1. Tongue-tie is characterized by an abnormally short lingual frenulum that can inhibit tongue movement and speech, and is corrected by surgically cutting the frenulum.
2. Ludwig's angina is a potentially life-threatening cellulitis of the floor of the mouth usually caused by a dental infection that causes swelling.
3. Carcinoma of the tongue most commonly involves the lateral margins of the front two-thirds of the tongue and can readily metastasize to lymph nodes on both sides.
a basic and concise description of one of the most common clinical condition we encounter in our daily practice. this info has been gathered from several sources. feel free to point out any mistakes. :)
a basic and concise description of one of the most common clinical condition we encounter in our daily practice. this info has been gathered from several sources. feel free to point out any mistakes. :)
haemorrhoids are the most common tyoe of gastroenterological disease. it is a nutritive disease. here is a quick review on hemorrhoids, its pathophysiology, clinical features, classification, diagnosis and management.
Eustachian tube dysfunction diagnosis and treatmentShruti Baruah
Anatomy of Eustachian tube
Physiology of Eustachian tube function
ET function under special circumstances
ET Dysfunction- pathophysiology, assessment, treatment.
various congenital gastrointestinal diseases manifesting in childhood or even in adults, their radiographic findings on various imaging modalities such as radiograph, barium, ultrasound etc.
Overview of Hernias with special emphasis on Inguinal Hernias. Management of obstructed, strangulated hernia, Bassini repair, McVay's repair, Tanner's slide
haemorrhoids are the most common tyoe of gastroenterological disease. it is a nutritive disease. here is a quick review on hemorrhoids, its pathophysiology, clinical features, classification, diagnosis and management.
Eustachian tube dysfunction diagnosis and treatmentShruti Baruah
Anatomy of Eustachian tube
Physiology of Eustachian tube function
ET function under special circumstances
ET Dysfunction- pathophysiology, assessment, treatment.
various congenital gastrointestinal diseases manifesting in childhood or even in adults, their radiographic findings on various imaging modalities such as radiograph, barium, ultrasound etc.
Overview of Hernias with special emphasis on Inguinal Hernias. Management of obstructed, strangulated hernia, Bassini repair, McVay's repair, Tanner's slide
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and IndigestionSwastikAyurveda
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
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This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
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CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
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2. Tongue tie(Ankyloglossia)
It is characterized by an
abnormally short lingual
frenulum
It inhibits normal movements
of the tongue and may
interfere with normal speech
This can be corrected by
cutting the frenulum
surgically
4. Ludwig’s angina
It is a cellulitis of the
floor of the mouth
• Usually due to infection
from a carious molar
tooth, causing
inflammatory edema of
the floor of the mouth
• A potentially life-
threatening disease
5. Carcinoma of the tongue
Common site of carcinoma
It mostly involves lateral margins of
anterior two-thirds of the tongue
There is rich anastomosis across
the midline between the
lymphatics of the posterior one-
third of the tongue; therefore, a
cancer on one side readily
metastasizes to ipsilateral as well
as the contralateral lymph nodes.
6. Referred pain of cancer tongue
The patients with
cancer tongue often
complains of pain in
ear,
temporomandibular
joint, temporal fossa,
and/or lower teeth
7. Safety muscle of tongue
The genioglossus is called safety
muscle of the tongue
Two genioglossi are responsible for
the protrusion of the tongue
If these muscles are paralyzed, the
tongue will fall back into the
oropharynx and obstructthe air
passage causing choking and death
8. Clinical testing of the hypoglossal
nerve
The genioglossi are commonly used for clinical testing of
the hypoglossal nerve
The muscles of both sides acting together protrude the
tongue whereas single muscle deviate the tongue to the
opposite side
When patient is asked to protrude his tongue, the tongue
deviates to the paralyzed side
10. Piriform fossae
The piriform fossae are dangerous sites
for perforation by an endoscope
The ingested foreign bodies (for
example, fish bones, safety pins) are
sometimes lodged into the piriform fossa
The removal of foreign bodies may
damage the internal laryngeal nerve
leading to anesthesia in the supraglottic
part of the larynx and subsequent loss of
protective cough reflex
12. Tonsillitis
Inflammation of tonsils
The tonsils are the frequent sites of
acute infection especially in school-
going children
It may affect adults also
It is mostly seen in viral infection
13. Pharyngeal Pouch
The mucosa and
submucosa of the
pharynx may bulge
through weak area
,Killian,s dehiscence
,to form a
pharyngeal pouch
or diverticulum
14. Gag reflex
It is a protective reflex
It is a contraction of the back of
the throat triggered by an object
touching the roof of mouth, the
back of tongue, the area around
tonsils, or the back of throat
17. Esophageal varices
Esophageal varices are abnormal, enlarged veins in the esophagus
The lower end of the esophagus is one of the important sites of
portocaval anastomosis
In portal hypertension (e.g., due to cirrhosis of the liver), the
portocaval anastomotic channels open and become dilated and
tortuous
Their rupture may cause severe and fatal hematemesis
19. Barrett’s oesophagus
This is a pre-
malignant condition
in which the
squamous lining of
the lower oesophagus
is replaced by
columnar mucosa
with areas of
metaplasia.
