This document discusses various air-based hazards and methods for managing critical hazards. It begins by listing sources of air pollution such as various industries, households, agricultural practices, construction activities, volcanic eruptions, and more. It then discusses heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems for pharmaceutical plants. Next, it covers preliminary hazard analysis and its purpose and benefits. It also discusses the fire prevention triangle of heat, oxygen, and fuel. The document provides advice on managing each of these elements to prevent fires. It describes various types of fire extinguishers and their appropriate uses. Finally, it discusses the key elements of a critical hazard management system including identifying hazards, risk assessment, and implementing control measures.

1. UNIT:2 AIR BASED
HAZARDS(EHTESHAM)
SOURCES:-
1. Industry: The majority of industries depend on fossil fuels in one way or another, and as a result, they
generate CO and CO2, sulphar hexafluoride, and particulate matter. The main source of environmental
particulate matter emissions is the cement industry. A variety of dangerous volatile substances are
released from paint, electronics, dry cleaning products, and decrying agents. Moreover, the use of HFC,
Nitrogen Oxides, and Sulfur produces pollutants.
2. Households: Here, it is possible to take into account carbon and soot emissions from cooking with
fossil fuels. Permethrin molecules from insecticides, for example, are volatile toxicants that can
contaminate food or the air and cause poisoning.
3. Agricultural practises:- Practices in agriculture, like the usage of organic fertilizer , contribute to the
emission of greenhouse gases. POP are pollutants that are released by pesticides. Methane is the
primary greenhouse gas produced during enteric fermentation in the cattle ranching industry. Air quality
is also reduced by the toxic chemicals present in herbicides and pesticides.
4. Land mining, earth moving activity, and quarrying: These processes include extracting substantial
mineral resources from the earth, which results in the release of toxic compounds such as dust
Blasphemy and limestone quarrying Dust particles are produced during the manufacture of cement.
simplest particles.
5. Construction and repair projects:- Activities including drilling, blasting, transporting, loading, and
unloading frequently result in the production of dust. Other non-point anthropogenic sources of dust
include welding, painting, vehicle maintenance, etc.
6. Compounds emitted during volcanic activity:- such as black smoke, ash, and metals. Release of SO 2,
CO 2, and methane from wetlands, sanitary landfills, and permafrost locations in the northern
hemisphere Dust storms caused by forest and bush fires, land use changes, and the production of
isoprenes and terpenes by forests (precursors to low-level ozone) in the sea as well as forest fires.
Air Circulation Maintenance Industry ：
HAVC SYSTEM:-(Heat,ventilation and air condition)
• Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) are essential for producing pharmaceutical items of
high quality.
The operators will also enjoy comfortable surroundings thanks to a well-designed HVAC system.

2. The majority of WHO recommendations are made for systems for solid dosage forms .This may help to
provide a comparison between the criteria for solid dosage form plants and other systems. The
recommendations also make reference to other systems or components that are not relevant to solid
dosage form plants.
• Airlock placements, entrances, and lobby layouts are affected by HVAC system design.
• Room pressure, differential cascades, and cross-contamination management are impacted by
architectural elements.
• Contamination and cross-contamination prevention are crucial design factors.
•At the concept design stage, the HVAC system design should be taken into account.
• The environment's temperature, relative humidity, and ventilation must be suitable.
• The aforementioned shouldn't have a negative impact on the manufacturing and storage of
pharmaceutical items, or on the precise operation of machinery.
The WHO recommendations concentrate on HVAC system design, installation, qualification, and
maintenance.
PRELIMINARY HAZARD ANALYSIS(PHA):-
A semi-quantitative technique known as preliminary hazard analysis is used to: -Identify all potential
dangers and accidental occurrences that may cause an accident.
• Determine the severity of the discovered accidental occurrences.
• Determine the necessary hazard controls and follow-up procedures.
PURPOSE|USE OF PHA:-
1. As a preliminary risk study at the beginning of a project (such as a new plant). Accidents are
primarily brought on by energy releases. The PHA identifies potential energy losses, potential
accidental events, and provides a general assessment of the seriousness of each potential
disaster.
The PHA findings are used to: -
• Compare risk ideas;
• Concentrate on key risk issues
2. As the first stage of a thorough risk study of a proposed system or an existing system.
The PHA's goal is to then identify those unintentional incidents that require a deeper and more
thorough risk study.
3.As a thorough risk analysis of a very straight forward system.

