This document discusses safety and loss prevention in process design. It identifies potential hazards associated with chemical processes such as toxicity, flammability, pressure, temperature deviation, noise, and sources of ignition. It discusses measuring and controlling hazards to prevent dangerous deviations. Methods to control hazards include containment, ventilation, disposal, and emergency equipment. Hazard and Operability Studies (HAZOP) are introduced as a way to identify hazards and operability problems in a process design or operating plant. Intrinsic and extrinsic safety are also discussed.
A explained presentation on fire and explosion hazard and their prevention in pharmaceutical and other chemical industry and transportation of flammable and explosive goods which could be helpful for pharmaceutical and other student who has hazard and there management in their syllabus
This document discusses various air-based hazards and methods for managing critical hazards. It begins by listing sources of air pollution such as various industries, households, agricultural practices, construction activities, volcanic eruptions, and more. It then discusses heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems for pharmaceutical plants. Next, it covers preliminary hazard analysis and its purpose and benefits. It also discusses the fire prevention triangle of heat, oxygen, and fuel. The document provides advice on managing each of these elements to prevent fires. It describes various types of fire extinguishers and their appropriate uses. Finally, it discusses the key elements of a critical hazard management system including identifying hazards, risk assessment, and implementing control measures.
Industrial Safety Unit-I SAFETY TERMINOLOGIESNarmatha D
Hazard-Types of Hazard- Risk-Hierarchy of Hazards Control Measures-Lead indicators- lag Indicators-Flammability- Toxicity Time-weighted Average (TWA) - Threshold LimitValue (TLV) - Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL)- Immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH)- acute and chronic Effects- Routes of Chemical Entry-Personnel Protective Equipment- Health and Safety Policy-Material Safety Data Sheet MSDS
Laboratory safety is dependent on a collaboration between safety personnel and the laboratory personnel conducting the research and sample analysis. It is important to understand the hazards and risk to determine the heirarchy of controls. In caertain instances, use of personal protective clothing and equipment may be best option to protect the worker from harm. This seminar presents the issues that are pertinent for safety professionals to consider when inspecting any laboratory and understanding the chemical process and equipment used in the analysis.
This document discusses combustible wood dust safety. It provides background on the history of dust explosions, noting the first recorded explosion in 1785. It then discusses examples of combustible dust accidents in various industries that have resulted in deaths and injuries. The document outlines National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) standards related to combustible dust, including standards on dust collectors, ventilation, and hazard classification. It also discusses the objectives of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's (OSHA) Combustible Dust National Emphasis Program inspections, including example questions inspectors may ask. Finally, it provides guidance on assessing dust hazards and implementing mitigation strategies like housekeeping, controlling ignition sources, ventilation, venting, suppression, and isolation
This document discusses combustible dust safety. It begins with a brief history of dust explosions, noting the first recorded incident in 1785 and 281 incidents in the US from 1980-2005 resulting in 119 deaths and 718 injuries. It then provides examples of combustible dust accidents in various industries that resulted in fatalities and injuries. The document discusses NFPA standards related to combustible dust hazards and provides data on combustible dust incidents in the US by industry and material type. It also lists potential ignition sources and describes OSHA's National Emphasis Program focused on combustible dust.
This document outlines a presentation on hazardous materials. It introduces the topic and objectives, which are to identify hazards from materials, describe exposure risks, and methods to control physical and health hazards. It then covers types of hazardous materials like gases, liquids, and dusts; hazards like flammability and toxicity; and control methods like ventilation, protective equipment, and management plans. The goal is to educate workers on hazard identification and prevention when working with dangerous goods.
A explained presentation on fire and explosion hazard and their prevention in pharmaceutical and other chemical industry and transportation of flammable and explosive goods which could be helpful for pharmaceutical and other student who has hazard and there management in their syllabus
This document discusses various air-based hazards and methods for managing critical hazards. It begins by listing sources of air pollution such as various industries, households, agricultural practices, construction activities, volcanic eruptions, and more. It then discusses heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems for pharmaceutical plants. Next, it covers preliminary hazard analysis and its purpose and benefits. It also discusses the fire prevention triangle of heat, oxygen, and fuel. The document provides advice on managing each of these elements to prevent fires. It describes various types of fire extinguishers and their appropriate uses. Finally, it discusses the key elements of a critical hazard management system including identifying hazards, risk assessment, and implementing control measures.
Industrial Safety Unit-I SAFETY TERMINOLOGIESNarmatha D
Hazard-Types of Hazard- Risk-Hierarchy of Hazards Control Measures-Lead indicators- lag Indicators-Flammability- Toxicity Time-weighted Average (TWA) - Threshold LimitValue (TLV) - Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL)- Immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH)- acute and chronic Effects- Routes of Chemical Entry-Personnel Protective Equipment- Health and Safety Policy-Material Safety Data Sheet MSDS
Laboratory safety is dependent on a collaboration between safety personnel and the laboratory personnel conducting the research and sample analysis. It is important to understand the hazards and risk to determine the heirarchy of controls. In caertain instances, use of personal protective clothing and equipment may be best option to protect the worker from harm. This seminar presents the issues that are pertinent for safety professionals to consider when inspecting any laboratory and understanding the chemical process and equipment used in the analysis.
