This document analyzes heavy metal concentrations in sediments and fish from the Korle Lagoon estuary in Accra, Ghana. It finds that heavy metal levels in sediments were generally below guidelines, but ranked in the order of Pb>Zn>Cu>Cd. Heavy metal levels in the flesh of two fish species, Seriola dumerili and Pteroscion peli, were low for copper and zinc but higher for lead and cadmium compared to WHO standards. Both fish species accumulated higher levels of lead and cadmium regardless of size. The study concludes that consuming fish from the lagoon should be prohibited due to high levels of lead and cadmium that could be detrimental to human health.
Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve:
Profiling Mercury Distribution in the NERR by Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometery
Hydrogeochemistry and Microbiology of Wadi Al Bih Limestone Aquifer in Northe...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This study investigated the hydrogeochemical characteristics and microbiological pollution of groundwater in Wadi Al Bih limestone aquifer, Ras Al Khaimah area, northern United Arab Emirates (UAE). Results indicate that the decrease of groundwater exploitation in Wadi Al Bih basin from 58 million cubic meter (MCM) during the period 1991-1995 to 22 MCM during the period 2011-2015, has increased groundwater storage, raised hydraulic heads by 1 m in Al Burayrat area and 16 m near Wadi Al Bih main dam, and decreased the average groundwater salinity by 30% in Wadi Al Bih well field and 45% in Al Burayrat well field. Results of chemical analyses showed noticeable fluctuations in groundwater temperature, EC, and TDS contents, rather than concentrations of all ions. The November 2014 and June 2015 isosalinity contour maps indicate that the groundwater salinity increases from east to west, in the direction of groundwater flow. The groundwater in the eastern part of Wadi Al Bih is good for domestic purposes and irrigation. However, the water hardness is high because the aquifer is predominantly composed of limestone. Wadi Al Bih limestone aquifer is highly sensitive to urban and agricultural activities, and several well were recorded to have Coliform bacteria in Wadi Al Bih and Al Burayrat areas
Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve:
Profiling Mercury Distribution in the NERR by Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometery
Hydrogeochemistry and Microbiology of Wadi Al Bih Limestone Aquifer in Northe...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This study investigated the hydrogeochemical characteristics and microbiological pollution of groundwater in Wadi Al Bih limestone aquifer, Ras Al Khaimah area, northern United Arab Emirates (UAE). Results indicate that the decrease of groundwater exploitation in Wadi Al Bih basin from 58 million cubic meter (MCM) during the period 1991-1995 to 22 MCM during the period 2011-2015, has increased groundwater storage, raised hydraulic heads by 1 m in Al Burayrat area and 16 m near Wadi Al Bih main dam, and decreased the average groundwater salinity by 30% in Wadi Al Bih well field and 45% in Al Burayrat well field. Results of chemical analyses showed noticeable fluctuations in groundwater temperature, EC, and TDS contents, rather than concentrations of all ions. The November 2014 and June 2015 isosalinity contour maps indicate that the groundwater salinity increases from east to west, in the direction of groundwater flow. The groundwater in the eastern part of Wadi Al Bih is good for domestic purposes and irrigation. However, the water hardness is high because the aquifer is predominantly composed of limestone. Wadi Al Bih limestone aquifer is highly sensitive to urban and agricultural activities, and several well were recorded to have Coliform bacteria in Wadi Al Bih and Al Burayrat areas
Trace Metals Concentration in Shallow Well Water in Enugu Metropolispaperpublications3
Abstract: This work assesses the concentration of heavy metals in Enugu Municipal well-water considering the fact that some Enugu inhabitants depend on well-water as their major source of water supply. Water from twenty four (24) different hand dug wells from six locations were investigated for Zn, Cu, Pb, Mn, Cd, and Fe using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The result of the study expressed as the means and standard deviations were compared to WHO and EU standards for drinking water, and it was found that well waters from Iva-Valley and Uwani areas suffer from Cd and Mn pollution. The remaining four locations (Emene, Asata, Abakpa Nike and Achara Layout) were all free from Cd and Mn pollution. Cu, Zn, Fe and Pb concentrations were either completely absent or below world threshold limits at all the locations.