3. The complexity of the system and the analysis's goals will determine whether or not a PHA is
sufficient.
4. Used in a process plant's conceptual design or R&D stage.
5. Often employed as a technique for design assessment before a process is created .
The complexity of the system and the analysis's goals will determine whether or not a PHA is
sufficient.
 BENEFITS OF PHS:
1. The finished product must be "safe." A PHA aids designers in recognising and addressing
dangers.
2. Changes made earlier in the design process are less expensive and simpler to implement
than those made later in the process.
3. Aids in hazard anticipation, which lowers the likelihood of surprises throughout the design
phase
 PHA SCOPE:-
The PHA must take into account of the following:-
• Dangerous plant equipment and materials (fuels, highly reactive chemical, toxic substances, explosive,
high pressure system, etc.).
• Interfaces between plant equipment components and materials that are safety-related (material
interactions, the start-up and spread of fires and explosions, and control and shutdown systems).
• The environment (earthquake, vibration, flooding, extremely high or low temperatures, electrostatic
discharge, and humidity).
• The use of built-in tests, diagnostics, and emergency procedures; and operation and maintenance.
• Infrastructure support (storage, testing equipment, training utilities).
• Safety-related equipment, such as fire suppression systems, mitigation systems, and personal
protective equipment
• The use of built-in tests, diagnostics, and emergency procedures; and operation and maintenance.
• Infrastructure support (storage, testing equipment, training utilities).
• Safety-related equipment, such as fire suppression systems, mitigation systems, and personal
protective equipment.
FIRE PREVENTION SYSTEM:-

4. Several fire departments do the task of fire prevention. The purpose of fire prevention is to inform the
public about the steps they can take to avoid potentially dangerous fires and to prepare them for how to
survive one. It is a preventative strategy for minimizing emergencies and the harm they cause.
FIRE PREVENTION TRIANGLE:-HEAT, OXYGEN AND FUEL
Heat, oxygen, and fuel are the three ingredients required for a fire. A fire cannot begin or spread if it
lacks heat, oxygen, and fuel. Removing heat, oxygen, or fuel is an important fire prevention tactic. For
the risk of a fire starting or spreading to be as low as possible, the risk assessment should go into detail
on each of the three components.
A detailed and thorough analysis of all the issues, including those related to heat, oxygen, and fuel,
should be included in a fire prevention strategy and a fire risk assessment.
ADVICE ON THIS THREE ELEMENTS IS FOLLOW:-
1.Heat: -is a byproduct of labor operations and is necessary for some processes, including cooking. Heat
must be managed and kept away from fuel unless it is carefully managed. The management of heat
produced as a byproduct of a process is crucial.
Protections: Verify that alt-worship equipment is resistant to catching fire or overheating.
Employ a structured maintenance programme to keep your plant and machinery in good working order.
Evaluate your programme for reporting dangers if you already have one.
• Ensure that staff members understand their obligations.
• Limit ignition sources.
• Schedule regular inspections and cleanings of chimneys.
• Consider distinct building uses, such an office above a shop, as separate purpose groups and keep
them apart from one another.
• Ensure that preparation is continuously watched food .
2.OXYGEN :-
Oxygen gas is used,
•in welding, flame cutting and other similar processes
•for helping people with breathing difficulties .
•In hyperbaric chambers as a medical treatment in decompression chambers
•For food preservation and packaging