This document discusses combustible wood dust safety. It provides background on the history of dust explosions, noting the first recorded explosion in 1785. It then discusses examples of combustible dust accidents in various industries that have resulted in deaths and injuries. The document outlines National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) standards related to combustible dust, including standards on dust collectors, ventilation, and hazard classification. It also discusses the objectives of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's (OSHA) Combustible Dust National Emphasis Program inspections, including example questions inspectors may ask. Finally, it provides guidance on assessing dust hazards and implementing mitigation strategies like housekeeping, controlling ignition sources, ventilation, venting, suppression, and isolation
This document discusses combustible dust safety. It begins with a brief history of dust explosions, noting the first recorded incident in 1785 and 281 incidents in the US from 1980-2005 resulting in 119 deaths and 718 injuries. It then provides examples of combustible dust accidents in various industries that resulted in fatalities and injuries. The document discusses NFPA standards related to combustible dust hazards and provides data on combustible dust incidents in the US by industry and material type. It also lists potential ignition sources and describes OSHA's National Emphasis Program focused on combustible dust.
This document outlines a presentation on hazardous materials. It introduces the topic and objectives, which are to identify hazards from materials, describe exposure risks, and methods to control physical and health hazards. It then covers types of hazardous materials like gases, liquids, and dusts; hazards like flammability and toxicity; and control methods like ventilation, protective equipment, and management plans. The goal is to educate workers on hazard identification and prevention when working with dangerous goods.
This document outlines an OSHA training presentation on hazardous materials. It introduces hazardous materials and how workers can be exposed through inhalation, ingestion, absorption and injection. It describes the physical hazards of materials like flammability, explosions and corrosiveness. It also details the health hazards including toxicity, carcinogenicity and respiratory sensitization. Finally, it discusses methods to control physical hazards such as proper gas cylinder storage and grounding of equipment, and health hazards including ventilation, personal protective equipment and exposure monitoring.
This document outlines a presentation on hazardous materials. It introduces the topic and objectives, which are to identify hazards from materials, describe exposure risks, and methods to control physical and health hazards. It then covers types of hazardous materials like gases, liquids, and dusts; hazards like flammability and toxicity; and control methods like ventilation, protective equipment, and management plans. The goal is to educate workers on hazard identification and prevention when working with dangerous goods.
The document discusses safety aspects for using hydrocarbon refrigerants. It covers regulations like the EU F-Gas Regulation that limit hydrofluorocarbons and require alternative refrigerants. Natural refrigerants like ammonia, propane, and CO2 are discussed as alternatives, noting their flammability requires special safety precautions to avoid explosions, such as proper ventilation and avoiding ignition sources. Standards like the Machinery Directive and DIN EN 378 provide requirements for machinery safety to address risks of fire and explosion when using flammable refrigerants.
Inspection of Fire Fighting Equipments | NFPA Regulations | Gaurav Singh RajputGaurav Singh Rajput
This document provides an overview of regulations regarding inspection of firefighting equipment as outlined by NFPA standards. It discusses principles of fire and explosion, classifications of dangerous substances, fire growth rates, factors affecting growth rates, types of fire accidents including explosions, and considerations for dry chemical fire suppression systems including applications, agent types, system requirements, and operation/control. The key topics covered include fire triangle principles, explosion definitions, gas detection systems, hazard identification, and risk assessment processes.
This document discusses hazardous materials management in a healthcare setting. It covers identifying and evaluating hazardous substances, OSHA regulations regarding hazard communication, managing specific hazards like compressed gases and reproductive hazards. Key points addressed include proper storage, handling, labeling and disposal of hazardous materials, conducting safety training for employees, and ensuring emergency equipment like eyewashes and showers meet standards. The document provides guidance on developing a comprehensive hazardous materials safety program in healthcare organizations.
Oreco prioritizes safety in its BLABO tank cleaning system. The system complies with various European directives and standards to minimize explosion risks. All equipment used inside tanks or on tank roofs is ATEX approved for use in potentially explosive atmospheres. The closed-loop process ensures no contact between cleaning media and operators. Extensive monitoring and automatic shutdown procedures help prevent unsafe oxygen and gas levels. Employees receive thorough safety training to operate the system without entering tanks.
Toxic materials can harm the body if they enter through skin absorption, inhalation, ingestion, or injection. Effects may be acute like immediate reactions, or chronic like delayed health issues. Common toxic groups include dusts, fumes, gases, solvents, metals, acids, bases, and pesticides. To minimize hazards, proper storage, handling, ventilation, protective equipment, worker training, and waste disposal are needed. Hazard identification numbers and symbols communicate toxicity dangers.