Study of Seasonal Variations in Oxygen Consumption of Estuarine Clam, Meretri...ijtsrd
The estuarine clam, Meretrix meretrix was exposed to predetermined seasonal sublethal and lethal concentrations of CdCl2, 2½ H2O for 96 hrs. Experiments were conducted during summer, monsoon and winter by keeping control group of clams. Estuarine water parameters like temperature, pH, salinity, rainfall and dissolved oxygen were recorded. In the present study, it is found that, it has significant influence on rate of oxygen consumption and toxicity of cadmium chloride. During summer, clams from LC0 and LC50 group were treated with 1.1ppm and 1.8 ppm respectively. During monsoon LC0 and LC50 group were treated with 1.6 ppm and 2.0 ppm respectively. During winter clams from LC0 and LC50 group were exposed to 1.4 ppm and 2.1 ppm cadmium chloride respectively. During summer, as compared to control group, there were 3.83, 17.04, 16.77 and 10.63 increase in oxygen uptake at the end of 24, 36, 48, and 60 hrs. There were 0.35, 4.97 and 21.75 decrease at the end of 48, 72, 84 and 96 hrs. Moreover, similar trend of oxygen consumption was observed in LC0 and LC50 .group of clams in winter and monsoon season. During monsoon and winter clams from control group showed similar trend of oxygen uptake with less significant fluctuations. Clams from control group and LC0 and LC50 group showed less oxygen consumption during monsoon than summer and winter. Sanjay Kumbhar "Study of Seasonal Variations in Oxygen Consumption of Estuarine Clam, Meretrix Meretrix (Linnaeus, 1758) after Acute Exposure of Cadmium Chloride" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30543.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/30543/study-of-seasonal-variations-in-oxygen-consumption-of-estuarine-clam-meretrix-meretrix-linnaeus-1758-after-acute-exposure-of-cadmium-chloride/sanjay-kumbhar
Natural radioactivity in drinking water and associated agedependent dose in L...IOSRJAP
The presence of Ra in drinking water may sometimes make important contribution to natural background radiation exposures. The paper describes the study of 226Ra and 228Ra content in drinking water of Luxor, a famous tourist city in Egypt. A total of thirty-five water samples were analyzed for 226Ra and 228Ra by gamma ray spectrometry with HPGe detector setup, coaxial type and 8192 channels MCA. The concentration of 226Ra was found in the range from 16 to 181 with arithmetic mean 85.6 mBq·L -1 and the concentration of 228Ra ranged from 8 to 98.4 mBq·L -1 with arithmetic mean 48.6 mBq·L -1 .The committed effective dose for the different age groups has been estimated and found to be not more than 0.038 mSv·yr -1 for adults and 0.149 mSv·yr -1 for critical age group (12-17 years old), for 226Ra. While it is not more than 0.05 mSv·yr -1 for adults and 0.29 mSv·yr -1 for critical age group, for 228Ra. The values obtained were compared with the reference values accepted for drinking water and doses resulting from consumption of these waters, due to their 226Ra and 228Ra contents, were calculated. The study showed that 226Ra content for investigated categories of waters is below the levels at which any unacceptable dose due to ingestion would arise
A continuación comento las características de la contaminación ya que es un tema que sobre sale mucho debido a que el propio ser humano las genera por satisfacer las necesidades del individuo se va generando la contaminación de una manera u otra. Debemos de generar una alternativa de solución respecto al planeta
Trace Metals Concentration in Shallow Well Water in Enugu Metropolispaperpublications3
Abstract: This work assesses the concentration of heavy metals in Enugu Municipal well-water considering the fact that some Enugu inhabitants depend on well-water as their major source of water supply. Water from twenty four (24) different hand dug wells from six locations were investigated for Zn, Cu, Pb, Mn, Cd, and Fe using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The result of the study expressed as the means and standard deviations were compared to WHO and EU standards for drinking water, and it was found that well waters from Iva-Valley and Uwani areas suffer from Cd and Mn pollution. The remaining four locations (Emene, Asata, Abakpa Nike and Achara Layout) were all free from Cd and Mn pollution. Cu, Zn, Fe and Pb concentrations were either completely absent or below world threshold limits at all the locations.
Study of Seasonal Variations in Oxygen Consumption of Estuarine Clam, Meretri...ijtsrd
The estuarine clam, Meretrix meretrix was exposed to predetermined seasonal sublethal and lethal concentrations of CdCl2, 2½ H2O for 96 hrs. Experiments were conducted during summer, monsoon and winter by keeping control group of clams. Estuarine water parameters like temperature, pH, salinity, rainfall and dissolved oxygen were recorded. In the present study, it is found that, it has significant influence on rate of oxygen consumption and toxicity of cadmium chloride. During summer, clams from LC0 and LC50 group were treated with 1.1ppm and 1.8 ppm respectively. During monsoon LC0 and LC50 group were treated with 1.6 ppm and 2.0 ppm respectively. During winter clams from LC0 and LC50 group were exposed to 1.4 ppm and 2.1 ppm cadmium chloride respectively. During summer, as compared to control group, there were 3.83, 17.04, 16.77 and 10.63 increase in oxygen uptake at the end of 24, 36, 48, and 60 hrs. There were 0.35, 4.97 and 21.75 decrease at the end of 48, 72, 84 and 96 hrs. Moreover, similar trend of oxygen consumption was observed in LC0 and LC50 .group of clams in winter and monsoon season. During monsoon and winter clams from control group showed similar trend of oxygen uptake with less significant fluctuations. Clams from control group and LC0 and LC50 group showed less oxygen consumption during monsoon than summer and winter. Sanjay Kumbhar "Study of Seasonal Variations in Oxygen Consumption of Estuarine Clam, Meretrix Meretrix (Linnaeus, 1758) after Acute Exposure of Cadmium Chloride" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30543.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/30543/study-of-seasonal-variations-in-oxygen-consumption-of-estuarine-clam-meretrix-meretrix-linnaeus-1758-after-acute-exposure-of-cadmium-chloride/sanjay-kumbhar
