This document provides an overview of an airport layout and its components. It begins with an introduction to airports and their history. It then discusses airport engineering considerations like site selection. It describes different types of airports such as international, domestic, and regional. The bulk of the document details the key components that make up an airport layout, including runways, terminal buildings, aircraft aprons, taxiways, aircraft stands, hangars, and air traffic control towers. It also briefly discusses runway configurations and signs. The document concludes with a description of a typical airport layout.

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A
SEMINAR REPORT
ON
Airport Layout or Component of Airport
Submitted in a Partial Fulfillment for the Award of Degree
Of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
Civil Engineering
2013-2017
SUBMITTED TO: - SUBMITTED BY:-
MR. NITIN SIR VIKRAM MALVIYA
Assist. Professor 13EVGCE118
Department of Civil Engg. B.Tech. IV Yr. VIII SEM
RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, KOTA
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
VYAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Near Kudi Haud, NH-65, Pali Road, JODHPUR-342005(Raj.)
Phone: 0291-2721011-14, Fax: +291-2721012
Email: vcetjodhpur@gmail.com, Website: www.vyaseducation.org

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Department I express my sincere thanks to Mr. P.P. Mathur, Head of Civil
Engineering for This support and guidance for doing this seminar.
I expressmy indebtnessand gratitude to our guideEr. NitinSir,Assistantprofessor,
department Of Civil Engineering, Vyas College of Engineering & Technology, for his
guidance and care taken by Him in helping me to complete the seminar
successfully.
I express my deep gratitude to Dr. Ashok Dhariwal for his valuable suggestion and
guidance Rendered in giving shape and coherence to this endeavor. I am also
thankful to his team member for their support and guidance.
Finally, yet importantly, I would like to thanks to my beloved parents for their
blessing, my friends/classmates for their help and wishes for the successful
completion of seminar.

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ABSTRACT
An airport (airfield, airdrome) is a place where aircrafts are operated
through paved runways, essentially consists of maintenance facilities, terminals and
services. The specifications for designing, construction and maintenance are
specified by governing bodies like FEDERAL AVIATION AUTHORITY (FAA),
CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY (CAA) and NATIONAL AIRPORT
AUTHORITY (NAA) etc.
The majority ofthe world's airports are non-towered, with no air traffic
control presence. Busy airports have air traffic control (ATC) system. All airports
use a traffic pattern to assure smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving
aircraft. There are a number of aids available to pilots, though not all airports are
equipped with them. Many airports have lighting that help guide planes using the
runways and taxiways at night or in rain, snow, or fog. In the US and Canada, the
vast majority of airports, large and small, will either have some form of automated
airport weather station, a human observer or a combination of the two. Air safety is
an important concernin the operation ofan airport, and airports often have their own
safety services.

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CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ABSTRACT
1: INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………….5
2: AIRPORT HISTORY………………………………………………...5
2.1: Development of Air Transportin India 6
3: AIRPORT ENGINEERING………………………………………….6
3.1: Site Selection 7
4: TYPES OF AIRPORTS……………………………………………....7
4.1: International Airports 8
4.2: Domestic Airports 8
4.3: Regional Airports 8
5: COMPONENTS OF AIRPORT……………………………………...9
5.1: Runways 9
5.1.1: Runway configuration 10-13
5.1.2: Runway signs 14
5.2: Terminal Building 15
5.3: Apron 16
5.4: Taxiway 17
5.5: Aircraft Stand 18
5.6: Hanger 19
5.7: Control Tower 20
5.8: Parking 21
6: TYPICAL LAYOUT OF AIRPORT…………………………………22
7: CONCLUSION ………………………………………………………23
8: REFERENCE…………………………………………………………23

