This document summarizes the basic sources of bioaerosol emissions. There are two main sources of bioaerosols: natural sources and artificial (human-made) sources. Natural sources include soil, water bodies, and plants and animals. Soil is a leading natural source. Artificial sources include agriculture/farming, sewage treatment plants, and waste management facilities. Common bioaerosols emitted include bacteria, fungi, viruses, and pollen. The sources and composition of bioaerosols impact the types and amounts released into the air.
Md. Humayun Kobir
Dept: Agro Product processing Technology
Jashore University Of Science and Technology,
Contamination of foods
Micro organisms from various natural sources act as source of
contamination.
• From green plants and fruits
• From animals
• From sewage
• From soil
• From water
• From air
• During handling and processing.
From green plants and fruits
• Natural surface flora of plants varies with the plant but usually includes
species of Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes, Flavobacterium, Micrococcus,
coliforms and lactic acid bacteria.
• The no. of bacteria will depend on the plant and its environment and may
range from a few hundred or thousand per square centimeter of surface to
millions. Ex: Surface of well washed tomato contains 400-700 micro
organisms per square centimeter.
• Outer tissue of unwashed cabbage contain 1 million to 2 million micro
organisms. Inner tissues of cabbage contain fewer micro organisms.
• Exposed surface of plants become contaminated from soil, water, sewage, air
and animals, so that micro organisms from these sources are added to the
natural flora.
• Whenever conditions for growth of natural flora and contaminants are
present, special kinds of micro organisms may increase. Some fruits have
been found to contain viable micro organisms in their interior..From animals
• Sources of micro organisms from animals include the surface flora, the flora of the
respiratory tract, and the flora of the gastro intestinal tract. Hides, hooves, and hair
contain micro organisms from soil, manure, feed and water but contain spoilage
organisms.
• Feathers, feet of poultry carry heavy contamination of micro organisms.
• Skin of many meat animals may contain micrococci, Staphylococci and beta
haemolytic streptococci. Pig or beef carcasses may be contaminated with
salmonellae. Salmonellosis associated with eggs has been reduced because of the
pasteurization of egg products.
• Meat from slaughter houses is not frequently associated with human salmonellosis.
• Many of these diseases have been reduced or eliminated by improvement in animal
husbandry, but animal disease causing infections from foods include Mycobacterium,
Coxiella, Listeria, Salmonella and entropathogenic E.Coli and viruses.
• Insects and birds cause mechanical damage to fruits and vegetables, introduce micro
organisms and open the way for microbial spoilage.
From sewage
• When untreated domestic sewage is used to fertilize plant
crops, there is a chance that raw plant foods will be
contaminated with human pathogens especially those causing
gastrointestinal diseases.
• The use of “night soil” as a fertilizer still persists in some parts
of the world. In addition to the pathogens, coliform bacteria,
anaerobes, enterococci, other intestinal bacteria and viruses
can contaminate the foods from this source.
• Natural water contaminated with sewage contributes their
micro organisms to shell fish, fish, and other seafood.
From soil
• Soil contains greatest variety of micro organism
Md. Humayun Kobir
Dept: Agro Product processing Technology
Jashore University Of Science and Technology,
Contamination of foods
Micro organisms from various natural sources act as source of
contamination.
• From green plants and fruits
• From animals
• From sewage
• From soil
• From water
• From air
• During handling and processing.
From green plants and fruits
• Natural surface flora of plants varies with the plant but usually includes
species of Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes, Flavobacterium, Micrococcus,
coliforms and lactic acid bacteria.
• The no. of bacteria will depend on the plant and its environment and may
range from a few hundred or thousand per square centimeter of surface to
millions. Ex: Surface of well washed tomato contains 400-700 micro
organisms per square centimeter.
• Outer tissue of unwashed cabbage contain 1 million to 2 million micro
organisms. Inner tissues of cabbage contain fewer micro organisms.
• Exposed surface of plants become contaminated from soil, water, sewage, air
and animals, so that micro organisms from these sources are added to the
natural flora.