Natural radioactivity in drinking water and associated agedependent dose in L...IOSRJAP
The presence of Ra in drinking water may sometimes make important contribution to natural background radiation exposures. The paper describes the study of 226Ra and 228Ra content in drinking water of Luxor, a famous tourist city in Egypt. A total of thirty-five water samples were analyzed for 226Ra and 228Ra by gamma ray spectrometry with HPGe detector setup, coaxial type and 8192 channels MCA. The concentration of 226Ra was found in the range from 16 to 181 with arithmetic mean 85.6 mBq·L -1 and the concentration of 228Ra ranged from 8 to 98.4 mBq·L -1 with arithmetic mean 48.6 mBq·L -1 .The committed effective dose for the different age groups has been estimated and found to be not more than 0.038 mSv·yr -1 for adults and 0.149 mSv·yr -1 for critical age group (12-17 years old), for 226Ra. While it is not more than 0.05 mSv·yr -1 for adults and 0.29 mSv·yr -1 for critical age group, for 228Ra. The values obtained were compared with the reference values accepted for drinking water and doses resulting from consumption of these waters, due to their 226Ra and 228Ra contents, were calculated. The study showed that 226Ra content for investigated categories of waters is below the levels at which any unacceptable dose due to ingestion would arise
A continuación comento las características de la contaminación ya que es un tema que sobre sale mucho debido a que el propio ser humano las genera por satisfacer las necesidades del individuo se va generando la contaminación de una manera u otra. Debemos de generar una alternativa de solución respecto al planeta
eCultSkills é um projeto europeu que identifica e promove as profissões culturais emergentes associadas às novas tecnologias de informação e comunicação. Descobre mais aqui.
Project Pictogram - Driving Safer Roads - community communication initiative - FREE guidelines for use in the promotion of road safety and fatality reduction.
In this webinar, Jonah Mytro of GreenDeals.org, a project of Green America, will walk you through the new Green Marketplace, which will offer drop shipped products from green businesses at MSRP. Simliar to Amazon.com's marketplace, the Green Marketplace delivers green products from certified green businesses. He'll show you how the new marketplace works and answer any questions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Removal of heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) using fresh water algae (Utricula...Innspub Net
A study was conducted to check the efficiency of different fresh water algae for removing heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) from contaminated water. The three most abundant indigenous algal species namely Ulothrix tenuissima, Oscillatoria tenuis and Zygogonium ericetorum were collected from fresh water channels of Parachinar, Pakistan and brought to the laboratory of Soil and Environmental Sciences Department at the University of Agriculture, Peshawar Pakistan for proper identification. To check the efficiency for removing heavy metals artificial contaminated water was prepared and was inoculated with mix culture of above mentioned algae and incubated for 10 days. After incubation algal species were removed from water through centrifugation and was dried, digested and analyzed for heavy metals. The results showed that the concentration of all heavy metals was substantially reduced in the algal inoculated contaminated water. The analysis of algal biomass showed that considerable amount of metals and other elements were recovered in algae. Among the tested algal species, Zygogonium ericetorum showed maximum removal Ni(99.40ug) and Cr(66.84ug) from contaminated water followed by Oscillatoria tenuis with 84ug(Ni) and 64.83ug(Cr) respectively. However Oscillatoria tenuis showed maximum removal of Cd(41.00ug) than the other algal species. Similarly Zygogonium ericetorum showed maximum removal of Pb (451ug) followed by Ulothrix tenuissima where 441ug was recorded. Highest amount Cd, and Ni were recovered in Zygogonium ericetorum biomass while highest amount of Cr and Pb were recorded in the biomass of Oscillatoria tenuis. Finally it could be concluded that algae have efficiently removed heavy metals from contaminated water. Further research is needed to test other algal species for removal of heavy metal and other elements from the contaminated water.
Heavy Metals in organs and endoparasites of Oreochromisniloticus, Sediment an...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
Analysis of Heavy Metals in fish,water and sediment from Bay of Bengalinventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Heavy metals in some tissues and organs of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 1...AI Publications
Heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cu, Fe, Cd, and Ni) were measured seasonally in three different tissues (gonads, gills, and muscle) of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758) from the Taqtaq Region of the Little Zab River in Northern Iraq from March 2008 to February 2009. After wet digestion using the MALAIYANDI and BARETTE methods, heavy metals in fish samples were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. To compare the data between seasons, age, sex, and size one-way ANOVA and principal component analysis were used (level of 0,05). In the sequence of Cyprinus carpio samples, mean concentrations decreased in the gonads and gills as Zn > Fe > Pb > Ni > Cu > Cd, and in the muscle as Zn> Pb > Fe > Ni > Cu > Cd. Heavy metal concentrations in the samples exceeded the tolerable limits set by international organizations (AIEA-407). Gills had the highest metal concentrations, followed by gonads and muscle. In the winter, the levels of heavy metals in carp tissues decreased. The average values of Zn (80,30 21,00 mg.kg) and Ni (6,95 0,19 mg.kg) were at their highest levels in spring, according to the results. In the winter, the highest Pb, Cu, and Fe levels were found to be 7,53 214, 5,31 0,03, and 22,12 16,06 mg.kg, respectively. Summer had the highest Cd levels, which were 3,29 0.69 mg.kg. Significant differences between seasons were found for each metal (P 0.05).