This document summarizes key information about managing hazardous chemicals in the workplace according to Australian legislation. It outlines duties of various parties to identify hazards, implement controls, safely handle, store and dispose of chemicals. Specific requirements around classification, labeling, safety data sheets, registers and health monitoring are discussed. The goals are to increase understanding of chemical hazards and ensure appropriate safety controls are in place.
This document provides an overview of health and safety at Rhodes University. It introduces lab safety, hazardous materials, fire safety, and waste recycling. Regarding lab safety, it outlines general do's and don'ts and emphasizes the importance of identifying hazards and risks. Hazardous materials that require special disposal procedures are defined. Fire safety focuses on prevention, extinguishers, evacuation planning, and prohibiting smoking in certain areas. Waste recycling at Rhodes uses a two-bag system to separate disposable and recyclable materials.
This document provides an overview of industrial safety topics including material safety data sheets, hazard labels, personal protective equipment, fire hazards, types of fires, fire extinguishers, and standards like OHSAS 18001 and ISO 14001. It discusses the key sections of an MSDS, common hazard labels, types of PPE, classes of fire and corresponding extinguishers. It also summarizes the elements of the OHSAS 18001 standard for occupational health and safety management systems including policy, planning, implementation, monitoring and corrective action, and management reviews. Finally, it briefly discusses effluent management and ISO 14001 environmental management standards.
Fire and explosions pose serious hazards in industrial settings. Three key elements are required for combustion - a fuel source, oxygen, and an ignition source. Major industrial accidents over recent decades involving fires, explosions, and chemical releases have caused numerous deaths and injuries as well as economic and environmental damage. Effective safety management including hazard identification, worker training, equipment inspections, and emergency response planning can help reduce risks. Prevention strategies include eliminating ignition sources, proper chemical storage, ventilation, and use of fire suppression systems.
This document discusses safety indexes and fire indexes. It defines workplace safety and lists the top 10 most common workplace accidents. It then describes how to measure work safety through assessing risk exposure, evaluating safety programs, reviewing organizational culture, identifying safety leaders, and conducting inspections. The document also defines the fire triangle of fuel, oxygen, and ignition sources. It discusses historical industrial explosions and how to prevent fires at workplaces such as controlling ignition sources and limiting fuel. Safety data sheets and fire protection regulations are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of key laboratory safety topics, including:
- The hierarchy of controls for hazards and types of engineering, administrative and personal protective controls.
- Chemical, biological and physical hazards like noise, radiation and ergonomics. It outlines exposure limits and safety measures.
- Requirements for chemical hygiene plans, exposure monitoring, medical exams, hazard communication, and more.
- Best practices for working with research animals, managing change, conducting safety training, and chemical inventory control.
- Examples of incidents involving water-reactive chemicals and lack of proper protective equipment emphasize importance of compliance.
This document discusses hazard analysis and provides details on a case study of a fire at a Formosa Plastics Corporation facility. It defines a hazard as a potential source of harm and outlines various types of hazards including chemical, physical, biological, ergonomic, noise, and others. Methods of hazard analysis are presented such as process hazard analysis, event tree analysis, failure mode and effect analysis, and job hazard analysis. Engineering controls, administrative controls, and personal protective equipment are identified as key methods to control hazards. The case study then describes a 2005 fire and explosions caused by a propylene release when a forklift snagged a drain valve. Lessons learned include considering vehicle impacts and remote isolation in hazard analyses.
When oil and gas workers open tank hatches to gauge or collect fluid samples on tanks that contain process fluids, they can be exposed to hydrocarbon gases and vapors, oxygen-deficient atmospheres, and fires and explosions.
This document discusses OSHA standards for airborne chemical exposure and strategies for monitoring and controlling exposures. It provides definitions for key terms used in OSHA standards like time-weighted average (TWA), permissible exposure limits (PELs), short term exposure limits, and ceiling values. It also reviews strategies for developing exposure assessment programs, including characterizing work processes, prioritizing controls, and developing sampling protocols. Monitoring equipment and interpreting results are discussed. As an example, it reviews the specific OSHA standard for lead exposure.
The document discusses the importance of process safety in the chemical engineering industry. It notes that the safe design and operation of chemical facilities is paramount due to legal and moral obligations to prevent catastrophic human and economic costs from incidents. Several US laws that govern chemical plant safety are described, including OSHA, EPCRA, and TSCA. Chemical plant hazards like toxicity, flammability, incompatibility, overpressure and explosions are reviewed. The document emphasizes that understanding material hazards is key to designing safe processes and mitigating risks.
This document provides an overview of laboratory safety policies and procedures at SUNY Polytechnic Institute. It outlines employee responsibilities for safety, potential laboratory hazards, case studies of accidents, and guidelines for obtaining chemicals, personal protective equipment, chemical storage, labeling and disposal, emergency response, and handling of specific hazardous materials like hydrofluoric acid and heavy metals. The document aims to educate employees on compliance with regulations and protecting health and safety in the laboratory.
