80 ĐỀ THI THỬ TUYỂN SINH TIẾNG ANH VÀO 10 SỞ GD – ĐT THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH NĂ...
Album of textiles, paintings and pottery from
1. Album of textiles, paintings
and pottery from Mexico
Activity 3, for unit
1.
Kimberly Quevedo
2. Introduction
This paper talks about the ceramics,
paintings and textiles from Mexico.
About colors, shapes, what year, who
used it, who performed. I hope that
this information help you.
3. Textiles of
Mexico
The manufacture of fibers, fabrics and other textile goods has
existed in the country since at least 1400 BC. The fibers used
during pre-Hispanic times including cassava, palm and
maguey plants, and the use of cotton in the hot southern
lowlands. After the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire,
the Spanish introduced new fibers like silk and wool, as well
as European foot pedal loom. Fabric is exclusively produced
in workshops or at home until the time of Porfirio Díaz
(1880-1910). Today, fabric, clothing and other textile products
are made by artisans and in factories. Clothing, carpets and
more are made with natural fibers and naturally dyed. Most
crafts are produced by indigenous peoples. The textile
industry remains important to the economy even though
Mexico has suffered setbacks due to competition from
cheaper goods produced in countries like China, India and
Vietnam.
5. Indian tradition
In addition, many of the textile
factories use machines based on
old foot pedal looms from the
colonial period. There are
basically four types of fibers
used for fabric production:
Plant products such as cotton.
Animal products such as wool
and silk.
Minerals such as gold and silver
thread.
Synthetics.
Raw materials for textiles fall
into two groups: smooth fibers
such as silk, cotton, and wool;
and hard fibers native to
Mexico such as ixtle ,
lechuguilla , reeds, palm, twigs,
and willow .
6. Indian clothing
These include “enredos”, or
wrap dresses, fajas, or cloth
belts, huipils, a type of
tunic, quechquemitl, which
is a kind of rectangular or
square short poncho.
The last was originally
worn directly on the upper
body of a woman but today
it is worn over a blouse.
Loose-fitting sack dresses,
called huipils in Oaxaca and
guanengos in Michoacán ,
are often heavily
embroidered with straight
stitching , cross stitching
and tucks with floral and
geometric motifs.
7. Embroidery
Indigenous motifs found on
garments range from
geometric patterns, zig-zag ,
spirals, moons, crosses and
stepped frets .
Thin cloth belts that wrap
around the waist (fajillas) are
common in a number of
indigenous groups and are
richly embroidered.
The borders are often adorned
with zig-zag edging, such as
those of the Huichols .
The Otomis use a moon
pattern on these belts along
with their morrals or
carrying bags, and the
Tarahumara tend to decorate
theirs with triangular designs.
8. Looms
Traditionally, weaving,
especially on the backstrap
loom, was considered to be
women's work.
Women still produce items
such as kitchen cloths,
tablecloths, carrying bags and
ornamental items with
traditional designs.
It allows for the combining of
different fibers such as cotton
with wool or silk. [ 7 ] Designs
are woven into the cloth on
this loom by changing thread
colors and/or by adding items
such as shells or other matter
into the finished product.
10. Votive paintings of
Mexico
Votive paintings in Mexico go
by several names in Spanish
such as “ ex voto ,” “ retablo ” or
“lamina,” which refer to their
purpose, place often found, or
material from which they are
traditionally made respectively.
The painting of religious images
to give thanks for a miracle or
favored received in this country
is part of a long tradition of
such in the world.
The offering of such items has
more immediate precedence in
both the Mesoamerican and
European lines of Mexican
culture, but the form that most
votive paintings take from the
colonial period to the present
was brought to Mexico by the
Spanish.
11. Mexican Painting
from the XVI and
XVII
The mural was a major bloom
during the sixteenth century; the
same in religious buildings and
houses lineage; such is the case of
the convents of Acolman,
Huejotzingo, Tecamachalco and
Zinacantepec. It is said that
indigenous painters were mainly
led by the friars made. These are
also expressed in illuminated
manuscripts like the Codex
Mendoza.
For a time it was believed that the
first European artist based in New
Spain, was Rodrigo de Cifuentes
(apocryphal artist) whom he even
attributed work as "Baptism of the
chiefs of Tlaxcala" altarpiece
painting of Ex Convent San
Francisco in Tlaxcala.
12. Nineteenth-century
Mexican painting
In this century also has
examples of wall paintings
such as folkloric style created
between 1855 and 1867, in La
Barca, Jalisco.
Highlights at this time:
Pelegrin Clave, Juan Cordero,
Felipe Santiago Gutiérrez and
José Agustín Arrieta.
In Mexico, in 1846 he was
hired to direct Pelegrin Clave
reopening the Academia de
San Carlos, a body from which
promoted the historical theme
and landscaping with a pro-
European vision.
13. Murals
The boom in Mexican mural began in 1922
under the protection of José Vasconcelos,
secretary of public education. From this year
to 1924 such important works as the frescoes
in the church of San Pedro and San Pablo
(Dr. Atl, Roberto Montenegro and Xavier
Guerrero) are performed; the Mural
Amphitheater Bolivar (De Diego Rivera,
with the collaboration of Carlos Mérida,
Guerrero and Jean Charlot); The bas-reliefs
National Stadium (Draughtsman by Rivera
and Siqueiros and Guerrero Colored); And
fresh from high school (José Clemente Orozco,
García Cahelo, Alva De La Canal, Fernando
Leal, Siqueiros and Fermín Revueltas).
15. Oaxaca
Many of the women have
begun to make pottery to
supplement what their
husbands send.
Much of the work is sold in
the larger towns or cities
either by the potters
individually or together as a
cooperative.
Most clay is from a local
source and generally that
source is kept secret. Despite
their price, as low as thirty
pesos for a pot, much of
traditional indigenous
cookware is being replaced by
mass-produced pots and pans
in the rural areas.
16. Jalisco
The two main pottery
producing municipalities are
Tonalá and Tlaquepaque .
These two municipalities
produce several different
types of pottery and ceramics,
principally "bruñido",
"bandera", "canelo", "petate",
"betus" and high-
fire/stoneware.
The best known of these styles
is bruñido, which translates to
burnished.
The name comes from the fact
that these pieces are not
glazed, but rather they are
given a slip and then polished
with a stone or pyrite.