Determination of some trace elements, Arsenic,Selenium, Chromium,and Zinc in several samples of fish of Bangladesh has been determined by neutron activation analysis. The results obtained are compared with those published elsewhere.
Determination of Arsenic, Chromium,Selenium and Zinc in fish samples of Bangladesh has been described and compared with the results published elsewhere.
Determination of several elements, Arsenic,Selenium, Chromium and Zinc in some fish samples of Bangladesh has been determined by neutron activation analysis. The results obtained are compared with those published elsewhere.
This work contributes to the monitoring of water pollution of some selected Dams in Katsina
State, North western Nigeria by assessing the degree of heavy metal pollution in the Dams sediment samples.
The study was conducted in the year 2017 within some selected Dams in the State (Ajiwa, Zobe,
Sabke/Dannakola) that are beehives of fishing and Agricultural activities in Katsina State. Analysis for the
concentration of these heavy metals; Cr, Cd, Fe, Ni, Mn, Pb and Zn was conducted by the use of AAS (by
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry) method. Several indices were used to assess the metal contamination
levels in the sediment samples, namely; Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo), Enrichment Factor (EF),
Contamination Factor (CF), Degree of Contamination (Cd), Pollution Load Index (PLI) and Potential
Ecological Risk Index (PERI). The result of this study has shown that generally among the heavy metals
evaluated, the highest concentration was observed for Fe (range: 2.6718-4.2830 ppm), followed by Zn (range:
0.4265-0.7376 ppm), Cr (range: 0.1106-0.1836 ppm), Cd (range: 0.1333-0.1273 ppm) and Mn (range: 0.1136-
0.1271 ppm). While Pb has the lowest concentration (range: 0.0472-0.0598 ppm). For all the site sampled the
heavy metal Ni was below detection level (BDL). From the results of heavy metals I-geo values, according to
Muller’s classification, all the sediment samples from the selected dams were unpolluted (class 0). The result for
the enrichment factor has shown that for all the selected dam sediment samples the heavy metals show
deficiency to minimal enrichment. Also based on the contamination factors for all sediment samples the heavy
metal Cd has a CF values range of 0.5430-0.6665 (~1), indicating that the sediment samples are moderately
contaminated with Cd. In contrast, the rest of the heavy metals exhibit low contamination in general. The value
of PLI ranges from 0.2408 to 0.4935, indicating unpolluted to moderate pollution. The Eri values for all
samples are all < 40, presenting low ecological risk. The results suggest that the sediment samples from the
selected dams in Katsina state has low contamination by the heavy metals evaluated.
Water Pollution and Its Adverse Effect on Biodiversity in Ship Breaking Area...Adib Bin Rashid
Shipbreaking has obtained great importance in the micro and macro economy of poverty-stricken Bangladesh for being a profitable industry in spite of having a number of environmental and human health hazards.
This study focuses on the Ship Breaking and Recycling Industry of Bangladesh to evaluate the pollution in water
and measure the adverse effect on biodiversity. Here the water quality parameters like pH, Salinity, Alkalinity,
Hardness, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Turbidity, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Pb,
Cr, Cd, Fe concentrations of the sea water of shipbreaking yards of Bhatiary, pond water and tube well water has
analyzed. Turbidity during tide-1 was observed 2624 NTU where the standard value is 5 NTU. Similarly, BOD was
measured about 11.30 mg/l which was above the permissible limit in the seawater during tide-2. Value of Pb was
about 0.07018 mg/l in seawater during tide-1 which is above the permitted limit. The elevated level of different physicochemical parameters and heavy metal is a serious threat for pollution not only for the biodiversity but also
for the environment. Evaluation of water pollution in water bodies by the establishment of ship breaking industry
was assessed by comparing these data with WHO and BSTI standard and evaluation of the adverse effect on biodiversity was established by observing the range of the parameters measured from the water bodies.
10 a study of heavy metal pollution of ghaggar river ravi pareekBIOLOGICAL FORUM
ABSTRACT: The present study briefly deals with the presence of trace heavy metals in the waters of River Ghaggar throughout its stretch. The study was carried out in October 2016 (post monsoon) on 16 selected sampling stations of River Ghaggar.Concentrations of heavy metals viz., Fe, Hg, As, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, and Cr were studied throughout the 466 km stretch of river Ghaggar, though total 16 sites were selected but sampling is not possible due to dry bed of river in lower 4 sites. In the selected research area, the Ghaggar River is receiving the domestic, industrial and municipal wastewaters/effluents all along its course. All in all, the dominancy of the analyzed heavy metals in the surface water of Ghaggar followed the sequence: Fe> Zn > Ni > Cu > Cd > Cr >Pb > Hg >As. Arsenic was absent in all the samples.