5. •In steelworks and chemical plants
The main causes of fires and explosions when using oxygen are:
•Oxygen enrichment from leaking equipment.
•Use of material not compatible with oxygen.
•Use of oxygen in equipment not desired for oxygen service.
•Incorrect or careless operation of oxygen equipment.
PREVENTION:-
• Be mindful of the hazards of oxygen; if unsure, ask.
• Avoid oxygen enrichment by checking that all equipment is in good operating order and is leak-tight.
• Verify the ventilation is sufficient.
Always handle oxygen tanks and related equipment sensibly and correctly.
• Always turn the valves on oxygen cylinders slowly. Avoid smoking in areas where oxygen is being used.
• Never replace an item with a part that hasn't been specifically approved for usage with oxygen.
Never use oxygen equipment above the pressure certified by the manufacturer.
•Never use oil or grease to lubricate oxygen equipment.
Never use oxygen in equipment which is not designed for oxygen service.
3. Fuel:- Workplaces with large concentrations of flammable materials on display, in storage, or being
utilised can be more dangerous than those with smaller concentrations. Fuel is made up of flammable
substances when it comes to fire. A substance that easily burns in a typical environment is flammable.
Among flammable substances are flammable liquids (such as gasoline), flammable gases (such as
propane and butane), and flammable solids (e.g., charcoal, paper). To ensure that the right controls are
in place, it is crucial to identify any combustible products in your workplace.
PREVENTION:-
• Check that workers are aware of their obligation to report dangers.
• When it comes to LPG, heed the authority's guidance.
• Do not allow stairways, hallway walls or ceilings, or any type of timber construction.
• Use caution when installing notice boards along escape routes or in exit corridors as any paper on the
board could serve as fuel in the case of a fire.

6. • Follow the code of conduct to stay safe around underground utilities.
• Do a thorough risk analysis and take into account the need for gas detection equipment when the
presence of flammable gas or vapour is a possibility.
• When equipment for gas detection is required, make sure it is installed, maintained, and serviced
properly.
FIRE EXTINGUISHERS:
A fire extinguisher is a device which can be used to control a fire. It can help remove the fire and may
stop it from burning.
TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS:-
1. Water based.
2. Dry powder based.
3. Foam based.
4. Wet chemical and water additives based.
5. Carbon dioxide based
1.A water extinguisher: The label on it is Bright red colour. This kind of extinguisher is utilised to put out
fires brought on by a variety of organic materials, including, but not limited to, paper, cardboard, coal,
fabrics, and other materials. It shouldn't be used for flames in the kitchen, fires brought on by flaming
objects or liquid fires, or other types of fires. using water Only class A fires should be put out with water-
based extinguishers. Foam or electrical equipment is required in the majority of premises
2. Dry powder based: Standard dry powder extinguishers are also referred to as ABC extinguishers;
however, these should not be used in enclosed spaces for Class A, Class 1S&B, and Class C fires. 3S It is
simple to breathe in the dry powder in the extinguisher. Moreover, cleaning up the ash after the fire has
been put out is not advised: They can also be applied to electrical equipment fires. Special dry powder
extinguishers are also available; these are often used to put out flames started by combustible metals.
This type of extinguisher's labels are blue.
• It can also be used to put out flames started by flammable gases like acetylene and liquid petroleum
gas as well as flammable liquids like paint and gasoline. This fire extinguisher may also be used to put
out flames involving equipment up to 1000V.
Special dry powder extinguishers exist, however they are normally only applied to combustible metals
like magnesium and titanium.
Cooking oil fires and flames involving electrical equipment over 1000 V shouldn't be extinguished with
this kind of extinguisher.

7. 3. Foam-based extinguishers: These are the most typical class B fire extinguisher types. Yet, because
they are water-based, they can also be used to put out class A fires. The label is cream in hue.
These fire extinguishers can put out fires started by combustible liquids like gasoline and paint as well as
other organic materials like wood, coal, textiles, fabrics, cardboard, and paper. Kitchen fires, fires
involving electrical equipment, and flames started by combustible metals should not be extinguished
using this kind of extinguisher.
Businesses and locations where the building is built of different organic materials or where it is possible
that such organic materials would be present, such as warehouses, residential properties, hospitals,
schools, offices, and/or structures storing flammable liquids, must have foam extinguishers.
4. Wet chemical and water additive: extinguishers are made to be used on class F fires that involve
cooking with fats. Although foam or water extinguishers are more typical, the wet chemical fire
extinguisher can be used to put out small-scale fires. Dry powder puts out fires more smoothly by
creating a barrier between the source of oxygen and the fuel. This kind of extinguisher's basic colour is
yellow. Fires started by numerous organic materials, such as wood, coal, textiles, fabrics ‘cardboard, and
per, can also be put out with wet chemical extinguishers.
• location: This kind of fire extinguisher should be put close to the fire risk's source. In canteens and
commercial kitchens.
5. Carbon dioxide-based: Carbon dioxide extinguishers are often the primary fire extinguisher type given
in computer server rooms and are primarily utilized for electrical fire threats. By sucking up the oxygen a
fire requires to burn, they suffocate them. The label on this kind of extinguisher is black.
Location: Orfaon dioxide sprinklers need to be placed close to the fire risk's source or close to the fire
exits, such as in offices, kitchens, server rooms, and locations with electrical equipment and appliances.
CRITICAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: -
The objective of successfully implementing an HMS is the systematic management of hazards:
identifying them, assessing risks and selecting suitable control measures. Regular testing and
maintenance of those controls is essential to ensure they remain effective and for compliance.
The hazard management process: The key elements of any HMS must include:
• Identification of all hazards.
• Determining whether the hazard can be eliminated or isolated.
Assessing the remaining hazards to determine whether they are principal hazards or significant hazards.
Developing and introducing Principal Hazard Management Plans (PHMPs) for principal hazards.
Developing and introducing Principal Control Plans (PCPs) for all principal control mechanisms.

