Central Railroad owned the land, so they with other investors
decided to build the new hotel. The growth of the country was related to the
hotel in a comment by President Hoover in a broadcast from theWhite House:
"The opening of the newWaldorf Astoria is an event in the advancement of
hotels, even in NewYork City. It carries great tradition in national
hospitality...marks the measure of nation's growth in power, in comfort and in
artistry...an exhibition of courage and confidence to the whole nation“(Hotel
History, web) It is important to note that this building was and still is an
important reminder of how architecture of the early 1900s related to the
economy of America.The arts deco design of the second building was and
embrace of technology.

Part III:Topical
Issue
Discuss the local
vernaculararchitecture
in relation tothe
design ofthe
structuresyou
select. Doyour
buildings rejector
embracethe local
vernacular?Why, or
why not?
 Skyscrapers at that time were being built in the same type brick
with steel frame that theWaldorf was. Because these were
historicist buildings they could be made after any number of prior
different architectural styles. As seen with this building, the
original was based on German renaissance architecture and the
later building was based on arts and deco architecture style. In
many was it was very much in relation to other structures in the
local area. The design of the larger hotels and skyscrapers all had
to follow codes and regulations so in that sense they were all the
same. The different architectural elements led to an eclectic type
style throughout the city. At this time this building was one of the
tallest in the city. It seems that this building definitely embrace
the architecture of the buildings surrounding it. One reason was
because the architect who built it had also built several of the
other ones in the city.

W4A2:
Survey of
Architecture
Guide
International
Style:
Modernist
Mid 20th
Century

PartOne:
Identification:
1. NameofStructure:
ClarkHouse
1957
1780Devon Rd.
Pasadena,California
INTERNATIONAL-MODERNIST
RectilinearForms
Openfluidinteriorspaces
Glassforfaçade
Steelexteriorsupport
Concreteforsupportandfloors
Cantileveredupperfloor/
balcony
Smoothwallsurfaces
Noornamentation
Exterior: (Image 1)
International Style
Modernist
Photo of Neutra
with the Clark
Family circa
1958
(Image 2)
Exterior: (Image 1) Exterior: (Image 1)
Exterior: (Image 2)

Clark House
Images:
Exterior/
Interior
Image 1
Image 3
Image 3
Image 3Image 3

SKETCHES
ARCHITECTURAL
ELEMENTS:
International
Modernist
Flat Roof Brick and
rectilinear
objects
Cantilevered
roofRows of Glass
walls/windows with
steel structural beams

Part II:
Cultural
Analysis:
Richard Neutra
andJohn and
DeVeeClark
 Richard Neutra was born into a wealthy Jewish family in 1892 inVienna, Austria. From
1910 to about 1920 he studied at the Sophiengymnasium inVienna, Vienna University
ofTechnology, andThe University of Zurich. He moved with his wife to the United
States in 1923. At a funeral he met Frank Lloyd Wright, who offered him a job at
Talesian in Wisconsin while he worked in Japan. When the work was completed he
moved to Californian to work with Rudolf Shindler. They had a falling out and he went
on his own. From 1927 to 1967 he built over 300 homes. The Clarks attended a lecture
that he had in 1955. They liked Frank Lloyd Wrights work and the were impressed
with Neutras’ work as well. It was based on what Neutra called bio realism…”The
inherent and inseparable relationship between man and nature.” (NCMH, Web). The
Clarks asked him if he would be interested in designing their home. They had a 39,000
dollar budget. The international style architecture was normally used for public
buildings and things of that nature. Richard Neutra was one of the few architects that
used this style in residential buildings. When he was in Austria he had briefly worked
for a landscape architect by the name of Gustav Ammann. This along with his work
with Frank Lloyd Wright could have been what started his way of designing the
buildings with the nature and landscape that they were being built on. Neutra was an
architect like many others that wanted to design something that was new and not
mixed with a bunch of architectural elements from previous periods. This is why his
homes would be rectilinear in nature and used new types of building materials that
were available because of technology. The Clarks and Neutra were both living in a
time when architecture was taking on a new modern look while also taking into
consideration the environment surrounding it. The fact that Neutra had also been
able to work with other like minded architects and his family had money for him to go
to school were reasons why he was so successful. The Clarks were a wealthy family
and were able to afford the design that they wanted. Neutra actually had to change
his first design as the living room wasn’t big enough to house John Clarks piano. So
the final cost of the home ended up being around 43,000 dollars.