20. Gastric carcinoma (gastric cancer)
It commonly occurs in the region
of pyloric antrum along the
greater curvature of the
stomach
The gastric cancer spreads by
lymph vessels to the left
supraclavicular lymph nodes
The enlarged and palpable left
supraclavicular node (Virchow’s
node) may be the first sign of
gastric cancer (Troisier’s sign)
21. A surgical procedure of
cutting the vagus nerves
It is done to cure the
chronic duodenal ulcers
Truncal vagotomy:
Selective vagotomy:
Vagotomy
22. Gastric pain
It is usually
referred to the
epigastric region
because the
stomach is
supplied by T6–
T10 spinal
segments
23. Radiology of the stomach
A plain erect film
of the
abdomenreveals a
bubble of air
below the left
diaphragm; this is
gas in the
stomach fundus.
25. Duodenal ulcer
The duodenal ulcers
commonly occur in
the first part of the
duodenum
Because it is supplied
by a series of end
arteries and receives
the acidic chyme
from the stomach
26. Duodenal cap( bulb)
In barium meal X-ray
of abdomen, the first
part of the duodenum
presents a triangular
shadow having a well-
demarcated base and
less distinct apex
called duodenal cap or
bulb
27. Duodenal cap( bulb)
When duodenal
ulcer is present in
the first part, a small
fleck of barium is
found filling the
ulcer crater and the
duodenal cap is said
to be deformed
28. Duodenal injuries
The third part of the
duodenum is most
vulnerable to external
injury
It gets crushed between
the vertebral column and
the anterior abdominal
wall following violence Duodenal hematoma.:This is a crushing
injury from compression of the anterior
abdominal wall against the spine.
29. Duodenal diverticula
They are congenital
All most always occur
in the medial wall of
the second part of the
duodenum
31. Appendicitis
The inflammation of the appendix
The initial pain of appendicitis is the
referred pain
It is felt in the umbilical region because
both have same segmental nerve supply
(i.e., T10 spinal segment )
Gradually the pain is localized in the right
iliac fossa
It is due to involvement of local parietal
peritoneum
32. McBurney’s point
It is marked on the surface by
a point at the junction of
medial two-third and lateral
one-third of a line extending
from the umbilicus to the right
anterior superior iliac spine
On palpation maximum
tenderness is elicited at
McBurney’s point in
appendicitis
33. Appendectomy
The surgical removal of
the appendix
It’s a common emergency
surgery that’s performed
to treat appendicitis, an
inflammatory condition
of the appendix
34. Examination of the interior of
colon
Barium enema is used for
visualizing the interior of the
colon
The typical pattern of the
colon due to the presence of
sacculations is clearly seen
35. Congenital
megacolon/Hirschsprung disease
It occurs when neural crest cells fail to
migrate and form the myenteric
plexus(parasympathetic ganglia) in the
sigmoid colon and rectum during
embryonic development
Absence of peristalsis
The normal proximal colon becomes
grossly dilated due to the fecal retention
causing abdominal distension
36. Cancer (carcinoma) of colon
Cancer of colon (actually large
intestine) is a leading cause of
death in the Western world
It is slow growing tumor and
causes constriction of the colon
The growth is restricted to the wall
of colon for a considerable time
before it spreads by lymphatics
If diagnosed early, hemicolectomy
(partial resection of the colon) is
done to treat the patient
37. Diverticulosis
A common clinical condition of
the colon
It consists of the herniation of the
lining mucosa through the circular
muscle between the teniae coli
The herniation occurs where the
circular muscle coat is the weakest
38. Volvulus
It is a clinical condition, in
which a portion of gut
rotates
(clockwise/anticlockwise)
on the axis of its mesentery
It usually occurs due to
adhesion of antimesenteric
border of the gut to the
parietes or any other viscera
39. Intussusception
It is a clinical condition in
which a proximal segment
of the bowel invaginates