Technical and Environmental Evaluations of Fish cage Culture in the River Nil...
Publication
1. HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATION IN THE SEDIMENTS AND FLESH OF BOE
DRUM (Pteroscion peli) AND GREATER AMBERJACK (Seriola dumerili) FROM THE
KORLE LAGOON ESTUARY, ACCRA, GHANA
Agbo, N.W., Aboagye, R .H. and Amisah, S.
Department of Fisheries and Watershed Management, Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources,
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi, Ghana
ABSTRACT: The Korle Lagoon in Accra, Ghana, has become one of the most polluted water
bodies on earth. Different aquatic organisms often respond to external contamination in different
ways, where the quantity and form of the element in water, sediment, or food will determine the
degree of accumulation.. Heavy metal concentrations in sediment were below the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), (1995) Sediment Quality Guideline for
Estuaries over the period and ranked in the order: Pb> Zn> Cu> Cd. The result of this research
showed that heavy metals were continuously deposited and removed from sediments into the
water column of the Korle lagoon estuary. Also the study indicated that the levels of metal in the
flesh of Seriola dumerili and Pteroscion peli were low for, copper and zinc but higher for Lead
and Cadmium as compared to the World Health Organization Standard (2005). Heavy metal
concentrations in the flesh of S. Dumerili and P. peli in relation to size revealed that both sizes
accumulated higher lead and cadmium concentrations and lower Zinc and Copper concentration.
The present study showed that consumption of fish from the Korle Lagoon estuary should be
prohibited and should be discouraged because of the high levels of Pb and Cd in the flesh of
Seriola dumerili and Pteroscion peli in both small and large sizes.
Key words: Concentration, Heavy metals, Sediments, Seriola dumerili, Pteroscion peli ,Korle
lagoon Estuary, Cadmium (Cd), Zinc (Zn),Lead (Pb),Copper (Cu)
2. INTRODUCTION
In recent times, the coast of Ghana is encountering serious environmental challenges (Karikari,
2007) and the Korle Lagoon in Accra, Ghana, has become one of the most polluted water bodies
on earth. It is the principal outlet through which all major drainage channels in the city empty
their wastes into the sea. Large amounts of untreated industrial waste emptied into surface drains
has led to severe pollution in the lagoon and disrupted its natural ecology. The increased levels
of industrial activity and consumption by the urban population lead to the generation of copious
quantities of waste (Boadi and Kuitunen, 2002). Agbogbloshie, a suburb of Ghana’s capital,
Accra, and just adjacent the lagoon is a known destination for legal and illegal electronic
waste (e-waste) dumping from industrialized nations, often referred to as a "digital dumping
ground". Millions of tons of e-waste are processed each year in the local recycling workshops. A
study by Greenpeace (2008) revealed excessively high metal concentrations in the soils of the
open burning grounds and in the sediments of the lagoon.. Anything that stirs up the water, such
as dredging and upwelling, can resuspend sediments. Resuspension may mean that all animals in
the water, and not just the bottom-dwelling organisms, will be directly exposed to toxic
contaminants (Begum, et al., 2009. Fishes assimilate these heavy metals through ingestion of
suspended particulates, food materials and sometimes by constant ion exchange process of
dissolved metals across lipophilic membranes like the gills and adsorption of dissolved metals on
tissue and membrane surfaces (Begum, et al., 2009). Bio magnification can result in fish at the
top of food chain containing hundreds more heavy metals than it appears in the water or in any
single fish they eat. Seriola dumerili and Pteroscion peli are important fish species in the Korle
lagoon fishery and are in high demand by the inhabitants of Accra especially those around the
Korle lagoon. Inhabitants often prefer large sizes of Seriola dumerili and small sizes of
Pteroscion peli. Since these species are carnivores they could possibly accumulate heavy metals
which could be detrimental to those who consume them. Based on the above reasons the
objectives of this study were to assess the concentration of zinc, lead, copper and cadmium in the
sediment and flesh of Pteroscion peli and Seriola dumerili and to examine variations in heavy
metal concentration in the flesh of the Pteroscion peli and Seriola dumerili in relation to size.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The Korle lagoon is a coastal wetland that joins the Gulf of Guinea at a point near Korle Gonno;
a suburb of Accra (Grant, 2006). It serves as the major floodwater conduit for the Accra
Metropolitan Assembly (Fig 3.1), the lagoon is estimated to drain a total catchment area of 400
km2 (Karikari et al, 1998). The major hydrological input includes the Odaw River, two huge
drains that border the lagoon, and rainfall including runoff. A mixture of land uses characterizes
the areas adjacent to the lagoon (Boadi and Kuitunen, 2002)
3. Fig 3.1 Korle lagoon and its environs (IMDC, 2011)
Fish samples were obtained from fishers at the estuary of the Korle Lagoon estuary and
transported on ice in an insulated chest (Plate 1,2). A total of 8 samples were obtained monthly
for each species over the four months period. Samples from each species were categorized into
two classes based on the sizes obtained for each; Pteroscion peli (Small ≤14cm and large ≥
15cm) and Seriola dumerili (Small ≤24cm and large ≥25 cm) and were stored in a deep freezer
prior to the heavy metal analysis.