World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4
World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4
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World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4
World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4
World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4
World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4study presented by a Big 4
This document outlines an OSHA training presentation on hazardous materials. It introduces hazardous materials and how workers can be exposed through inhalation, ingestion, absorption and injection. It describes the physical hazards of materials like flammability, explosions and corrosiveness. It also details the health hazards including toxicity, carcinogenicity and respiratory sensitization. Finally, it discusses methods to control physical hazards such as proper gas cylinder storage and grounding of equipment, and health hazards including ventilation, personal protective equipment and exposure monitoring.
This document outlines a presentation on hazardous materials. It introduces the topic and objectives, which are to identify hazards from materials, describe exposure risks, and methods to control physical and health hazards. It then covers types of hazardous materials like gases, liquids, and dusts; hazards like flammability and toxicity; and control methods like ventilation, protective equipment, and management plans. The goal is to educate workers on hazard identification and prevention when working with dangerous goods.
The document discusses safety aspects for using hydrocarbon refrigerants. It covers regulations like the EU F-Gas Regulation that limit hydrofluorocarbons and require alternative refrigerants. Natural refrigerants like ammonia, propane, and CO2 are discussed as alternatives, noting their flammability requires special safety precautions to avoid explosions, such as proper ventilation and avoiding ignition sources. Standards like the Machinery Directive and DIN EN 378 provide requirements for machinery safety to address risks of fire and explosion when using flammable refrigerants.
Inspection of Fire Fighting Equipments | NFPA Regulations | Gaurav Singh RajputGaurav Singh Rajput
This document provides an overview of regulations regarding inspection of firefighting equipment as outlined by NFPA standards. It discusses principles of fire and explosion, classifications of dangerous substances, fire growth rates, factors affecting growth rates, types of fire accidents including explosions, and considerations for dry chemical fire suppression systems including applications, agent types, system requirements, and operation/control. The key topics covered include fire triangle principles, explosion definitions, gas detection systems, hazard identification, and risk assessment processes.
This document discusses hazardous materials management in a healthcare setting. It covers identifying and evaluating hazardous substances, OSHA regulations regarding hazard communication, managing specific hazards like compressed gases and reproductive hazards. Key points addressed include proper storage, handling, labeling and disposal of hazardous materials, conducting safety training for employees, and ensuring emergency equipment like eyewashes and showers meet standards. The document provides guidance on developing a comprehensive hazardous materials safety program in healthcare organizations.
Oreco prioritizes safety in its BLABO tank cleaning system. The system complies with various European directives and standards to minimize explosion risks. All equipment used inside tanks or on tank roofs is ATEX approved for use in potentially explosive atmospheres. The closed-loop process ensures no contact between cleaning media and operators. Extensive monitoring and automatic shutdown procedures help prevent unsafe oxygen and gas levels. Employees receive thorough safety training to operate the system without entering tanks.
Toxic materials can harm the body if they enter through skin absorption, inhalation, ingestion, or injection. Effects may be acute like immediate reactions, or chronic like delayed health issues. Common toxic groups include dusts, fumes, gases, solvents, metals, acids, bases, and pesticides. To minimize hazards, proper storage, handling, ventilation, protective equipment, worker training, and waste disposal are needed. Hazard identification numbers and symbols communicate toxicity dangers.
This document summarizes key information about managing hazardous chemicals in the workplace according to Australian legislation. It outlines duties of various parties to identify hazards, implement controls, safely handle, store and dispose of chemicals. Specific requirements around classification, labeling, safety data sheets, registers and health monitoring are discussed. The goals are to increase understanding of chemical hazards and ensure appropriate safety controls are in place.
This document provides an overview of health and safety at Rhodes University. It introduces lab safety, hazardous materials, fire safety, and waste recycling. Regarding lab safety, it outlines general do's and don'ts and emphasizes the importance of identifying hazards and risks. Hazardous materials that require special disposal procedures are defined. Fire safety focuses on prevention, extinguishers, evacuation planning, and prohibiting smoking in certain areas. Waste recycling at Rhodes uses a two-bag system to separate disposable and recyclable materials.
This document provides an overview of industrial safety topics including material safety data sheets, hazard labels, personal protective equipment, fire hazards, types of fires, fire extinguishers, and standards like OHSAS 18001 and ISO 14001. It discusses the key sections of an MSDS, common hazard labels, types of PPE, classes of fire and corresponding extinguishers. It also summarizes the elements of the OHSAS 18001 standard for occupational health and safety management systems including policy, planning, implementation, monitoring and corrective action, and management reviews. Finally, it briefly discusses effluent management and ISO 14001 environmental management standards.
Fire and explosions pose serious hazards in industrial settings. Three key elements are required for combustion - a fuel source, oxygen, and an ignition source. Major industrial accidents over recent decades involving fires, explosions, and chemical releases have caused numerous deaths and injuries as well as economic and environmental damage. Effective safety management including hazard identification, worker training, equipment inspections, and emergency response planning can help reduce risks. Prevention strategies include eliminating ignition sources, proper chemical storage, ventilation, and use of fire suppression systems.
