Agricultural revolution in the line of human evolution is the onset of nutritional metabolic diseases, epidemic of cancer and the infectious diseases somayeh zaminpira - sorush niknamian
This document discusses human evolution and shifts in human diet and nutrition over time. It outlines the following key points:
1) Early primates starting 65 million years ago ate mostly insects and later shifted to a mostly plant-based diet.
2) The first hominids like Australopithecus around 3.7 million years ago were herbivorous but evidence suggests they ate some meat.
3) Genus Homo emerged around 2.3 million years ago and ate a diet of plants and increasing amounts of scavenged and hunted meat, though plants remained the primary food source.
4) Homo erectus between 1.7-230,000 years ago consumed more meat and
Our species evolved over 250,000 years ago in Africa, where early humans learned to hunt and gather food. Agricultural developments in the Fertile Crescent revolutionized farming and domestication of animals. This led to the rise of civilizations like Mesopotamia, where societies flourished with laws, culture, literacy and economies. Successful agriculture also resulted in social hierarchies and the use of slave labor. The spread of civilization into Eurasia and the Americas influenced cultures like Greece, Rome, China and India, establishing influential religions such as Christianity, Confucianism, Daoism and Buddhism.
This document provides a summary of human evolution based on fossil and genetic evidence. It describes key findings such as bipedalism emerging before increased brain size, Homo habilis as the first tool users, Homo erectus leaving Africa and spreading across Asia and Europe, and Neanderthals being our closest evolutionary cousins. Genetic evidence from mitochondrial DNA indicates that all living humans share a common female ancestor from around 160,000 years ago in Africa, supporting the "Out of Africa" model of modern human origins.
Saturn: Roman God of Agriculture & CivilizationVapula
This document summarizes the key arguments made by Jared Diamond in his article "The Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race". Diamond argues that the adoption of agriculture led to worse health and nutrition outcomes for many early farmers compared to hunter-gatherers. Paleopathological evidence from skeletal remains shows early farmers experienced greater malnutrition, infectious disease, and shorter average lifespans. Diamond believes agriculture encouraged population growth and inequality between social classes and sexes, ultimately trapping societies into an unsustainable system, though it allowed for greater food production.
Throughout the Paleolithic period, humans migrated from Africa to populate Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas, adapting to different environments along the way. Early humans developed sophisticated tools and technologies like controlled use of fire to aid hunting and survive cold climates. They lived in small egalitarian kinship groups that exchanged goods and ideas, though were generally self-sufficient hunter-gatherers. Archaeological evidence shows humans gradually migrated and adapted technologically and culturally as they populated the earth.
The carbon isotope ecology and diet of australopithecus africanus at sterkfon...Kristian Pedersen
The document summarizes a study that analyzed the carbon isotope ratios in tooth enamel from 10 specimens of Australopithecus africanus from Sterkfontein in South Africa, dating to between 2.5-2.0 million years ago. The results show that A. africanus had a varied diet incorporating both C3 forest foods and C4 savanna foods to a greater degree than other early hominins. This suggests A. africanus was a highly adaptable and opportunistic feeder. The isotope data also indicates the individuals exhibited more dietary variation than other early hominin species, arguing against suggestions that multiple species are represented in the A. africanus taxon.
The Assessment of Human-Snake Interaction and its Outcome in the City of KumbaAI Publications
This document summarizes a study that assessed human-snake interactions and outcomes in the city of Kumba, Cameroon. 250 questionnaires were administered to assess knowledge, opinions, and experiences. Key findings include:
1) Prevention of snake attacks was significantly related to opinions on snake population management.
2) The importance of snakes and need for snake venom in medicine was significantly agreed upon.
3) Prevention of snake attacks was significantly associated with where snakes are easily sighted.
4) There was a significant link between snakebite treatment and prevention.
5) Knowledge of venomous snakes and preference for traditional snakebite treatment over medical treatment was high, indicating need for more education.