Plate 1 Pteroscion peli from the Korle lagoon Estuary
4. Plate 2 Seriola dumerili from the Korle lagoon Estuary
Three sediment sampling sites were selected from site A, site B and site C as shown in
Plate 1, 2, 3. The sediment sample was taken from each site and was divided into three to
ensure accuracy in the result for each site sampled. This was done for the four months
study period; October 2011 to January 2012. The Ekman grab was used in collecting the
sediments samples. At site B and C the Ekman grab was mounted in a boat, after
releasing the instrument to the bottom the boat owner dived to trip the over lapping
spring loaded with scoop, the depth of both portion could be between 1 to 4 meters whilst
at point C, samples were taken by walking into the water to points where the water
reached the knee and with the Ekman grab sediments were collected. Samples were
stored in plastic bottles and packaged in plastic bags and were kept in a cool, dry and
ventilated room prior to heavy metal analysis.
Sampling point (A) is the area that receives frequent sea water at both low tides and high
tides with no rock deposited on both side.
Plate 3 Sampling point (A)
5. Sampling point (B) is the area affected by the influx of both fresh water and sea water
and rocks are deposited on the right side of the curved channel
Plate 4 Sampling point (B)
Sampling point (C) is the area that receives fresh water frequently than sea water and also
joins B in a slightly curved channel with rocks deposited on both sides.
Plate 5 Sampling point (C)
The total length and body weight of the fish samples after defrosting were measured with a
centimetre rule and weighed with an electric scale (Sartorius model, BP 6100) and labelled after
identification. Small part (5grams) of the flesh from its side were removed and chopped with the
aid of stainless steel dissection instruments, while wearing surgical gloves. After, flesh samples
were then digested with a di- acid mixture, (nitric acid, and perchloric acid in a ratio of 9: 4).
One gram of the chopped flesh samples was separately taken and placed in a 100ml volumetric
flask. Ten millilitres of di acid mixture was added. The content was mixed by swirling in the
volumetric flask. The flask was then placed on a hotplate in a fume hood and heated starting at
90oC and raised to 200oC. Heating continued until the production of a red NO2 fume ceases. The
contents were further heated until the volume was reduced to 3-4ml and became colourless
6. without being dry. It was made to cool to room temperature. The volume was made up with
distilled water and filtered with a Whatmann filter paper. The filtrate was then diluted to 50ml
mark in a volumetric flask with double distilled water. It was then poured into small containers.
The containers containing the digested samples were kept at 4˚c in a refrigerator prior to heavy
metal analysis. Sediment samples were labelled (according to their location) on the field and air
dried at room temperature on a plastic sheet. The dried materials were grounded to pass through
a 63µm sieve and stored in plastic bottles. Digestion was done for the sediments as it was done
for the fish flesh samples at the Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources. Heavy metal analysis
was done at the Anglo Gold Ashanti Laboratory. The concentrations of copper, cadmium, lead,
and zinc, were determined with the aid of flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, (AAS)
(SpectrAA 220 model).A blank solution of the di-acid and distilled water used which contained
no analyte element was made and after, a series of calibrated solutions of the di acid and distilled
water containing known amounts of analyte element (the standards) were also made. The blank
and standards were atomized in turn, with their respective responds measured. Graph of both
responses were plotted. The digested samples were then atomized and their response measured.
The concentrations of heavy metal in the sample were known by the calibration and the
absorbance obtained for the unknown. All samples were accompanied by blanks at a rate of one
blank per 20 samples. Replicate analyses were conducted for all the samples to evaluate the
precision of the analytical technique. The results were expressed as total concentration (μg/g wet
weight (ww).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Copper concentrations in sediments were consistently fluctuating over the period and ranged
between 4.38 μg/g ww to 5.90 μg/g ww from November 2011 to January 2012. A mean
concentration of 5.12 μg/g ww was recorded for the estuary over the four month period. Lead
concentration increased drastically from a mean value of 2.80 μg/g ww in October to 39.20 μg/g
ww in December 2011. A decrease in the concentration of lead was recorded for January 2012.
Zinc ranged from 9.76 μg/g ww to 14.66 μg/g ww but this decrease was inconsistent as
concentration declined from 12.44 μg/g ww in November 2011 to 9.76 μg/g ww in December
2011. Cadmium concentration fluctuated over the period with highest concentration of 2.50 μg/g
ww recorded in December 2011.
7. Table 4.1. Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn) and Cadmium (Cd) concentration (μg/g
ww) in the sediment from the Korle lagoon Estuary.
Month n Cu Pb Zn Cd
October 9 4.41±0.08 2.80±0.08 12.21±0.05 2.33±0.07
November 9 4.38±0.03 2.86±0.04 12.44±0.03 2.26±0.02
December 9 5.80±0.02 39.20±0.07 9.46±0.30 2.50±0.10
January 9 5.90±0.03 38.36±0.04 14.66±0.04 2.23±0.01
Mean 5.12±0.04 20.80±0.05 12.19±0.10 2.33±0.05
NOAA (1995)
ERL 34.00 46.70 150.00 1.20
ERM 270.00 218.00 410.00 9.60
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Authority (NOAA), Sediment Quality Guideline
(SQG), Effect Range low (ERL), Effect Range Medium (ERM)
Values are mean± SD, n= number of samples
Mean concentration of copper in Pteroscion peli over the sampled period was 5.11 μg/g ww.