Part III:Topical
Issue
Discuss the
relationship between
the materials usedin
constructionandeach
structure’sdesign.
The Clark House is a great example of the International Style type of home in the United States. The
way it was built and the materials that were used to build it were a direct relation to three things that
architects were faced with in the 19th Century. One was that they were tired of the mixture of
architectural elements from different periods in the buildings, and the designs had nothing to do with
how the building functioned. Second was the rise of the age of technology and economic factors.
Third, technology brought about the ability to use new materials that are seen in this home, such as
steel, iron, reinforced concrete and glass. (International Style,Web) The technology was the most
important factor. It made great amounts of these product that were mass produced and therefore
were less expensive. In this home the use of reinforced concrete for the floor and the glass walls
throughout the home created a design that was aesthetically pleasing, affordable, and functional.
Neutra also used JapaneseAsh throughout the home. This was so that it could be custom cut and the
grain would run in long spans across the home. This would add to the open flowing design and the
need to incorporate nature into the design. It would be modern, functional and aesthetically pleasing
to the eye. The house was built in the foothills and at one point the there was a landslide because of
heavy rain. This left the pool unsupported. So the technology of concrete retaining walls and pilings
that were drilled down into the bedrock were built so that the pool would be supported in the case of
another landslide. The fact that there were so many new materials being made and that they were
learning that these materials would be better for support was a huge determining factor in why these
were used in building. Neutras philosophy was also a determining factor. He believed the building
should be a part of its surroundings. There was a Japanese garden put into the back yard that was
actually made larger when the pool support was fixed. The design of this house and the materials used
were a direct relation in that the new modern materials used lent to the modern look of the home. It is
also interesting that using less decoration and ornamentation (materials) also added to the structures
modern look. This time was all about new technology, new materials, and a whole new style that
reflected what was going on inAmerica and it is seen inTheClark House.

PartOne:
Identification
1. NameofStructure:
OrangeCountyGovt.Center
1971
Goshen, New York
Style:
Brutalist
presentinstructure:
Rawmaterials
Concrete
ModularElementsthat form
awhole with adistinct
purposefor eachspace
Orange County
Government
Center (Image 4)

SKETCHES
ARCHITECTURAL
ELEMENTS:
Brutalism
Rectilinear
Sections
Flat Roof
Concrete with
Brick “raw”
materials
And Glass

Part II:Cultural
Issue: Paul
Rudolph and
TheOrange
County
Government
Center
Paul Rudolph grew up in Elton Kentucky. His father was a minister who traveled
a lot which introduced him to architecture in the southern United States. Her
received his bachelors degree in architecture in 1940 from AuburnUniversity.
He worked with E.B.Von Koeren in Birmingham and RalphTwitchell in Sarasota.
He earned a masters from Harvard in 1947 after serving three years as a naval
officer. He won 100,000 in Harvard's annual fellowship. This sent him traveling
in Europe and in 1949Twitchell offered him a full partnership. After working
with him for 8 years Rudolph started his own firm. He like other architects were
going for the modern design. (NCMH, Paul,Web). The OrangeCounty
GovernmentCenter was commissioned to him in 1970. The Brutalist Style
designed in this building was seen throughout Europe and the United States.
The name came from the French term Breton brut which means rough
concrete.(WordPress,Web). This building is also designed somewhat from Le
Corbusier's ideas from “Ville Radieuse”. It is built in sections that are all similar.
Each section serves a certain function. This style would be seen in many public
buildings during this time. Paul Randolph and adopting the type of architectural
style was conforming with what many young architects of this time were. They
were going against the old style and mixture of previous eras of architecture.
The flat roof, rectilinear shapes, and glass walls were all things you found in the
international style and Brutalism just took it a step further by adding the rough
material and concrete. This building like many others is now the object of
critism. Many of these buildings have been demolished and the OrangeCounty
GovernmentCenter has lost and will either be totally demolished or updated to
something different. It is important to note the relation of the technological
age, Le Corbusier's ideas on urban planning, and the idea of moving toward a
completely new type of architectural design that is functional. Without looking
at both the urban planning aspects and the architectural elements you can not
get a full idea of what this building was and why it was built the way it was.