This document discusses safety indexes and fire indexes. It defines workplace safety and lists the top 10 most common workplace accidents. It then describes how to measure work safety through assessing risk exposure, evaluating safety programs, reviewing organizational culture, identifying safety leaders, and conducting inspections. The document also defines the fire triangle of fuel, oxygen, and ignition sources. It discusses historical industrial explosions and how to prevent fires at workplaces such as controlling ignition sources and limiting fuel. Safety data sheets and fire protection regulations are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of key laboratory safety topics, including:
- The hierarchy of controls for hazards and types of engineering, administrative and personal protective controls.
- Chemical, biological and physical hazards like noise, radiation and ergonomics. It outlines exposure limits and safety measures.
- Requirements for chemical hygiene plans, exposure monitoring, medical exams, hazard communication, and more.
- Best practices for working with research animals, managing change, conducting safety training, and chemical inventory control.
- Examples of incidents involving water-reactive chemicals and lack of proper protective equipment emphasize importance of compliance.
This document discusses hazard analysis and provides details on a case study of a fire at a Formosa Plastics Corporation facility. It defines a hazard as a potential source of harm and outlines various types of hazards including chemical, physical, biological, ergonomic, noise, and others. Methods of hazard analysis are presented such as process hazard analysis, event tree analysis, failure mode and effect analysis, and job hazard analysis. Engineering controls, administrative controls, and personal protective equipment are identified as key methods to control hazards. The case study then describes a 2005 fire and explosions caused by a propylene release when a forklift snagged a drain valve. Lessons learned include considering vehicle impacts and remote isolation in hazard analyses.
When oil and gas workers open tank hatches to gauge or collect fluid samples on tanks that contain process fluids, they can be exposed to hydrocarbon gases and vapors, oxygen-deficient atmospheres, and fires and explosions.
This document discusses OSHA standards for airborne chemical exposure and strategies for monitoring and controlling exposures. It provides definitions for key terms used in OSHA standards like time-weighted average (TWA), permissible exposure limits (PELs), short term exposure limits, and ceiling values. It also reviews strategies for developing exposure assessment programs, including characterizing work processes, prioritizing controls, and developing sampling protocols. Monitoring equipment and interpreting results are discussed. As an example, it reviews the specific OSHA standard for lead exposure.
The document discusses the importance of process safety in the chemical engineering industry. It notes that the safe design and operation of chemical facilities is paramount due to legal and moral obligations to prevent catastrophic human and economic costs from incidents. Several US laws that govern chemical plant safety are described, including OSHA, EPCRA, and TSCA. Chemical plant hazards like toxicity, flammability, incompatibility, overpressure and explosions are reviewed. The document emphasizes that understanding material hazards is key to designing safe processes and mitigating risks.
This document provides an overview of laboratory safety policies and procedures at SUNY Polytechnic Institute. It outlines employee responsibilities for safety, potential laboratory hazards, case studies of accidents, and guidelines for obtaining chemicals, personal protective equipment, chemical storage, labeling and disposal, emergency response, and handling of specific hazardous materials like hydrofluoric acid and heavy metals. The document aims to educate employees on compliance with regulations and protecting health and safety in the laboratory.
World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4
World economy charts case study presented by a Big 4
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UnityNet World Environment Day Abraham Project 2024 Press ReleaseLHelferty
June 12, 2024 UnityNet International (#UNI) World Environment Day Abraham Project 2024 Press Release from Markham / Mississauga, Ontario in the, Greater Tkaronto Bioregion, Canada in the North American Great Lakes Watersheds of North America (Turtle Island).
The E-Way Bill revolutionizes logistics by digitizing the documentation of goods transport, ensuring transparency, tax compliance, and streamlined processes. This mandatory, electronic system reduces delays, enhances accountability, and combats tax evasion, benefiting businesses and authorities alike. Embrace the E-Way Bill for efficient, reliable transportation operations.
Cleades Robinson, a respected leader in Philadelphia's police force, is known for his diplomatic and tactful approach, fostering a strong community rapport.
Methanex is the world's largest producer and supplier of methanol. We create value through our leadership in the global production, marketing and delivery of methanol to customers. View our latest Investor Presentation for more details.
ZKsync airdrop of 3.6 billion ZK tokens is scheduled by ZKsync for next week.pdfSOFTTECHHUB
The world of blockchain and decentralized technologies is about to witness a groundbreaking event. ZKsync, the pioneering Ethereum Layer 2 network, has announced the highly anticipated airdrop of its native token, ZK. This move marks a significant milestone in the protocol's journey, empowering the community to take the reins and shape the future of this revolutionary ecosystem.
3. Learning Outcomes
•To identify potential hazards that associated
with chemical processes
•To identify measurement that helps to
control and prevent hazardous deviation
•To introduce basic principles and procedure
to develop Hazard and Operability Study
(HAZOP)
•8/15/2016 •LLF0916
•3
4. Introduction
•8/15/2016 •LLF0916
•4
• Legal and moral obligation to safeguard the health
and welfare of its employees and the general public.
