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Alexander ch22 lecture
1.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Advanced EMT A Clinical-Reasoning Approach, 2nd Edition Chapter 22 Neurologic Disorders
2.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. • Applies fundamental knowledge to provide basic and selected advanced emergency care and transportation based on assessment findings for an acutely ill patient. Advanced EMT Education Standard
3.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1. Define key terms introduced in this chapter. 2. Recognize complaints that may indicate a neurologic problem. 3. List possible underlying causes of neurologic emergencies. 4. Explain the importance of airway assessment and management in patients with altered mental status and neurologic deficit. 5. Obtain a focused patient history for patients with a neurologic emergency. Objectives (1 of 6)
4.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 6. Given a scenario with a patient who has indications of a neurologic emergency, perform a focused physical examination. 7. Apply knowledge of the nervous system to patient findings to identify more likely causes of the patient’s condition. 8. Determine the need for emergency interventions in the primary assessment of patients with a neurologic emergency. Objectives (2 of 6)
5.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 9. Identify the signs and symptoms of stroke. 10.Describe the pathophysiology of stroke. 11.Explain the importance of early recognition of stroke signs and symptoms by patients, family or bystanders, and EMS personnel. 12.Describe the relationship between stroke and transient ischemic attack. 13.Assess the patient with possible stroke for neurologic deficits, including use of a stroke assessment scale. Objectives (3 of 6)
6.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14.Discuss the role of blood glucose determination in the assessment of patients with altered mental status, neurologic deficits, and seizures. 15.Describe ways of communicating with patients who have difficulty speaking. 16.Recognize indications that a headache may have a potentially life-threatening underlying cause. 17.Describe measures that you can take to improve the comfort level of the patient suffering from a headache. Objectives (4 of 6)
7.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 18.Explain the importance of reassessing the patient who is experiencing a neurologic emergency. 19.Describe the various ways that seizures can present. 20.Discuss possible underlying causes of seizures. 21.Explain the concerns associated with prolonged or successive seizures. 22.Describe the assessment and emergency medical care of patients who are having a seizure or are in a postictal state. Objectives (5 of 6)
8.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 23.Anticipate bystander reactions to patients having seizures and measures needed to stop any unnecessary or inappropriate interventions. 24.Compare and contrast features of dementia and delirium. 25.Describe basic information about various neurologic disorders, such as Bell’s palsy, vertigo, Parkinson’s disease, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, multiple sclerosis, normal pressure hydrocephalus, and others that may affect the assessment and management of patients. Objectives (6 of 6)
9.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. • Neurologic disorders arise in either central or peripheral divisions of the nervous system. • Altered mental status, behavioral changes, and neurologic deficits are common manifestations of nervous system disorders. Introduction (1 of 2)
10.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. • Understanding pathophysiology processes helps you understand importance of your actions. • Assessment and management • Stroke, seizures, headaches, dementia, delirium, selected chronic degenerative neurologic diseases, infectious neurologic disorders, nontraumatic back pain Introduction (2 of 2)
11.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Think About It • What are some potential causes of the patient’s headache? • What level of concern should Anna and Brian have for a chief complaint of severe headache? • What is the best way to approach the gathering of this patient’s history? • What aspects of the examination will provide the most important information?
12.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Anatomy and Physiology Review • Nervous and endocrine systems: two major control systems of body • Nervous system divisions – Anatomically Central nervous system (CNS): brain, spinal cord Peripheral nervous system: all neural tissue outside brain and spinal cord – Functionally Somatic; voluntary Autonomic; involuntary
13.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Table 22-1 Functions of the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic Parasympathetic Alpha1 Receptors Beta1 Receptors Beta2 Receptors Constriction of arterioles and veins Pupil dilation Increase in heart rate, strength of contraction, automaticity, and conduction Bronchodilation Dilation of arterioles Inhibition of uterine contractions Skeletal muscle tremors Pupil constriction Decrease in heart rate, strength of contraction, and blood pressure Bronchoconstriction Increase in gastrointestinal tract activity
14.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Anatomy and Physiology Review (1 of 4) • Function of nervous system is to – Monitor input from body’s environments – Integrate sensory input – Coordinate both voluntary and involuntary responses to input
15.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Figure 22-3 A representative neuron.