• Whenever conditions for growth of natural flora and contaminants are
present, special kinds of micro organisms may increase. Some fruits have
been found to contain viable micro organisms in their interior..From animals
• Sources of micro organisms from animals include the surface flora, the flora of the
respiratory tract, and the flora of the gastro intestinal tract. Hides, hooves, and hair
contain micro organisms from soil, manure, feed and water but contain spoilage
organisms.
• Feathers, feet of poultry carry heavy contamination of micro organisms.
• Skin of many meat animals may contain micrococci, Staphylococci and beta
haemolytic streptococci. Pig or beef carcasses may be contaminated with
salmonellae. Salmonellosis associated with eggs has been reduced because of the
pasteurization of egg products.
• Meat from slaughter houses is not frequently associated with human salmonellosis.
• Many of these diseases have been reduced or eliminated by improvement in animal
husbandry, but animal disease causing infections from foods include Mycobacterium,
Coxiella, Listeria, Salmonella and entropathogenic E.Coli and viruses.
• Insects and birds cause mechanical damage to fruits and vegetables, introduce micro
organisms and open the way for microbial spoilage.
From sewage
• When untreated domestic sewage is used to fertilize plant
crops, there is a chance that raw plant foods will be
contaminated with human pathogens especially those causing
gastrointestinal diseases.
• The use of “night soil” as a fertilizer still persists in some parts
of the world. In addition to the pathogens, coliform bacteria,
anaerobes, enterococci, other intestinal bacteria and viruses
can contaminate the foods from this source.
• Natural water contaminated with sewage contributes their
micro organisms to shell fish, fish, and other seafood.
From soil
• Soil contains greatest variety of micro organism
Environment may be consider as our surroundings which includes everything around us, i.e. the non-living (abiotic) and living (biotic) environment.
The abiotic environment consists of air, water and soil, while the biotic environment includes all the living organisms (plants, animals, microorganisms) that we regularly come in contact.
Environment – Basic Concepts:
The environment is composed of four basic components:
i. Atmosphere
ii. Hydrosphere
iii. Lithosphere
iii. Biosphere.
• Bioremediation – process of cleaning up environmental sites contaminated with chemical pollutants by using living organisms to degrade hazardous materials into less toxic substances
Pollution is the introduction of harmful materials into the environment. These harmful materials are called pollutants. Pollutants can be natural, such as volcanic ash. They can also be created by human activity, such as trash or runoff produced by factories. Pollutants damage the quality of air, water, and land.
Pollution is the introduction of harmful materials into the environment. These harmful materials are called pollutants. Pollutants can be natural, such as volcanic ash
The USEPA defines biodegradation as a process by which microbial organisms transform or alter (through metabolic or enzymatic action) the structure of chemicals introduced into the environment.
According to the definition by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, the term biodegradation is “Breakdown of a substance catalyzed by enzymes in vitro or in vivo.
The term is often used in relation to ecology, waste management, biomedicine, and the natural environment (bioremediation) and is now commonly associated with environmentally friendly products that are capable of decomposing back into natural elements.
Biodegradable matter is generally organic material such as plant and animal matter and other substances originating from living organisms, or artificial materials that are similar enough to plant and animal matter to be put to use by microorganisms.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Environment may be consider as our surroundings which includes everything around us, i.e. the non-living (abiotic) and living (biotic) environment.
The abiotic environment consists of air, water and soil, while the biotic environment includes all the living organisms (plants, animals, microorganisms) that we regularly come in contact.
Environment – Basic Concepts:
The environment is composed of four basic components:
i. Atmosphere
ii. Hydrosphere
iii. Lithosphere
iii. Biosphere.
• Bioremediation – process of cleaning up environmental sites contaminated with chemical pollutants by using living organisms to degrade hazardous materials into less toxic substances
Pollution is the introduction of harmful materials into the environment. These harmful materials are called pollutants. Pollutants can be natural, such as volcanic ash. They can also be created by human activity, such as trash or runoff produced by factories. Pollutants damage the quality of air, water, and land.