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1.INTRODUCTION
An airport is a location where aircraft such as fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters,
and blimps take off and land. Aircraft may be stored or maintained at an airport. An
airport consists of at least one surface such as runway for a plane to take off and
land, a helipad, or water for takeoffs and landings, and often includes buildings such
as control towers, hangars and terminal buildings. An airport is a facility where
passengers connect from ground transportation to air transportation. It is a location
where aircraft such as airplanes, helicopters take off and land. Aircraft may also be
stored or maintained at an airport.
An airport should have runway for takeoffs and landings, buildings such as hangars
and terminal buildings. An airport with a helipad for rotorcraft but no runway is
called a heliport. An airport for use by seaplanes and amphibious aircraft is called
a seaplane base. Such a base typically includes a stretch of open water
for takeoffs and landings, and seaplane docks for tying-up.
Large airports usually have access also through controlled-access
highways ('freeways' or 'motorways') from which motor vehicles enter either the
departure loop or the arrival loop. Some airport names include the word
"International" to indicate their ability to handle traffic. Airfield is an area where an
aircraft can land and take off, which may or may not be equipped with any
navigational aids or markings. Many grass strips are also designated as airfields.
2.Airport History
The title of world’s oldest airport is disputed, but College Park
Airport in Maryland, US, established in 1909 by Wilbur Wright, is generally
agreed to be the world's oldest continually operating airfield. Bisbee-Douglas
International Airport in Arizona was declared "the first international airport ofthe
Americas" by US president Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1943. The first plane named
flayer made by wright bros.

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Development of Air Transport in India
The first air flight in India was performed in the year 1911 when a Frenchman carried
mail from Allahabad to Naini.
The first commercial air service was established in 1930 as Tata Airlines. Air India
entered into Jet age in 1960 when Boeing 707 Services were started between India
and London and subsequently extended to New York.
India’s first Boeing 747 (Jumbo-Jet) which is two and a half times the size ofBoeing
707 – Emperor Ashoka was procured in 1971.
3.Airport Engineering
Airport Engineering encompasses the planning, design, and construction of
terminals, runways, and navigation aids to provide for passenger and freight service.
Airport engineers design and constructairports. They must account for the impacts
and demands of aircraft in their design of airport facilities.
These engineers must use the analysis of predominant wind direction to determine
runway orientation, determine the size of runway border and safety areas, different
wing tip to wing tip clearances for all gates and must designate the clear zones in the
entireport.A terminal facility used for aircraft takeoff and landing, and including fa
cilities for handling passengers and cargo and forservicing aircraft.
Airport design provides for convenient passenger access, efficient aircraft operatio
ns, and conveyance of cargo and supportmaterials. Airports provide facilities for ch
anging transportation modes, such as people transferring from cars and buses toairc
raft, cargo transferring from shipping containers to trucks, or regional aircraft suppl
ying passengers and cargo for intercontinental aircraft.
In the United States, engineers utilize standards from the Federal Aviation Admini
stration (FAA),aircraft performance characteristics, cost benefit analysis, and estab
lished building codes to prepare detailed layouts of theessential airport elements: ai
rport site boundaries, runway layout, terminal-building configuration, support
building locations,roadway and rail access, and supporting utility layouts. Airport e
ngineers constantly evaluate new mechanical and computertechnologies that might
increase throughput of baggage, cargo, and passengers.

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AIRPORTS
International
Airports
Domestic Airports
Resonal airports
Site selection
Site selection factors vary somewhat according to whether (1) an entirely new airp
ort is being constructed or (2) an existingfacility is being expanded. Few metropolit
an areas have large areas of relatively undeveloped acreage within reasonableproxi
mity to the population center to permit development of new airports. For those airp
orts requiring major additional airfieldcapacity, however, and hence an entirely ne
w site, the following factors must be evaluated for each alternate site: proximityto
existing highways and major utilities; demolition requirements; contamination of ai
r, land, and water; airtraffic constraintssuch as nearby smaller airport facilities; nea
rby mountains; numbers of households affected by relocation and noise;political ju
risdiction; potential lost mineral or agricultural production; and costs associated wi
th all these factors. Somegovernments have elected to create sites for new airports
using ocean fills. The exact configuration of the artifical islandsites is critical due t
o the high foundation costs, bothfor the airport proper and for the required connect
ing roadway and rail bridges.
4. Types of Airports