16.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. • Synapse – Gap between axon and dendrites of adjacent neuron or effector tissue – Molecules of neurotransmitter secreted into synapse and bind with receptors on dendrites – Neurotransmitters secreted into synapse must be broken down to prevent continuous stimulation. Anatomy and Physiology Review (2 of 4)
17.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Figure 22-5 Structure of the brain. (A) Superior view. (B) Sagittal view. (C) Frontal section view.
18.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Table 22-2 Selected Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitter Function Acetylcholine Is the preganglionic neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system and the pre- and postganglionic neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system. Also acts at the neuromuscular junction. Dopamine Affects areas of the brain responsible for movement, emotions, and the ability to experience pleasure. Dopamine regulation may play a role in addictions. Death of dopamine-producing cells in a specific area of the brain results in Parkinson’s disease. Some antipsychotics and antidepressants work by increasing or decreasing dopamine activity in the brain. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) Inhibits central nervous system activity. Deficiency can play a role in anxiety and insomnia. Benzodiazepines, such as Valium and Xanax, work to decrease anxiety by stimulating GABA receptors. Glutamate Plays a role in learning and memory; may be deficient (or certain receptors for it may be damaged) in Alzheimer’s disease and alcoholic brain damage. Norepinephrine Helps regulate the reticular activating system. Excess in the amygdala and forebrain can produce anxiety. Reduced norepinephrine activity may play a role in depression. Some types of antidepressants prevent reuptake of norepinephrine. Serotonin Regulates mood, emotion, appetite, and sleep. Responsible for general feelings of well-being. Lack of serotonin in the brain may lead to depression. Many currently used antidepressants selectively block the reuptake of serotonin in brain synapses.
19.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. • Human brain consists of six major parts – Cerebrum – Diencephalon – Midbrain – Pons – Medulla oblongata – Cerebellum Anatomy and Physiology Review (3 of 4)
20.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Table 22-3 Functions of the Brain Brain Area Function Frontal lobe Cognition, thinking, problem solving, reasoning, learning, judging, intelligence, personality Temporal lobe Hearing; verbal memory (left), visual memory (right) Parietal lobe Touch, kinesthetic sense, balance, interpretation of sensory information, visuospatial abilities, understanding spoken and written language. Occipital lobe Receives and analyzes visual information Cerebellum Maintains muscle tone, coordinates movement, helps maintain balance and posture Medulla oblongata Regulates breathing and cardiovascular function; relays information between higher brain centers and spinal cord to control skeletal muscle movement Pons Relay center between higher brain centers and spinal cord, regulation of respiration Reticular activating system (RAS) Nerve fibers within the hypothalamus, thalamus, medulla, pons, and midbrain responsible for relaying sensory information from the spinal cord and maintaining consciousness Amygdala Part of the limbic system, plays roles in memory formation and emotional reactions Thalamus Relay center between cortex and sense organs Hypothalamus Controls hunger, thirst, temperature, aggression; interacts with pituitary gland for integration of nervous and endocrine control
21.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Anatomy and Physiology Review (4 of 4) • Cerebrum uppermost portion of brain; responsible for higher brain functions. – Divided into right and left hemispheres – Each hemisphere composed of frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital lobes – Higher brain function depends on integration and coordination of many areas of the brain.
22.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Assessment of Neurologic Complaints • Presentation, complaints, and history help determine if problem due to neurologic causes. • May present with – Altered mental status – Behavioral changes – Sensory impairment – Headache – Weakness – Paralysis – Other complaints
23.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. • Scene size-up – Safety – Number of patients – Need for additional resources – Nature of illness or mechanism of injury – General appearance, mental status, chief complaint Assessment of Neurologic Complaints (1 of 10)
24.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. • Primary assessment – Unresponsive patient Check carotid pulse; begin cardiac resuscitation. – Determine level of responsiveness using AVPU. – Patients with some neurologic problems can be deeply unresponsive, leading to airway obstruction and decreased ventilation. Assessment of Neurologic Complaints (2 of 10)
25.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Assessment of Neurologic Complaints (3 of 10) • Primary assessment (continued) – Establish and protect airway. – Any patient with altered mental status with compromised ABCs is critical and high priority. – Impaired brain oxygenation worsens outcome of neurologic problems. – Limit secondary brain injury from poor perfusion, hypoxia, hypoglycemia.