Part III:Topical
Issue
Discuss the
relationship
between the
materials used in
construction and
each structure’s
design.
 The main materials used to build this was concrete. It was a raw material and
was used to build many buildings during this period. This building along with
others often also followed the International modernist style of architecture so
it included the rectilinear shapes, flat roofs, glass walls or large windows and
the use of modern new materials that appeared due to the new age of
technology. The concrete used to build these was a response to wanting to
reject the idea of taking elements of different eras of architecture and put
them into one building. They wanted to create modern new designs that
emulated the time. This building was built for function and the form followed
from what the function was. The concrete was something that would look
uniform and that idea came from some of Le Corbusier's ideas on urban
planning. City officials would be working here so spaces were divided up and
each one served a purpose. The different sections and green space were all
part of a design that would create a space that would function properly.
Although it is closely related to the International style, it is different due to the
fact that it more flexible with its forms and designs, as seen in this building.
The jutting out and different layers of floors creates a more interesting look
but still goes along with sectioning and categorizing different areas. The
interior of this building would show that all the areas were pretty bland and
the same. This also following the ideas that came from Corbu. These
materials were all mass produced and therefore more affordable. This would
also make sense because this building was a government building and the
taxpayers were paying for it. The building itself being made from reinforced
concrete was the result of the modernist movement also. There was no
ornamentation on the building which was also saved money and was a
reaction to dismissing the eclectic styles from previous periods. This building
is a perfect example of how the materials that were used had a direct
correlation to the design of the building.

W5A2:
Survey of
Architecture
Guide
Deconstructionism:
Mimetic Architecture
Sustainable
Architecture

PartOne:
Identification:
1. NameofStructure:
TheSustainableTreehouse
2013
SummitBetchelReserve
GlenJean,WestVirginia
SustainableArchitecture
WindTurbines
Locallyharvestedfscwood
Recycledcontentmegasteel
structure
Layereddesignbuiltaroundits
environment
Exterior: (Image 2)
Sustainable Architecture Exterior: (Image 2) Exterior: (Image 2)
Exterior: (Image 2)

The
Sustainable
Treehouse
Images
Exterior/
Interior
Image 2
Image 2
Image 2

SKETCHES
ARCHITECTURAL
ELEMENTS:
Sustainable
Architecture
Wood materials
harvested
locally and used
in design
Natural Light
Wind turbines for
energy saving

Part II:
CulturalAnalysis:
Mithun
Architects,
TrinityWorks,
and
The BoyScouts
ofAmerica
 Mithun architects were employed byTrinity works and the Boy Scouts of America to
design this building. They are like many other new and upcoming architects that are
focusing on creating buildings that are sustainable. Trinity Works is a company that
works with different organizations to help them create what they want through real
estate and land development. The Boy Scouts of America added a new badge that
shows that they are committed to working towards a sustainable future.The building
is now home for the Boy Scout Jamboree, a High Adventure Base, and leadership
training. It was built to the toughest standards of LEED and is a place for them to
learn what sustainable architecture is and how it will impact the future. Now in the
21st century it is becoming more important to meet these standards and technology
has allowed for vast improvements in this area. It only made sense that these two
organizations would choose and architectural firm that has LEED certified architects
along with a landscape architect so that it could be built to impact the environment
and its surroundings as little as possible. It is a place where it “captures the wonder of
childhood exploration and places environmental education at the forefront of
meaningful experiences and camp messages for thousands of annual visitors to take
home.”(Seller, web) These companies together were able to create a place that
teaches sustainability through various ways. People are able to climb and perch in the
trees, explore the area, and watch and learn about nature from several different
places. They have interactive exhibits that were designed to show visitors how they
work and making them feel like they are part of the environment that surrounds
them.The climate in America during this time is that of companies being very aware
of how important it is to use sustainable products and try to create spaces that energy
efficient and not wasteful. This type of architecture is adding another layer that not
only considers the form and function, but also the materials that are used and how
they affect the environment. The Boy Scouts have always been about nature and how
to treat it with respect so it makes sense that they would want to do a project like this
with a company that is very serious about sustainable design.