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1.InternationalAirports
 An international airport has direct service to many other airports.
 Handle scheduled commercial airlines both for passengers andcargo.
 Many international airports also serve as "HUBS", or places where non-
direct flights may land and passengers switch planes.
 Typically equipped with customs and immigration facilities to handle
international flights to and from other countries.
 Such airports are usually larger, and often feature longer runways and
facilities to accommodate the large aircraft.
2.Domestic Airports
 A domestic airport is an airport which handles only domestic flights or
flights within the same country.
 Domestic airports don'thave customs and immigration facilities and are
therefore incapable of handling flights to or from a foreign airport.
 These airports normally have short runways which are sufficient to
handle short/medium haul aircraft.
3.Regional Airports
 A regional airport is an airport serving traffic within a relatively small or
lightly populated geographical area.
 A regional airport usually does not have customs and immigration
facilities to process traffic between countries.
 Aircraft using these airports tend to be smaller business jets or private
aircraft (generalaviation).

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5.Componentsof an Airport Layout
1. Runway
2. Terminal Building
3. Apron
4. Taxiway
5. Aircraft Stand
6. Hanger
7. ControlTower
8. Parking
1.Runway
A runway is the area where an aircraft lands or takes off. It can be grass, or
packed dirt, or a hard surface such as asphalt or concrete. Runways have special
markings on them to help a pilot in the air to tell that it is a runway (and not a
road) and to help them when they are landing or taking off. Runway markings
are white. Most runways have numbers on the end. The number is the runway's
compass direction. (For example, runway numbered 36 would be pointing north
or 360 degrees). Some airports have more than one runway going in the same
direction, so they add letters to the end of the number R for right, C for center,
and L for left. Other end of the runway is pointing in the opposite direction, so
it gets a different number. The runway called 36 would be called 18 (for 180
degrees) if you were looking at it from the other end.
Runways may have other markings besides the end number on them. They may
have white stripes down the middle of them, and solid white lines on the edges.
The most important thing for you to remember about a runway is that it is
meant for aircraft use, so you should never drive your vehicle on it, unless you
are authorized to do so.
When airports have sufficiently highvelocity crosswinds or tailwinds from more
than one direction, crosswind runways mustalso be provided. These crosswind
runways are located at some angle to the primary runway as dictated by a wind
rose analysis.

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RUNWAY CONFIGURATION
• FAA includes over 20 runway layouts
• Amongst them there are 4 basic runway patterns :
1. Simple single runway
2. Parallel runway
3. Open-v runways
4. Intersecting runways
1.Simple Single Runway
Single Runway This is the simplest of the runway configurations. Suitable
when winds predominantly blow along the runway and the peak hour air traffic
demand is less than 50 operations. When winds are light both ends can be used
for both arrivals and departures. When winds are strong only one end can be
used for operations. The capacity of a single runway depends on air traffic mix
and type of control. VFR: 50 – 100 operations IFR:50 – 70 operations

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2.Parallel Runway
There are 4 types of parallel runways. These are named according to how
closely they are placed next to each other. Operations per hour will vary
depending on the total number of runways and the mix of aircraft. In IFR
conditions for predominantly light aircraft, the number of operations would
range between 64 to 128 per hour.

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3.Open V runways
Open-V runways Two runways that diverge from different directions but do NOT
intersect form a shape that looks like an "open-V" are called open-V runways. This
configuration is useful when there is little to no wind as it allows for both runways
to be used at the same time. When the winds become strong in one direction, then
only one runway will be used. When takeoffs and landings are made away from the
two closer ends, the number of operations per hour significantly increases. When
takeoffs and landings are made toward the two closerends, the number of operations
per hour can be reduced by 50%.

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4.Intersecting runways
Intersecting runways two or more runways that cross each other are classified as
intersecting runways. This type of configuration is used when there are relatively
strong prevailing winds from more than one direction during the year. When the
winds are strong from one direction, operations will be limited to only one runway.
With relatively light winds, both runways can be used simultaneously.