26.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. • Secondary assessment – Obtain medical history; use mnemonics SAMPLE and OPQRST. – Obtain information from family if patient has altered mental status – Vitals, SpO2, blood glucose level, capnometry, and cardiac monitoring per protocol Assessment of Neurologic Complaints (4 of 10)
27.
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2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Table 22-4 Medications That May Indicate a Neurologic Problem Medication Use amitriptyline (Elavil) Antidepressant, migraine headaches, insomnia carbamazepine (Tegretol) Seizures chlorpromazine (Thorazine) Antipsychotic/neuroleptic donepezil (Aricept) Alzheimer’s disease gabapentin (Neurontin) Seizures, migraine headaches, pain from neuropathies haloperidol (Haldol) Antipsychotic/neuroleptic L-DOPA/levodopa (Sinemet) Parkinson’s disease lamotrigine (Lamictal) Seizures meclizine (Antivert) Vertigo phenytoin (Dilantin) Seizures propranolol (Inderal) Migraine headaches sumatriptan (Imitrex) Migraine headaches valproic acid (Depakote) Seizures, migraine headaches
28.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Assessment of Neurologic Complaints (5 of 10) • Secondary assessment (continued) – Consider possibility of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) and concept of cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP). – Critical patient Perform rapid physical examination. – Noncritical patient Perform focused physical examination.
29.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. • Secondary assessment (continued) – Exams of mental and neurologic status required in patients with potential neurologic problems. – Examine pupils. – Assess motor and sensory functions in all four extremities. – Use stroke screening tools. – Determine Glasgow Coma Scale score. Assessment of Neurologic Complaints (6 of 10)
30.
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2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Table 22-5 Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale (CPSS) Sign of Stroke Patient Activity Interpretation Facial droop Have patient look up at you, smile, and show his or her teeth. Normal: Symmetry to both sides. Abnormal: One side of the face droops or does not move symmetrically. Arm drift Have patient lift arms up and hold them out with eyes closed for 10 seconds. Normal: Symmetrical movement in both arms. Abnormal: One arm drifts down or asymmetrical movement of the arms. Abnormal speech Have patient say, “You can’t teach an old dog new tricks.” Normal: The correct words are used, and no slurring of words is noted. Abnormal: The words are slurred, the wrong words are used, or the patient is aphasic. Source: Kothari, R. U., A. Pancioli, T. Liu, T. Brott, and J. Broderick. 1999. “Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale: Reproducibility and Validity.” Annals of Emergency Medicine 33, no. 4: 373-8.
31.
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2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Table 22-6 Los Angeles Prehospital Stroke Screen (LAPSS) Considerations Yes Unknown No Age greater than 45 years No history of seizures or epilepsy Duration of symptoms is less than 24 hours Patient is not wheelchair bound or bedridden Blood glucose level between 60 and 400 mg/dL Physical exam to determine unilateral asymmetry Equal R Weakness L Weakness A. Have patient look up, smile, and show teeth. Droop Droop B. Compare grip strength of upper extremities. Weak grip Weak grip No grip No grip C. Assess arm strength for drift or weakness. Drifts down Drifts down Falls rapidly Falls rapidly Source: Kidwell, C.S., S. Starkman, M. Eckstein, K. Weems, and J. L. Saver. 2000. “Identifying Stroke in the Field: Prospective Validation of the Los Angeles Prehospital Stroke Screen (LAPSS).” Stroke 31: 71-6. doi:10.1161/01.STR.31.1.71
32.
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2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Table 22-7 Glasgow Coma Scale Eye Opening Spontaneous 4 To verbal command 3 To pain 2 No response 1 Verbal Response Oriented and converses 5 Disoriented and converses 4 Inappropriate words 3 Incomprehensible sounds 2 No response 1 Motor Response Obeys verbal commands 6 Localizes pain 5 Withdraws from pain (flexion) 4 Abnormal flexion in response to pain (decorticate rigidity) 3 Extension in response to pain (decerebrate rigidity) 2 No response 1
33.
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2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Assessment of Neurologic Complaints (7 of 10) • Reasoning and decision making – Understand basic functions of nervous system and causes of neurologic signs and symptoms. – Altered mental status – Behavioral emergencies – Headache – Slurred speech
34.
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2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. • Reasoning and decision making (continued) – Extracranial Infection, metabolic problems, hypoxia, hypoperfusion, toxins, environmental conditions, overdoses – Intracranial Traumatic brain injury, stroke, epilepsy Assessment of Neurologic Complaints (8 of 10)
35.