• Safety is good business as good management
practices are needed to ensure safe operation and
this will ensure efficient operation.
• Loss prevention an insurance term
LOSS
•Financial loss
- damaged equipment, plant, claim
- Lost production and sales
•Reputation loss
•Human assets loss
5. Introduction
•8/15/2016 •LLF0916
•5
Safety and loss prevention
in process design
Identification
and assessment
of hazards
Control of the hazards:
eg: containment of flammable and
toxic materials
Control of the process:
Prevention of hazardous deviations in
process variables( pressure, temperature,
flow) by provision of automatic control
systems, interlocks, alarms, trips etc)
Limitation of the loss: The
damage and injury caused if an incident
occurs: pressure relief, plant layout,
provision of fire fighting equipment
6. Introduction
•8/15/2016 •LLF0916
•6
Intrinsic Safety Extrinsic Safety
which safe operation is
inherent in the nature of the
process, a process which
causes no danger, or negligible
danger under all foreseeable
circumstances.
?
7. Introduction
•8/15/2016 •LLF0916
•7
Extrinsic Safety
• the safety has to be engineered in
• chemical manufacturing processes are generally inherently unsafe
and dangerous situations can develop if the process conditions
deviate from the design values
• The safe operation of such processes depends on the design and
provision of engineered safety devices and on good operating
practices
• Provision in the design of control systems, alarms, trips, pressure
relief devices, automatic shut-down systems, duplication of key
equipment services, fire fighting equipment, sprinkler system, blast
walls etc
• Examples, PSH, PSHH, LSH, LSHH, PSV, PCV, LCV
9. Hazard – toxicity
•8/15/2016 •LLF0916
•9
• The potential health hazard to an individual by a material
used in any chemical or process plant is a function of the
inherent toxicity of the material and the frequency and
duration of exposure.
• Have to distinguish between the short term effects (acute)
and long term effects (chronic) of the material
• Highly toxic material that causes immediate injury such as
chlorine or phosgene would be classified as a safety
hazard
• A material whose effect is apparent only after long
exposure at low concentrations, eg vinyl chloride, would
be classified as industrial health and hygiene hazards
10. Hazard – toxicity
•8/15/2016 •LLF0916
•10
• Both the permissible limits and the precautions to be taken to
ensure that such limits are not exceeded are quite different
for these two classes of toxic materials.
• Inherent toxicity is measured by tests on animals. It is
expressed as the lethal dose at which 50% of the animals do
not survive and this is known as LD50 value.
Test on rats
11. Hazard – toxicity
•8/15/2016 •LLF0916
•11
• The permissible exposure limit (PEL) of concentration for the
long term exposure of humans to toxic materials is set by the
threshold limit value (TLV)- upper permissible concentration
limit that is safe to humans with exposure of 8hrs/day, 5
days/week over a period of many years
• Most significant source of workplace exposure to toxicity is
inhalation. Hence an understanding of the sources of
contaminants to which workers are exposed is important for
the recognition, evaluation and control of occupational health
hazards
12. Hazard – toxicity
•8/15/2016 •LLF0916
•12
• Recommended TLVs are published by OSHA (Occupational
Safety and Health Administration)
• Handbook prepared by Sax and Lewis provides a
comprehensive source of data as well as guidance on the
interpretation and use of the data
• Prepare a Material Supply Data Sheet (MSDS) for the
materials used
13. Hazard – toxicity
•8/15/2016 •LLF0916
•13
• Preventative aspects of the use of hazardous substances are:
- substitution: processes using less hazardous material
- containment: sound design of equipment and piping, avoid
leaks
- ventilation: use open structures or adequate ventilation
- disposal: effective vent stacks
- emergency equipment: escape routes, rescue equipment,
respirators, safety showers and eye baths
14. Hazard – flammability
•8/15/2016 •LLF0916
•14
• Flammable – materials that will burn
• Hazards caused by flammable material depends on:
• Flash point of material- a measure of the ease of ignition
of liquid. It is the lowest temperature at which the
material will ignite from an open flame.
• Autoignition temperature-temperature at which a
substance will ignite spontaneously in air, without any
external source of ignition. Indication of the maximum
temperature to which a material can be heated in air
15. Hazard – flammability
•8/15/2016 •LLF0916
•15
• Flammability limits- the lowest and highest concentration in
air, at normal pressure and temperature, at which a flame
will propagate through the mixture. Range of concentration
over which the material will burn in air if ignited.
16. Hazard – flammability
•8/15/2016 •LLF0916
•16
• For a fire to occur, there must be a fuel, an oxidiser and an
ignition source. In addition, the combustion must be self
sustaining.
• Air is the oxidiser, a minimum concentration of fuel is
necessary for the flame to be ignited. Minimum
concentration required depends on the temperature of the
mixture and to a lesser extent on the pressure, greatest
interest is focused on the ignition conditions necessary at
ambient temperature.