Part III:Topical
Issue
Discuss the
relationship between
the structuresyou
select andthe design
and/orpersonal
philosophy oftheir
architect or
architecturalfirm.
The SustainableTreehouse is a building that has very specific reasons for being there. The design of it
was realizes by first looking at what sustainable architecture is then incorporating that into every
aspect of the design. To understand the philosophy of the architects and how it relates to the design
of the building you first have to understand what sustainable architecture is. In an excerpt from a solar
company they explain sustainable architecture as “Sustainable design or ecological design (also
referred to as green design, or sustainable architecture) is a philosophy of designing buildings to
comply with the principles of social, economic, and ecological sustainability.” (Sustainable, web). It is
important to note that this could change by location as nature changes by location. The main idea is
that you look at the surroundings and adapt the design accordingly. In the case of the treehouse they
used landscape architects to make sure that the design of the building did not affect or change nature.
It was also created to actual accent nature and use it to create a place that people would enjoy and
learn from. They created a highly interactive facility that is a place that exemplifies what the scouting
adventure is, shows environmental stewardship, and a high performance building design. They
included innovative green building systems that have a 6,450 watt photovoltaic array output, two
4,000 watt wind turbines, and 1,000 gallon cistern and water cleansing system. All of these together
create a system that yields a net-zero energy and a net-zero water facility that only very slightly
affects its surroundings. (Seller, web)
Mithun architects Is made up of leading interior designers, landscape architects, urban designers, and
planners that “work to inspire a sustainable world through leadership, innovation, and integrated
design.” (Mithun, web). They practice what they preach as well. Their offices are perfect examples of
sustainability and how it is important that the building be an extension of nature and its surroundings
and that it doesn’t affect its surroundings in a negative way. They are also continually educating their
employees in new technology as well as new advancements in sustainability. They always stay up to
date on what the standards are as well trying to surpass them and come up with new design ideas for
sustainability and green building. The philosophy of this firm on sustainability is directly seen in the
above design and technology that is seen in the Sustainable treehouse.

PartOne:
StructuralandStylisticIdentification
1. NameofStructure:
Binoculars(Chiat/Day) Bldg.
1991
340MainStreet,Venice,CA
90291
Style:
PostModern:
Deconstructionism
Mimetic
5. Architectural elements
presentinstructure:
A. UnrelatedForms
B. AbstractinNature
C. SmoothExteriorSurfaces
D. ContrastofShapesandForms
E. Largeareasofonetypeofmaterial
(concrete,metal,stoneetc..)
F. Windowframeshidden
G. Simplemetal frameddoors
Image 1
Image 1
Image 1

SKETCHES
ARCHITECTURAL
ELEMENTS:
Deconstructivist
Abstract in
Nature
Hidden window
frames
Unrelated forms

Part II:Cultural
Issue: Frank
Gehry and the
Chiat/Day
(Binoculars)
Building
Frank Gehry was born inToronto Canada in 1929. He was very
creative as a young boy and would build imaginary cities out of many different
types of material from his grandfathers hardware store. The items he would use
were not typical materials that would be used in designing buildings and this will
reflect in his designs later in life. In 1949 he moved to Los Angeles where he
studied at the SouthernCalifornia School of Architecture. He started a furniture
line (Easy Edges), which were made from corrugated cardboard between 1969
and 1973. His love was with designing so he took the money he made from that
line and started designing residences. His new and unusual design ideas quickly
became noticed and took his career to new heights.( Biography, web)
TBWA/Chiat/Day was a full service advertising agency that was also based in Los
Angeles. The company is known for its very exciting, new, and disruptive
advertising. Founded in 1968 when a merger between Jay Chiat andAssociates
and Faust/Day advertising group brought them together. Guy Day became
president because he won the coin toss. The companies owners were fast paced
and creative and moving with the technology of the time(About, web). This
explains why they would choose Frank Gehry as their architect. They were all
very creative and chose to look outside of the box to come up with solutions for
their designs. They started on the design of this project in 1985. Gehry designed
the two outer buildings one boat like and one tree like and now he just needed
to figure out what would connect the two. He was friends with sculptors Claes
Oldenburg and his wife Coosje van Bruggen. They both were well known for
creating large sculptures that resembled common objects. They had designed a
pair of binoculars for a library that was never built. They gave the model of the
binoculars to Gehry and it was sitting on his desk in his office. He had the model
completed with the two buildings and it just so happened that the model of the
binoculars was the right size. He placed it in his model and that is how the
binoculars were added to the building. Chiat/Day was creating advertising that
was bold, new and exciting and Gehry’s designs would be reflection of what the
company offered, so it made perfect sense that they would get together.