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2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Table 22-8 Mnemonic AEIOU-TIPS for Causes of Altered Mental Status A – Alcohol, anoxia E – Environment, epilepsy I – Insulin (diabetes and other endocrine disorders) O – Overdose U – Uremia (renal failure) T – Trauma (shock, traumatic brain injury) I – Infection P – Psychosis, poisoning S – Stroke
36.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Assessment of Neurologic Complaints (9 of 10) • Reasoning and decision making (continued) – Manage airway, ventilation, oxygenation. – Control bleeding and maintain blood pressure. – Transport stroke or traumatic brain injury patient to right facility for care.
37.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. • Reassessment – Reassess critical patients every 5 minutes. – Reassess noncritical patients every 15 minutes. – Ask about changes in symptoms. – Determine effects of any interventions. Assessment of Neurologic Complaints (10 of 10)
38.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. • Altered mental status (AMS) not disease in itself – Indication of underlying problem affecting brain function • Vulnerable due to decreased or lost reflexes • Manage airway, breathing, circulation. • Search for correctable underlying causes. Altered Mental Status (1 of 2)
39.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. • AMS patients may have lost gag and cough reflexes, muscle tone may be impaired, and respirations may be depressed. • If involvement of hypothalamus and brainstem, may lose the ability to control body temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, and respirations. Altered Mental Status (2 of 2)
40.
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2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. • Temporary loss of consciousness caused by inadequate brain perfusion • Neurologic symptoms precede loss of consciousness – Tunnel vision – Loss of vision – “Seeing stars” – Ringing in the ears Syncope (1 of 3)
41.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. • Causes – Cardiac dysrhythmia – Changes in components needed for adequate blood pressure – Medications that prevent increase in heart rate or vasoconstriction Causes syncope when patient changes from supine or sitting position to standing – Vasovagal response Syncope (2 of 3)
42.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. • Underlying cause in most cases is cardiovascular, not neurologic. • Syncope can be benign or it can have potentially life-threatening causes. • It is possible for patient to sustain injury if he falls during the syncopal episode. • Thoroughly evaluated and encouraged to be transported to hospital Syncope (3 of 3)
43.
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2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. • Leading cause of death and disability • Area of brain deprived of circulation and thus of oxygen and glucose • Ischemic stroke – Blood clot blocks arterial blood flow to portion of brain • Hemorrhagic stroke – Rupture of blood vessel within cranium Stroke
44.
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2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Figure 22-7 (A) (B) Causes of stroke. (A) Blood is carried from the heart to the brain by way of the carotid and vertebral arteries, which form a ring and branches within the brain. A hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a cerebral artery ruptures and bleeds into the brain (examples shown: subarachnoid bleeding on the surface of the brain; intracerebral bleeding within the brain). An ischemic stroke occurs when a thrombus is formed on the wall of an artery or when an embolus travels from another area until it lodges in and blocks an arterial branch. (B) Brain tissues distal to a rupture, thrombus, or embolus receive little or no perfusion and become ischemic (starved of oxygen) and eventually infarcted (dead). When a thrombus grows slowly enough, collateral arteries may form parallel to the blocked artery to perfuse or partially perfuse the oxygen-starved area of the brain.
45.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. • Stroke pathophysiology – Ischemic stroke Often the result of atherosclerosis of cerebral arteries or internal carotid arteries that supply blood to brain – Risk factors for atherosclerosis are the same as those for cardiovascular disease. Stroke (1 of 7)
46.
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2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Table 22-9 Stroke Risk Factors • Hypertension • Diabetes • Cardiovascular disease • Prior stroke • Transient ischemic attack • Hypercholesterolemia • Age > 55 years • Gender (male) • Ethnicity (African Americans and Hispanics have twice the risk as the population as a whole) • Family history • Hypercoagulative states (pregnancy, sickle cell disease, cancer) • Smoking • Obesity • Atrial fibrillation • Inactivity • Cocaine, IV drug abuse • Excessive alcohol use • Hormonal contraceptives • History of migraine headaches with an aura
47.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Stroke (2 of 7) • Stroke pathophysiology (continued) – Hemorrhagic strokes occur due to rupture of aneurysm in brain or from AVM. – Hypertension and atherosclerosis risk factors – Neurologic damage and death begin to occur within 4 minutes.