17. Hazard – flammability
•8/15/2016 •LLF0916
•17
• Flame traps
- fitted in the vent lines of equipment that contains
flammable material
- prevent the propagation of flame through the vents
- providing a heat sink, usually expanded metal grids or
plates to dissipate the heat of the flame
- installed in the plant ditches to prevent the spread of flame
18. Hazard – explosion
•8/15/2016 •LLF0916
•18
• Explosion is the sudden, catastrophic release of energy,
causing a pressure wave. An explosion can occur without
fire, such as the failure through over-pressure of a steam
boiler or an air receiver.
• Different types of explosions:
1. Confined vapour cloud explosions(CVCE)
2. Unconfined vapour cloud explosions(UCVCE)
3. Boiling liquid expanding vapour explosions (BLEVE)
4. Dust explosions
19. Hazard – source of ignition
•8/15/2016 •LLF0916
•19
• Electrical equipment
Source of ignition
- sparkling of electrical equipment
- electrically operated instruments, controllers and computer system
Hazardous area – explosive gas-air mixtures are present
Zone 0: explosive gas-air mixtures present continuously for long periods;
intrinsically safe equipment to be used
Zone 1: explosive gas-air mixtures likely to occur in normal operation; intrinsically
safe equipment, or flame proof enclosures to be used
Zone 3: explosive gas-air mixtures not likely to occur during normal operation, but
could occur for short periods; intrinsically safe equipment, or total
enclosure or non-sparkling apparatus to be used.
Hence the standards have to consulted for full specification before selecting
equipment for the designated zones
20. Hazard – source of ignition
•8/15/2016 •LLF0916
•20
• Static electricity – movement of any non-conducting material, powder,
liquid or gas can generate static electricity, producing sparks. Have to
ensure that all piping is properly earthed (grounded) and that electrical
continuity is maintained around flanges.
- Escaping steam, other vapors or gases can generate a static charge.
Gases escaping from a ruptured vessel can self-ignite
• Process flames – flames from process furnaces and incinerators are
obvious sources of ignition and these equipment have to be located well
away from plant containing flammable materials
• Miscellaneous source
- control entry of obvious source of ignition, matches, cigarettes
- used of portable electrical equipment, welding, spark producing tools and
movement of petrol-driven vehicles
- exhaust gases from diesel engines
21. Hazard – ionizing radiation
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• Radiation emitted by radioactive materials is harmful to living
matter.
• Small quantities of radioactive isotopes are used in the
process industry for various purposes e.g in level and
density measuring instruments and for the non-destructive
testing of equipment..
• Use of radioactive isotopes covered by government
legislation
22. Hazard – pressure
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• Over-pressure (pressure exceeding the system design
pressure) is one of the most serious hazards in chemical
plant operation. Failure of a vessel or the associated piping
can result in a sequence of events that can culminate in a
disaster.
• Pressure vessels are fitted with pressure relief devices set at
the design pressure so that potential over-pressure is
relieved in a controlled manner.
•
23. Hazard – pressure
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• Three different types of relief devices commonly used are:
-Directly actuated valves-spring loaded valves that open at a predetermined
pressure and which close after the pressure has been relieved. The system
pressure provides motive power to operate the valve
-Indirectly actuated valves- pneumatically or electrically operated valves
which are activated by pressure sensing instruments
-Bursting discs- thin discs of material that are designed to fail at a
predetermined pressure, giving a full-bore opening for flow
• Relief valves are normally used to regulate minor excursions of pressure
and bursting discs as safety devices to relieve major over-pressure.
• Relief valves and bursting discs are proprietary items and vendors are
consulted prior selection
• API 520 and 521 for sizing of relief valves and overpressure
25. Hazard – pressure
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• Vent piping
-Relief systems have to ensure that flammable or toxic gases are vented
to a safe location
-Vent to a safe height to ensure the gases are dispersed without creating a
hazard.
-For toxic materials necessary to provide a scrubber. HP Flare Scrubber,
LP Flare Scrubber etc
•-Rate of venting will be determined by the design of the complete venting
system, the relief device and the associated piping. Maximum venting rate
will be limited by the critical sonic velocity.
•-Vessels also have to be protected against external fire so the relief valve
has to be sized for fire etc
27. Hazard – pressure
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• Under-pressure (vacuum)
- Unless designed to withstand external pressure, a vessel has to be
protected against the hazard of under-pressure, as well as over-
pressure
- Under-pressure normally means vacuum on the inside with
atmospheric pressure on the outside. A slight drop in pressure below
atmospheric pressure will result in the tank collapsing
- Not uncommon for a storage tank to be sucked in (collapsed) by the
suction pulled by the discharge pump, due to the tank vents having
become blocked.