Pollution is the introduction of harmful materials into the environment. These harmful materials are called pollutants. Pollutants can be natural, such as volcanic ash
The USEPA defines biodegradation as a process by which microbial organisms transform or alter (through metabolic or enzymatic action) the structure of chemicals introduced into the environment.
According to the definition by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, the term biodegradation is “Breakdown of a substance catalyzed by enzymes in vitro or in vivo.
The term is often used in relation to ecology, waste management, biomedicine, and the natural environment (bioremediation) and is now commonly associated with environmentally friendly products that are capable of decomposing back into natural elements.
Biodegradable matter is generally organic material such as plant and animal matter and other substances originating from living organisms, or artificial materials that are similar enough to plant and animal matter to be put to use by microorganisms.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
2. Basic sources of bioaerosol emission
• Bioaerosols (short for biological aerosols) are a subcategory of
particles released from terrestrial and marine ecosystems into
the atmosphere. They consist of both living and non-living
components, such as fungi, pollen, bacteria and
viruses.Common sources of bioaerosols include soil, water, and
sewage.
• There are two basic sources of bioaerosol:
• ● Natural,
• ● Artificial
3. Source of bioaerosol
• Bioaerosols are ubiquitous in natural and
working environments. Since air does not
generally provide nutrients for microbial
growth, the atmosphere acts only as a
temporary residence rather than a source. As
a result, the concentration and community
composition of microbes in the air depend
primarily on their emission sources.
Bioaerosols are generated mainly from
natural emissions and human activities.
4. Natural sources
Microorganisms existing in nature are usually released by carriers such as soil, water
bodies, plant surfaces, and animals. Soil is the leading terrestrial natural source of
bioaerosols.
Soil -Soil is the leading terrestrial natural source of bioaerosols. A large number of microbial
communities thrive in soil (Veresoglou and Rillig, 2014) as the rich organic matter provides a
natural medium for the growth of microorganisms
Bacteria -Unlike other bioaerosols, bacteria are able to complete full reproductive cycles
within the days or weeks that they survive in the atmosphere, making them a major
component of the air biota ecosystem. These reproductive cycles support a currently
unproven theory that bacteria bioaerosols form communities in an atmospheric ecosystem
Fungi - some particularly resilient fungal bioaerosols have been shown to survive in
atmospheric transport despite exposure to severe UV light conditions
Virus- The air transports viruses . Viruses are smaller than other bioaerosols, they have
the potential to travel further distances.
Water - , natural water bodies such as rivers, lakes , and marine are also rich in various
microorganisms. When the foams or bubble burst in water, a large amount of microorganisms
would form and enter the atmosphere under the action of other external forces such as wind
power and water power.
5. Artificial sourcese
bioaerosols can be emitted from various workingenvironments such as farms
(hennery, pig farm, and cattlefarm), landfills, wastewater treatment plants
(WWTPs)and other sites with frequent anthropogenic activities
The most important sources of bioaerosol emission are
● Agriculture and farming-food industry,
● Sewage treatment plants,
● Waste management
Agriculture and farming food industry
6. Sewage treatment
• Bioaerosol emissions from waste water treatment plants
have attracted extensive attention. The anaerobic anoxic –
oxic process, which use the activated sludge approach to
waste water treatment is the most widely used process in
waste water treatment plant . Concentration , size
distribution population an exposure risks from bacteria and
fungi bioaerosols of waste management using the prpcess
were studied in this work . The results showed that the
maximum conc of airborne bacteria .
7. Waste Management
Various waste disposal activities .Bioaerosols released from
landfill sites can create health issues from employes and
adjoining public . The present study offer an overview of the
microbial diversity reported in the air samples collected from
various landfill sites worldwide .This paper also discusses
other aspects including effect of meteorological conditions
sampling techniques bioaerosol exposure are potential
health impact . Analysis of literature concluded that landfill
air dominated by microbial dust or various pathogenic
microbes like Enterobacteriaceae , Acinetobacter