48.
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2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Table 22-10 Stroke Terminology Term Definition Aphasia Difficulty with or loss of language skills; may be receptive (difficulty understanding others) or expressive (difficulty expressing oneself); can include spoken or written language Ataxia Lack of coordination Dysarthria Difficulty speaking due to weakness or paralysis of muscles involved in speech Hemianopsia Loss of half the visual field Hemiparesis Weakness on one side of the body Hemiplegia Paralysis on one side of the body
49.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. • Stroke pathophysiology (continued) – Transient ischemic attack (TIA) Temporary interruption in perfusion (from atherosclerotic disease or emboli) Signs and symptoms resolve within one to two hours. – Patient who has experienced TIA at high risk for subsequent stroke Stroke (3 of 7)
50.
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2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. • Common warning signs of stroke • Hemorrhagic often begin with sudden, severe headache – Unlike other headaches the patient has experienced, followed by progressively worsening signs and symptoms • Ischemic stroke – No headache; signs and symptoms at worst at or near time of onset Stroke (4 of 7)
51.
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2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. • Stroke treatment – Stroke chain of survival – Recognize signs and symptoms that indicate stroke. – Use prehospital stroke screening. – Support ABCs. – Oxygen to maintain SpO2 > 94% – Establish time of onset. – Transport to most appropriate facility. Stroke (5 of 7)
52.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. • Stroke treatment (continued) – IV en route. – Prepare to manage seizures. – Notify receiving facility. – Check blood glucose. Stroke (6 of 7)
53.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Stroke (7 of 7) • Stroke treatment (continued) – Patients at risk for upper airway obstruction and aspiration – Treat hypoxia; do not overadminister oxygen. – Patients may be hypertensive; not recommended to treat high blood pressure in prehospital setting. – For fibrinolytic treatment to be effective, must be initiated within 3 to 4½ hours from onset of signs and symptoms.
54.
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2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Table 22-11 General Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria for Fibrinolytic Treatment Inclusion Criteria Exclusion Criteria • Ischemic stroke with measurable neurologic deficit • History of recent significant trauma, surgery, arterial puncture, or gastrointestinal bleeding • Onset of symptoms less than three hours before treatment • Active haemorrhage • Suspected or known cerebral or intracranial bleeding; previous cerebral hemorrhage • 18 years or older • Intracerebral tumor, aneurysm, or arteriovenous malformation • Disorders that cause delayed blood clotting and use of some anticoagulant drugs, if labs are abnorma • Low platelet count • Hypertension (uncontrolled with medications) • Pregnancy • Minor or rapidly improving symptoms
55.
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2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Figure 22-9 A generalized tonic–clonic, or grand mal, seizure is a sign of abnormal release of electrical impulses in the brain: (A) aura, (B) loss of consciousness followed by tonic phase, (C) clonic phase, and (D) postictal phase.
56.
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2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Seizures (1 of 9) • Abnormal discharge and spread of neuronal activity through cerebral cortex, which interferes with neurologic functioning – Abnormal generalized motor activity – Motor activity localized – Behavioral change
57.
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2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Seizures (2 of 9) • Underlying causes of seizures: – Epilepsy – Toxins, drugs – Metabolic disorders – Trauma – Stroke – Tumor – Fever
58.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Seizures (3 of 9) • Key piece of information is whether or not patient has history of seizures. • Generalized seizures – Tonic–clonic seizures: motor seizures involving entire body; followed by postictal state – Absence seizure: may appear as patient simply staring off into space or daydreaming
59.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Seizures (4 of 9) • Partial seizures focal or localized to one area of brain – Simple partial seizures: motor, sensory, psychic, autonomic phenomena – Complex partial seizures: accompanied by aura; involve impairment of awareness associated with stereotyped movements and postictal period
60.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Seizures (5 of 9) • Patients may be injured during seizure, become hypoxic or acidotic, or suffer airway obstruction during postictal period. • Postictal state – May continue to be sleepy for several hours following seizure – May have copious oral secretions
61.
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2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Seizures (6 of 9) • Administer oxygen. • Control major bleeding. • Assess for injuries and other abnormalities. • Obtain vital signs and blood glucose level. • Determine history; check for medical ID. • IV if protocol permits.