- Vacuum breakers should be fitted in such cases
29. Hazard – temperature deviation
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• Excessively high temps, over & above the design temperature can
cause structural failure & initiate a disaster
• High temperatures can result from loss of control of reactors and
heaters, from open fires
• Protection against high temperatures to be provided for processes
where high temperatures are a hazard
- High Temp alarms & interlocks to shutdown reactor feeds or heating
systems
-Provision of emergency cooling systems
-Structural design of eqpt to withstand worst possible temp excursion
-Selection of intrinsically safe heating systems for hazardous material
30. Hazard – temperature deviation
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•Steam and other vapour heating systems are intrinsically safe as the
temperature cannot exceed the saturation temperature at the supply
pressure
•Electrical heating systems are particularly hazardous
• Fire protection
- To protect against structural failure water-deluge systems are usually
installed to keep vessels and structural steelwork cool in a fire.
- Lower sections of structural steel columns are often lagged with
concrete or other suitable material
31. Hazard – noise
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• Excessive noise is a hazard to health and safety. Long
exposure to high noise levels can cause permanent
damage to hearing. At lower levels, noise is a distraction
and causes fatigue
• Sound is measured in decibels
• Permanent damage to hearing
can be caused at sound levels
above 90db
32. Hazard – noise
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• Normal practice to provide ear protection in areas where
noise is above 80db
• Noise pollution from factories
causes complaints from residents
• Compressors, fans, burners and
steam relief valves cause
excessive noise-consider in
plant layout
34. Dow fire and explosion index
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• Hazard classification guide developed by DOW Chemical
Company gives a method of evaluating the potential risk
from a process and assessing the potential loss
• A numerical “Fire & Explosion Index” is calculated.
• The larger the value of the F&EI, the more hazardous the
process.
35. Dow fire and explosion index
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• The potential hazard of a new plant can be calculated
after the P&IDs and equipment layout diagrams have
been prepared.
• Indicate alternative, less hazardous process routes
should be considered.
36. Safety study
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• HAZID - Hazard Identification
• HAZOP - Hazard & Operability Study
• FERA - Fire & Explosion Risk Analysis
• QRA - Quantitative Risk Assessment
• SGIA - Smoke & Gas Ingress Analysis
• EERA - Escape, Evacuation & Rescue Analysis
• ESSA - Emergency System Survival Analysis
• TRIA - Temporary Refuge Impairment Analysis
• HFE - Human Factor Engineering
• HRA - Health Risk Assessment
• ERP - Emergency Risk Assessment
37. Hazard and operability study (hazop)
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• HAZOP - systematic technique for identifying all plant or
equipment hazards and operability problems. When
applied to a process design or an operating plant, it
indicates potential hazards that may arise from deviations
from the intended design conditions.
• In this technique, each segment (pipeline, piece of
equipment, instrument etc) is carefully examined and all
possible deviations are identified. This is accomplished
by fully defining the intent of each segment and then
applying the guide words to each segment.
• Seven guide words for carrying out HAZOP
38. More –
quantitative
increase
eg: higher
temperature
Hazard and operability study (hazop)
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7 guide
words
No or not – no
part of the intent
is achieved and
nothing else
occurs
eg: no flow
Less –
quantitative
decrease
eg: lower
pressure
As well as –
Something in addition
to the design intention
eg: impurities, side
reaction
Reverse –
Reverse of or
opposite to the
design intention
eg: reverse
flow
Part of –
Something missing, only
part of the intention is
realized, such as change in
the composition of a stream
or a missing component
Other than–
No part of the intention is
achieved, something
completely different occurs.
Covers all conceivable
situations other than intended
such as start up, shutdown,
maintenance
39. Hazard and operability study (hazop)
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• These guide words are applied to flow, temperature,
pressure, liquid level, composition and any other
variables affecting the process.
• Normally carried out by Specialists eg HAZOP Leader
and HAZOP Scribe. Include all the main disciplines but
mostly Process Engineers, Instrument and Piping
• Require Flow Sheets (PFDs, UFDs), P&IDs, Plant
Layout
• HAZOP Study Report-Close out the findings
40. Hazard analysis
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• HAZOP identifies the hazards but gives no indication
on the likelihood of an incident occurring or the loss
suffered. The sequence of events that leads to a
hazardous incident can be shown as a fault tree (logic
tree)
• Fault tree analysis (FTA)- means of analysing
hazardous events after they have been identified. Used
to estimate the likelihood of an accident by breaking it
down into its contributing sequences. Use of the fault
tree provides a graphical representation between
certain possible events and undesired consequences.
• Sequence of events forms pathways on the fault tree
with AND and OR gates.
42. Safety audits
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• Safety audits carried out to verify the adequacy of
safety equipment and safety rules.
• Safety equipment includes eqpt for fire protection,
personnel protection and on-site emergency
responses
• Explicit safety rules for new process will be identified
• Safety Checklist for identifying process hazards
• Critical assessment of the checklist will identify the
major hazards in the proposed new facility or existing
facility
• This should be done in the early stages of the design
43. Environmental protection
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• All individuals and companies have a duty to care for
the neighbours and to the environment
• Agencies to monitor this include:
-OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health Administration
-NIOSH: National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health
-EPA: Environment Protection Agency
• EIA-Environment Impact Assessment gives a full
disclosure statement of project parameters that have a
+ve environmental impact, -ve environmental impact or
no impact at all