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 Runway Signs
 Various kinds of runway signs are also used for facilitation
 They differ according to their purpose and action

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2.Terminal Building
Also known as airport terminal, these buildings are the spaces where passengers
board or alight from flights. These buildings house all the necessary facilities for
passengers to check-in their luggage, clear the customs and have lounges to wait
before disembarking. The terminals can house cafes, lounges and bars to serve
as waiting areas for passengers. Ticket counters, luggage check-in or transfer,
security checks and customs are the basics of all airport terminals. Large airports
can have more than one terminal that are connected to one another through link
ways suchas walkways, sky-bridges or trams. Smaller airports usually have only
one terminal that houses all the required facilities. Some larger airports have one
terminal that is connected to multiple concourses via walkways, sky-bridges,
or underground tunnels (such as Denver International Airport, modeled
after Atlanta's, the world's busiest). Some larger airports have more than one
terminal, each with one or more concourses (such as New York's John F.
Kennedy International Airport). Still other larger airports have multiple terminals
each of which incorporate the functions of a concourse (such as Dallas/Fort
Worth International Airport).

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3. Apron
Aircraft aprons are the areas where the aircraft park. Aprons are also sometimes
called ramps. They vary in size, from areas that may hold five or ten small planes,
to the very large areas that the major airports have.
The airport apron is the area of an airport where aircraft are parked, unloaded or
loaded, refueled, or boarded.[1] Although the use of the apron is covered by
regulations, such as lighting on vehicles, it is typically more accessible to users than
the runway or taxiway. However, the apron is not usually open to the general public
and a license may be required to gain access.

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4. Taxiway
A taxiway is a path on an airport connecting runways with ramps, hangars,
terminals and other facilities. They mostly have hard surface such as asphalt or
concrete, although smaller airports sometimes use gravel or grass.
There is a general rule on safe speed based on obstacles. Operators and aircraft
manufacturers might have limits. Typical taxi speeds are 20-30 knots (37-56 km/h;
23-35 mph).

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5.Aircraft stand
A portion of an apron designated as a taxiway and intended to provide access to
aircraft stands only.it is only provide for parking purpose.

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6.Hanger
A hangar is a closed building structure to hold aircraft, spacecraft or tanks in
protective storage. Most hangars are built of metal, but other materials such
as wood and concrete are also used.

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7.Control Tower(ATC)
A tower at an airfield from which air traffic is controlled by radio and observed
physically and by radar. Air traffic control (ATC) is a service provided by
ground-based controllers who direct aircraft on the ground and through
controlled airspace, and can provide advisory services to aircraft in non-
controlled airspace. The primary purpose of ATC worldwide is to prevent
collisions, organize and expedite the flow of air traffic, and provide information
and other supportfor pilots. In somecountries, ATC plays a security or defensive
role, or is operated by the military. ATC provides services to all private, military,
and commercial aircraft operating within its airspace. Depending on the type of
flight and the class of airspace, ATC may issue instructions that pilots are
required to obey, or advisories (known as flight information in some countries)
that pilots may, at their discretion, disregard

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8.Parking
Parking is a specific area of airport at which vehicles park. Parking is an essential
part of all airports, even if they are well connected to public transport networks.
The distance from the parking area to the check-in counters is often far too long.
Skyline Systems brings the cars to the customers instead of forcing them to cart
their luggage to their cars far away in a dark and huge parking garage. This not
only saves money and spaceit also makes parking safer, more comfortable and
more economical.

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6.Typical Layout of Airport

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7.CONCLUSION
People relate the level of inconvenience and the invasion of privacy they are
willing to tolerate to their perception of the severity of the threat being averted and
the effectiveness of the screening efforts at averting that threat. Forexample, air
carriers and passengers acceptmore intensive security procedures for international
flights because they perceive a higher likelihood of terrorists targeting international
flights.
7. References
1. Dr. Rajat Rastogi, Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology – Roorkee, Transportation Engineering (Air transportation), lct.-27.
2. Runway design and structural design of an airfield pavement, Sundeep
Chowdary Daggubati1, Nazneen2, Subham Sharma3, Sulabh raj gurung4 1, –
Bachelor of Engineering (Civil), Final year, Department of Civil Engineering,
Hindustan University, India,