62.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Seizures (7 of 9) • Status epilepticus – Tonic–clonic seizure lasting more than 5 minutes, or consecutive seizures without intervening period of consciousness – Life-threatening emergency
63.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Seizures (8 of 9) • Status epilepticus (continued) – Request advanced life support, if available; transport without delay. – Manage patient’s airway and ventilation. – Consult medical direction about fluid administration.
64.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Seizures (9 of 9) • Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP) – Does not occur during seizure; may occur shortly afterward – May be unwitnessed – Autopsy findings are varied.
65.
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2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Think About It • What have the findings so far suggested about causes that should be higher on Brian and Anna’s list of possible differential diagnoses? • What line of questioning should Brian pursue next? • How should Brian and Anna approach treatment and transport decisions for this patient?
66.
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2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Headache (1 of 9) • Chief complaint; determine change in pattern from patient’s other headaches – Primary headache syndromes Migraines, cluster headaches, tension headaches – Secondary headache syndromes Caused by other problems, some can be life threatening
67.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Headache (2 of 9) • Primary headache syndromes—migraine – Abnormal nervous system pain transmission; neurochemical in origin – Occur more frequently in females than males – Occur at younger age
68.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Headache (3 of 9) • Primary headache syndromes—migraine (continued) – Last from minutes to hours – May experience aura prior to onset – Pain accompanied by photosensitivity, nausea, vomiting
69.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Headache (4 of 9) • Primary headache syndromes—cluster – Uncommon; occur more frequently in males – Sudden onset of series of severe headaches of short duration – Unilateral, temporal region or around eye
70.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Headache (5 of 9) • Primary headache syndromes—tension – Dull, nagging pain; may extend from shoulders and neck to scalp – Abnormal serotonin or neurotransmitter activity
71.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Headache (6 of 9) • Secondary headache syndromes – Vascular problems – CNS or non-CNS infections – Glaucoma – Hypoxia – Toxins – High altitude – Tumors – Hypertension
72.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Headache (7 of 9) • Secondary headache syndromes (continued) – Hypoglycemia – Carbon monoxide exposure – Fever – Dental problems – Preeclampsia – Hypertension
73.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Headache (8 of 9) • Secondary headache syndromes—subarachnoid hemorrhage – Bleeding accumulates between brain and arachnoid layer of meninges – Sudden onset of severe headache; nausea, vomiting, altered mental status – May have meningismus, neck stiffness, and photophobia
74.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Headache (9 of 9) • Secondary headache syndromes—subarachnoid hemorrhage (continued) – 50% of patients have normal vital signs, normal level of responsiveness, no neck pain or stiffness. – May result in death or disability.
75.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Dementia and Delirium (1 of 6) • Dementia – Progressive condition in which intellectual function severely impaired; may be accompanied by emotional and behavioral changes. – Intellectual components: impaired memory; reasoning; and problem-solving, language, other cognitive skills
76.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Dementia and Delirium (2 of 6) • Dementia (continued) – Incidence increases with age; not normal consequence of aging. – Pathological causes Alzheimer’s disease Multi-infarct dementia Frontotemporal dementia
77.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Dementia and Delirium (3 of 6) • Alzheimer’s • Multi-infarct dementia • Frontotemporal dementia
78.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Dementia and Delirium (4 of 6) • Dementia – Be calm and tolerant. – World can be frightening place to patient. – Such patients can be agitated and combative; behavior arises from confusion. – Ask caregivers if there has been sudden change in mental status.
79.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Dementia and Delirium (5 of 6) • Delirium – Acute state of confusion that occurs from underlying problem: Infection, metabolic disturbances, toxins, medications – May have delusions and hallucinations; may be frightened – Protect patient from harm and reassure him.
80.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Dementia and Delirium (6 of 6) • Excited delirium (ExDS) – Delirium accompanied by agitated, combative behavior, often prompting involvement of law enforcement Associated with cocaine, methamphetamine use Implicated in several deaths of persons in custody of law enforcement
81.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Vertigo • Vertigo – Subjective sensation of movement when there is none; dizziness – Nausea, vomiting, abnormal eye movements – Precipitated by sudden movement of head
82.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Nontraumatic Back and Neck Pain • Impingement of spinal nerves; due to herniation or rupture of intervertebral disc – Weakness, numbness, tingling, pain along distribution of nerve – Spinal immobilization not indicated; may worsen patient’s pain – Consider serious medical conditions and potentially life-threatening causes.