into the lumen of an
adjoining distal segment
This may cut off the blood
supply to the bowel and
cause gangrene
40. Rectum
The lymphatics of the rectum are mostly arranged
longitudinally in contrast to the lymphatics of
most of the small and large intestines, where they
are arranged transversely around the gut
Therefore, when the carcinoma of the rectum
spreads along lymphatics it does not cause rectal
obstruction unlike the rest of the gut
41. Prolapse of rectum
It is the protrusion of the rectum through the anus
The prolapse may be incomplete or complete
42. Rectal examination
Rectum can be palpated by the
finger passed per rectum in the
normal patient
The following structures can be
palpated:
both sexes — the anorectal ring
(see above), coccyx and sacrum,
ischiorectal fossae, ischial spines
43. Rectal examination
In both sexes : the anorectal ring
(see above), coccyx and sacrum,
ischiorectal fossae, ischial spines
In male :prostate, rarely the healthy
seminal vesicles
In female: perineal body, cervix,
occasionally the ovaries.
Abnormalities which can be detected
44. Hemorrhoids (or piles)
These are variceal dilatations of the
submucosal anal and perianal
venous plexuses
They are classified into
two types
Internal hemorrhoids (or true piles)
External hemorrhoids (or false piles)
45. Internal hemorrhoids (or true piles)
These are the saccular
dilatations of the tributaries
of the superior rectal
(hemorrhoidal) vein above
the pectinate line in portal
obstruction
The internal hemorrhoids
may be primary or
secondary
46. Internal hemorrhoids (or true piles)
The primary piles are formed due to dilatations
of main tributaries/radicles of the superior rectal
vein which lie in the anal columns
which occupy the left lateral, right posterior,
and right anterior positions
The dilatations of radicles of superior rectal
vein in other positions are termed secondary
piles
The location of primary pilescorresponds to the
3 o’clock, 7 o’clock, and 11 o’clock positions
of the anal wall
47. External hemorrhoids (or false
piles)
These are dilatations of the
tributaries of inferior rectal
vein below the pectinate line
They are covered by the
mucous membrane of the
lower half of the canal
They are very painful and do
not bleed on straining during
defecation
48. Perianal abscesses
These may be localized beneath the
anal mucosa (submucous), be
beneath perianal skin
(subcutaneous)
May occupy the ischiorectal (-anal)
fossa
Occasionally, abscesses lie in the
pelvirectal space above levator ani
49. Fissure in anorectal canal
An ulcer in the anal canal below
the level of the pectinate line,
mostly in midline and posteriorly
It is caused by rupture of one of
the anal valves (valves of
Morgagni) by the passage of hard
fecal mass
The common cause is trauma due
to passage of hard stools, followed
by chronic infection
50. Fistula in anorectal canal
An abnormal hollow tract or
cavity that is lined with
granulation tissue and that
connects a primary opening inside
the anal canal to a secondary
opening in the perianal skin
It is caused by the rupture of an
abscess around the canal
53. Splenomegaly
The enlargement of the
spleen (splenomegaly)
The common causes of
massive splenomegaly are:
(a) malaria, (b) cirrhosis of
liver, (c) chronic myeloid
leukemia, and (d) kala-azar
54. Palpation of the spleen
The normal spleen is not palpable
It can be mapped out by percussion
When it is enlarged more than
double of its size, it becomes
palpable at the left costal margin
during deep inspiration
55. Splenectomy
Surgical removal of the spleen
Performed:-
when the spleen is ruptured or
inadvertently nicked at operation
in the treatment of certain blood
diseases
56. Kehr's sign
Kehr's sign is the occurrence of acute
pain in the tip of the shoulder due to
the presence of blood or other
irritants in the peritoneal cavity when
a person is lying down and the legs
are elevated
Kehr's sign in the left shoulder is
considered a classic symptom of a
ruptured spleen