Part III:Topical
Issue
Discuss the
relationshipbetween
the structures you
select andthe design
and/or personal
philosophy of their
architect or
architectural firm.
 Frank Gehry was considered a leader in deconstructivist architecture and the
Chiat/Day building is a perfect example of this. Frank Gehry began his love of
the unconventional as a child. He created imaginary buildings and cities from
anything he could find in his grandfathers hardware store. In this building you
see how the buildings seem to each contradict one another in shape, but the
placement of the binoculars seems to bring the design together. This building
represents the oppositions to the strict ideas of the modernist movement. He
didn’t design it based on the notion that form of this building HAD to follow
its function. He designed different structures based on what he wanted for
the design and then created the interiors from that. While he studied at the
SouthernCalifornia School of Architecture he found himself more interested
in hanging out with the art students. He became very interested in Corbu’s
paintings and how the shapes and forms were in his paintings and buildings.
He also was interested in the movement of shapes and how they flow while
still being still. If you look the front side on the left has the shape of a boat
and on the right of the binoculars resembles trees. One moves and one stands
still yet the two together with the binoculars in the middle all seem to work
aesthetically. He designed the outside of the building based on form and art.
He then took that and made it function for the client.This building flows from
one end to the other. His mother was and artist and he loved getting ideas
from different artists and incorporating them into a design. If you look at the
pictures of the buildings and the model picture from above, you could actually
envision this as something that could be drawn on a canvass as a painting with
the abstract shapes and different colors and materials. He believed you could
create buildings that were like art forms and still have them function for
whatever the space was going to be used for and he did that with this
building.

W6A1: Study
ofArchitecture
Nearby
 WILLISTOWER: FORMERLY KNOWNASTHE SEARSTOWER
 CHICAGO IL

Nameofstructure:
WILLISTOWER
Approximatedateofconstruction:
1973
Geographical location:
233S.WACKER DR.
CHICAGOIL
Primaryarchitecturalstyleusedin
structure: INTERNATIONAL
STYLE/MODERNISM
Architecturalelements presentin
structure:
RECTILINEARSHAPES
ASYMMETRICAL
SMOOTHWALLSURFACES
NOORNAMENTATION
LARGEAREASOFGLASS
Materials used:
EXTERIOR-BLACK IONIZED
ALUMINUM
WINDOWS-TINTEDBRONZE
STEEL FRAMEDBUNDLEDTUBES
Architect(ifknown)
BRUCEGRAHAMFROM
SKIDMORE,OWINGS&MERRILL

EXAMINATION
OFTHE
WILLISTOWER
FORMERLY
KNOWNAS
THE
SEARSTOWER
CHICAGO IL
BUILT IN 1973
 TheWillisTower has always fascinated me. I have visited it about 30 times in my
lifetime and it always feels like a new experience when I visit. The construction of
it started in 1970 and it was completed in 1973. The architecture firm who was
commissioned by Sears Roebuck had just built the John Hancock Center a few
years before in a trussed tube construction. They decided to come up with a new
design for this building because of the size it was going to be and the wind
factors in the city. So they came up with a plan that bundled steel tubes
together. If you think of a pack of cigarettes and take each one out that goes up
higher than the rest. TheWillis tower has nine tubes that are bundled together
with the shortest ones being 50 stories, the second set goes up 66 stories, the
third set goes to 110 stories, and the last set to 110 stories. (TheWillisTower,
Web). These are divided into 75 foot by 75 foot squares that are separate spaces
but put together into one building.This would create a building that would meet
the setback requirements because it was staggered which also gives it a very
interesting look. It also allowed for the office spaces to be open on the lower
floors and the smaller upper floors would give awesome views as they were
unobstructed by a frame. Another very important result from this type of
bundling saved millions of dollars in steel materials that didn’t need to be used.
(AD Classics, Web) At first Sears only wanted a smaller building but they were
talked into making their space the lower floors and then they could lease out the
rest of the spaces. Sears decided after getting their financials at the end of a
quarter was not growing. So theWillis holding group leased the top floors and
retained the naming rights. The building has had renovations done. In 1985
there was a revitalization project and a new atrium was completed. Then in
2000 a multi-million dollar renovation was done to the sky deck. The
architecture of this was the international style architecture but it was also using
new materials and new methods of building as that style of architecture was
starting to fade out. So it also could be considered part of the postmodern style
architecture because of its staggering and using the new type of tube bundling
for the construction of it.

FUN FACT
WILLIS
TOWER
 Completed in 1973
 110 stories
 1450 feet high; 1750 feet high including antenna
 8th tallest building in the world; tallest in theWestern Hemisphere
 World’s tallest building until 1998
 First Steel framed bundled tube construction method
 You can see four states: Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin and Michigan
 76,000 tons of steel
 Took 2,000 workers 3 years to complete
 25,000 miles of electrical cable
 43,000 miles of telephone cable
 Approximately 16,100 windows
 Weighs 222,500 tons
 Approximately 25,000 daily visitors
 76,000 tons of steel
 104 elevators moving 1,20o feet per minute
 Cost more than $175 million to build
 4.5 million gross square feet
 Accommodates more than 12,000 occupants
(Michon, Gary, Web)

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