83.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Central Nervous System Infections • Encephalitis, meningitis, brain abscess all produce neurologic signs and symptoms. – Encephalitis Inflammation of brain by viral infection – Meningitis Either viral or bacterial – Brain abscess Focal, or localized, bacterial or fungal infection in brain
84.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Other Neurologic Disorders (1 of 9) • Bell’s palsy – Temporary weakness or paralysis of facial nerve – Drooping of affected side, drooling, loss of sense of taste, numbness on affected side, dry eye or excessive tearing – Forehead generally involved only – Majority of cases resolve in several weeks
85.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Other Neurologic Disorders (2 of 9) • Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) – CSF produced within ventricles of brain cannot be properly reabsorbed or drained; collects in abnormal amounts – Characterized by ataxia, dementia, urinary incontinence – Shunt may be placed to drain excess fluid.
86.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Other Neurologic Disorders (3 of 9) • Parkinson’s disease – Patients over age of 50; can occur earlier – Loss of dopamine-producing cells in brain, resulting in movement disorder – Signs and symptoms: tremors, muscle rigidity, slowed movements, problems with balance and coordination – Disease is progressive.
87.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Other Neurologic Disorders (4 of 9) • Multiple sclerosis – Autoimmune disease; myelin sheath of nerves destroyed; problems with nerve conduction – Onset of disease between ages of 20 and 40 – Initial symptom is difficulty with vision. – Muscle weakness (may progress to paralysis), tingling sensations, and frequently cognitive symptoms
88.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Other Neurologic Disorders (5 of 9) • Myasthenia gravis – Autoimmune condition; acetylcholine receptors in skeletal system blocked or destroyed – Muscle weakness during activity; improves with rest – Facial and respiratory muscles often affected – Myasthenic crisis: Patient does not receive adequate amount of medication. – Cholinergic crisis: Patient is overmedicated.
89.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Other Neurologic Disorders (6 of 9) • Peripheral neuropathy – Disorders of nerves of peripheral nervous system – Patients with diabetes are especially prone. – May be autoimmune; result of injury; or due to toxins, infection, malnutrition. – Signs and symptoms: pain, burning sensations, numbness, tingling, weakness, wasting of affected muscle groups
90.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Other Neurologic Disorders (7 of 9) • Tardive dyskinesia: permanent side effect of taking certain classes of medications, often antipsychotics – Repetitive, involuntary, purposeless movements – Grimacing, blinking eyes, tongue protrusion, smacking or puckering lips
91.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Other Neurologic Disorders (8 of 9) • Acute dystonic reaction: temporary side effect of taking types of medications implicated in tardive dyskinesia – Seen often in patients who have used illegal drugs – Onset within hours or days – Sudden onset of sustained or intermittent involuntary muscle contractions – Reaction frightening and confusing for patient
92.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Other Neurologic Disorders (9 of 9) • Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome – Spectrum of degenerative neurologic disorders; Wernicke’s encephalopathy and Korsakoff’s amnesic syndrome – Common in alcoholics, those with eating disorders, and patients who are malnourished. – Wernicke’s encephalopathy acute phase of disorder
93.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter Summary (1 of 5) • Neurologic emergencies signs and symptoms – Altered mental status – Weakness – Fatigue
94.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter Summary (2 of 5) • Complaints and signs that indicate neurologic problem may be caused by other problems. • Patient’s presentation, medical history, and list of medications help to focus investigation. • Know function of nervous system and pathophysiology of neurologic disorders.
95.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter Summary (3 of 5) • Goals for managing patients with suspected neurologic problems – Manage airway, breathing, circulation. – Look for immediately correctable causes of problem. – Ensure open airway, adequate ventilation, and oxygenation.
96.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter Summary (4 of 5) • Perfusion of brain may be affected by – Dehydration – Impairment of fluid regulation – Decreased metabolism – Cardiac dysrhythmia • Administer fluids as needed. • Hypoglycemia requires – Oral or IV administration of glucose; OR – IM administration of glucagon
97.
Copyright © 2017,
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter Summary (5 of 5) • Altered mental status may be due to narcotic overdose. • With decreased respirations, consider administering naloxone. • Neurologic problems can be frightening and frustrating for patients and families. • Be empathetic and provide reassurance.
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