Copper (Cu) levels increased between 2.83 μg/g ww in November 2011 to 7.65 μg/g ww January
2012. In October 2011 concentration declined from 3.02 μg/g ww to 2.02 μg/g ww in November
2011. A mean lead (Pb) concentration of 2.73 μg/g ww was recorded over the study period. An
increase and decrease in concentration alternated over the sampling period. Cadmium (Cd)
concentration consistently increased from 1.48 μg/g ww to 2.91 μg/g ww over the study period.
Zinc (Zn) concentration increased from November 2011 to January 2011 with values ranging
between 13.58 μg/g ww to 23.11 μg/g ww for both months respectively. Between October 2011
and November 2011 concentration dropped from 14.09 μg/g ww to 13.58 μg/g ww. A mean
concentration of 16.41 μg/g ww was recorded over the study period.
8. Table 4.2. Heavy metal concentrations (μg/g ww) in the flesh of Pteroscion peli
from the Korle lagoon estuary
Month n Cu Pb Cd Zn
October 8 3.02 ± 1.21 2.62±1.92 1.48± 0.26 14.09±2.80
November 8 2.83 ± 1.23 2.87 ±1.92 1.51±0.28 13.58±3.31
December 8 6.92±0.91 2.51±0.73 2.81±0.23 14.86±4.27
January 8 7.65±0.93 2.95±0.57 2.91±0.78 23.11±6.99
Mean 5.11±1.04 2.73±1.28 2.17±0.38 16.41±4.32
WHO (1983) 10 2.0 2.0 1000
WHO (2005) - 0.5 0.5 1000
World Health Organization (WHO)
Values are mean± SD, n= number of samples
Concentration trend observed in Seriola dumerili varied to that of Pteroscion peli. Copper (Cu)
concentration increased from November 2011 to January 2012 from 3.36 μg/g ww to 6.14 μg/g
ww. A mean concentration of 4.43 μg/g ww was recorded over the period. Lead (Pb)
concentrations over the period fluctuated between 2.07 μg/g ww in December 2011 to 3.01 μg/g
ww in November 2011. A decrease in concentration was observed from October 2011 to
November 2011 and that of November 2011 to December 2011.A mean concentration of 2.54
μg/g ww was recorded over the period. Cadmium (Cd) level of 1.75 μg/g ww was recorded as
the mean concentration over the sampling period. Cadmium levels in Seriola dumerili were
inconsistent over the study period between 1.35 μg/g ww to 2.95 μg/g ww. Zinc (Zn)
concentrations increased from November 2011 to January 2012 with its level increasing from
13.43 μg/g ww to 14.98 μg/g ww respectively
9. Table 4.3. Heavy metal concentrations (μg/g ww) in the flesh of Seriola dumerili from
the Korle lagoon estuary
Month n Cu Pb Cd Zn
October 8 3.38 ± 0.76 2.90 ± 2.08 1.42 ± 0.31 13.45 ± 6.26
November 8 3.36 ± 0.32 3.01 ± 2.07 1.35 ± 0.29 13.43 ± 6.34
December 8 4.85±2.32 2.07±0.43 2.31±1.20 13.76±6.04
January 8 6.14±1.52 2.20±0.37 2.95±0.88 14.98±4.66
Mean 4.43 ± 1.23 2.54 ± 1.23 2.03 ± 0.67 13.90 ± 5.82
WHO (1983) 10 2.0 2.0 1000
WHO (2005) - 0.5 0.5 1000
World Health Organization (WHO)
Values are mean± SD, n=number of samples
In order to examine variations in heavy metal concentration in the flesh of the two fish species in
relation to size, a plot of total accumulation versus size were carried out for the two fish species
(Fig 4.1 and 4.2). Heavy metal concentration in relation to size of Pteroscion peli increased with
increase in size for October 2011 and December 2011, even though for November 2011, zinc
concentration in Small Pteroscion was higher than that of large size. In January 2012, copper and
zinc concentrations increased in small Pteroscion peli than in large size Pteroscion peli. Lead
concentration in December 2011 was relatively higher in the small fishes than in large samples
(Fig 4.1 below).
10. Fig 4.1 Variations in Cu, Pb, Cd and Zn concentrations in the flesh of Pteroscion peli in relation
to body size (Small ≤14cm , Large ≥ 15cm)
Fig 4.2.Variations in Cu, Pb, Cd and Zn concentrations in the flesh of Seriola dumerili in relation
to body size (Small ≤24cm, large ≥25 cm)
11. Heavy metal concentration in October 2012 and November 2012 increased with increase in size
as large size Seriola dumerili recorded higher levels than smaller Seriola dumerili. On the other
hand, small fish size fishes had higher concentration of copper and zinc for December 2011 and
January 2012. Lead concentrations in December 2011 were high in large Seriola dumerili than in
small sizes.