8. For remaining hazards, where they cannot be eliminated or isolated, conducting a risk
assessment to minimize the likelihood of the hazard to workers by setting controls. This should include
Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) and/or Trigger Action Plans (TARPS) where applicable.
Participation of workers in the identification, assessment and control of hazards.
 The hazard management system involves these three basic principles:-
1. Identifying the hazard
2. Risk assessment
3. Controlling hazard
1. Identify the hazard: In an underground setting, the following criteria are utilised to determine dangers
and the risks they pose:
a) A team with a variety of experience and knowledge, including the pertinent health and safety
representative, should identify hazards.
To guarantee that all potential hazards are identified and the ensuing risks are confidently and
thoroughly understood, a comprehensive approach must be used with appropriate detail.
The following factors need to be taken into account while identifying hazards:
Any potential modifications to the way work is structured, managed, or performed, including "Design of
workspaces, work processes, materials, plant, and equipment,
Fabrication, installation, commissioning, handling, and material disposal prohibit workspaces,
equipment, and machinery.
• Materials handling, fabrication, installation, commissioning, and disposal prevent workspaces,
machinery, and equipment.
• Buying products and services.
• Contracting and subcontracting for labour, services, and other goods and services, including contract
terms and obligations to and for contractors.
• Plant and equipment inspection, upkeep, testing, repairs, and replacement.
2. Risk assessment: Determining which hoards are significant hoards and identifying and evaluating
hoards. If this is not possible, then significant risks must be removed OL. When the employees are
removed, the following process should be used to determine which of the identified hazards are
significant, whether they can be eliminated or isolated, and if not, the controls that are needed:
a) Identify and evaluate the nature and magnitude of all potential sources of a hazard and its associated
risks;

9. b) assess the risks arising from each hazard using a recognized risk management methodology;
c) the assessment should take into account all pertinent information currently available.
d) To identify the priorities to be assigned to each risk, evaluate the risks by comparing the level of risk
to pre-established standards.
e) Add any assumptions. made about the identification and evaluation of the risks and hazards Events
included.
f) Identify, evaluate, and choose the best controls to adopt to reduce the risk of damage.
3.Controlling: Control for principal hazards must be documented in the HMS in the form of a principal
hazard management plan, or a 'principal control plan'. In assessing hazard and selecting controls to
implement, the reasons for adopting or rejecting those controls must also be documented.
It is advisable that controls for all other types of hazards be documented in a similar manner so that
when they are reviewed the supporting information is readily available. If a control is reviewed in such
circumstances, the HMS must also be reviewed and revised, as necessary.
Control measures often require supporting documentation, procedures, information, training, resources
and testing to make and keep them effective.
While choosing the proper controls, the following factors may need to be taken into account:
• Procedure? Implementing control measures during the design stage, and having access to qualified
personnel to confirm that modifications and designs adhere to specifications. -Procedures for receiving
and purchasing to make sure they follow the rules.
• Permit to work systems for high-risk or unidentified risks; training requirements; and adjustments to
work processes.
Person protection equipment (PPE) is necessary, as is instruction in how to properly use and maintain it.
Supervision to ensure that casks are complete and functional Procedures and instructions are followed.
• Documents pertaining to plant maintenance, repairs, and alterations.

10. Preliminary Hazard Analysis
Preliminary Hazard Analysis