Physicochemical parameters for the four months (October 2011 to January 2012) sampling
period was relatively uniform as shown in Table 4.4. Temperature conditions in the lagoon
ranged from 26.60°C to 29.10 °C over the period, a consistent increase in temperature from
November 2011 to January 2012 was recorded. Dissolve oxygen levels in the estuary was fairly
constant over the sampling period even though some portions of the estuary recorded very low
oxygen levels. pH level over the sampling period was relatively neutral. A high conductivity of
3901 mg/l was recorded in January 2012. Salinity levels were low over the sampling months and
were relatively similar for the sampling months. A Total Dissolve Solid value of 1991 μs/cm was
recorded in December and was the highest over the study period.
Table 4.4. The physicochemical parameters of the Korle Lagoon from October, 2011 –
January, 2012
Parameter n October November December January
Temperature (°C) 3 26.81±2.32 26.60±3.40 29.10±1.10 28.50±0.20
DO (mg/l) 3 6.10±1.50 6.00±0.41 5.98±0.01 6.00±1.30
TDS ( μs/cm) 3 1748±538.09 1553±638.0 1991±0.05 1901±1.42
Salinity (ppm) 3 15.05± 4.12 14.77± 5.80 16.01± 0.01 15.98± 1.02
Conductivity (mg/l) 3 3588±653.7 3381±273.74 3008±0.01 3901±1.02
pH 3 7.30±2.30 7.16±0.54 7.07±1.40 7.18±1.10
Total Dissolve Solids (TDS), Dissolved Oxygen (DO),
Values are mean± SD, n=number of data recorded
The relatively high levels of cadmium in the sediments compared to the Effect Range Low
(ERL) could be due to the high concentrations of dissolved salts or organic matter which reduces
its accumulation in sediments. Lead readily accumulates in sediments and this could be the
reason for the high levels recorded over the period as compared to lead cadmium and zinc. The
low copper levels could be due to the regular mixing of the water column due to its fluvial flow
rate. Moreover, during high turbidity, greater levels of zinc associated with suspended sediments
are deposited with flocculated particles where it can and where it can particularly accumulate in
anaerobic sediments (Hunt et al, 1992). Salt concentrations could create increase competition
12. between cations and metals for binding site. This may cause metals to be driven off from
sediments into the overlying water, and this may often occur at estuary due to river flow inputs
and tides. Decreased redox potential under hypoxic conditions could change the composition of
metal complexes as metals bind to oxygen to form oxides and this could release the heavy metal
ions into the overlying water at the estuary. pH may increase competition between metals and
hydrogen ions for binding site (Connell et al, 1984). The lower levels of copper in the flesh of
both fishes could be due to the role of copper as an ingredient, normally in the prosthetic group,
of oxidizing enzymes which are important in oxidation-reduction processes in fishes (Moolenaar,
1998). Low level of Zinc recorded could be due to the up take of zinc readily by the study fish
species which may not reflect in the flesh tissue (Hunt et al, 1992). High level of lead
concentration could be due to the uptake and accumulation of lead by fish from water and
sediment and this may be influenced by various environmental factors. Lead uptake by fish could
reach equilibrium only after a number of weeks of exposure. Typical symptoms of lead toxicity
include spinal deformity and blackening of the caudal region was observed in the obtained fish
samples. Cadmium bio accumulates in organisms with the main uptake routes being dissolved
cadmium from the water column and cadmium associated with prey items. This could be the
reason for the high levels in Seriola dumerili and Pteroscion peli (WHO, 1992).Large fishes for
both species had a higher metal concentration in Pteroscion peli and Seriola dumerili, but
thoroughly there were no variations in metal concentrations between the two size classes for both
fish species and may be due to similarities in bioavailability of the heavy metals to the two fish
species (Pteroscion peli and the Seriola dumerili.) from the Korle lagoon estuary, since both fish
species are piscivorous (Ferreira et al., 2004).
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Heavy metal levels in fishes sampled were less than what was found in the sediment samples.
Heavy metals in sediment were continuously adsorbed and desorbed from sediments into the
overlying water column. The sediment quality in terms of the heavy metals was acceptable but
could pose a serious risk to the aquatic life of the lagoon estuary in future if nothing is done to
check metal accumulation in the Korle lagoon estuary sediment. The four metal concentrations in
the flesh of the two fish species were lower for Zinc and Copper but saw a high concentration for
Cadmium and Lead as compared to the World Health Organization Standard (2005) hence not
safe for human consumption. From the study however, it was also depicted that Pteroscion peli
and Seriola dumerili accumulate heavy metals in their flesh regardless of size. The heavy metal
concentrations in estuary have to be monitored on a more regular basis for the effects of
pollution on other fish communities Accumulation of heavy metals in fish flesh may be
considered as an important warning signal for fish health and human consumption. The present
study shows that consumption of fish from the Korle Lagoon estuary should be prohibited and
should be discouraged.
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