Jack Oughton - Environmental Determinism in Guns Germs And Steel.docJack Oughton
The document summarizes Jared Diamond's argument in his book Guns, Germs, and Steel that environmental factors determined the differing historical trajectories of human societies. Specifically, it discusses Diamond's view that Eurasia's east-west axis, abundance of domesticable plants and animals, and location near the Fertile Crescent gave it advantages that allowed agricultural civilizations to develop technologies and immunities that enabled them to conquer other regions like the Americas. While acknowledging Diamond's extensive research, the document also questions the degree to which the environment alone can explain global history.
This study surveyed mosquitoes and tested for West Nile virus (WNV) circulation in De Oostvaardersplassen nature reserve in the Netherlands, considered high-risk for WNV introduction and transmission. Thirteen mosquito species from five genera were collected, including potential WNV vectors. No WNV was detected among pools of up to five mosquitoes tested using real-time RT-PCR. While suitable conditions for WNV establishment exist, this study found no evidence of current virus circulation in the local mosquito population.
Our species evolved over 250,000 years ago in Africa, where early humans learned to hunt and gather food. Agricultural developments in the Fertile Crescent revolutionized farming and domestication of animals. This led to the rise of civilizations like Mesopotamia, where societies flourished with laws, culture, literacy and economies. Successful agriculture also resulted in social hierarchies and the use of slave labor. The spread of civilization into Eurasia and the Americas influenced cultures like Greece, Rome, China and India, establishing influential religions such as Christianity, Confucianism, Daoism and Buddhism.
This document provides a summary of human evolution based on fossil and genetic evidence. It describes key findings such as bipedalism emerging before increased brain size, Homo habilis as the first tool users, Homo erectus leaving Africa and spreading across Asia and Europe, and Neanderthals being our closest evolutionary cousins. Genetic evidence from mitochondrial DNA indicates that all living humans share a common female ancestor from around 160,000 years ago in Africa, supporting the "Out of Africa" model of modern human origins.
Saturn: Roman God of Agriculture & CivilizationVapula
This document summarizes the key arguments made by Jared Diamond in his article "The Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race". Diamond argues that the adoption of agriculture led to worse health and nutrition outcomes for many early farmers compared to hunter-gatherers. Paleopathological evidence from skeletal remains shows early farmers experienced greater malnutrition, infectious disease, and shorter average lifespans. Diamond believes agriculture encouraged population growth and inequality between social classes and sexes, ultimately trapping societies into an unsustainable system, though it allowed for greater food production.
Throughout the Paleolithic period, humans migrated from Africa to populate Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas, adapting to different environments along the way. Early humans developed sophisticated tools and technologies like controlled use of fire to aid hunting and survive cold climates. They lived in small egalitarian kinship groups that exchanged goods and ideas, though were generally self-sufficient hunter-gatherers. Archaeological evidence shows humans gradually migrated and adapted technologically and culturally as they populated the earth.
The carbon isotope ecology and diet of australopithecus africanus at sterkfon...Kristian Pedersen
The document summarizes a study that analyzed the carbon isotope ratios in tooth enamel from 10 specimens of Australopithecus africanus from Sterkfontein in South Africa, dating to between 2.5-2.0 million years ago. The results show that A. africanus had a varied diet incorporating both C3 forest foods and C4 savanna foods to a greater degree than other early hominins. This suggests A. africanus was a highly adaptable and opportunistic feeder. The isotope data also indicates the individuals exhibited more dietary variation than other early hominin species, arguing against suggestions that multiple species are represented in the A. africanus taxon.
The Assessment of Human-Snake Interaction and its Outcome in the City of KumbaAI Publications
This document summarizes a study that assessed human-snake interactions and outcomes in the city of Kumba, Cameroon. 250 questionnaires were administered to assess knowledge, opinions, and experiences. Key findings include:
1) Prevention of snake attacks was significantly related to opinions on snake population management.
2) The importance of snakes and need for snake venom in medicine was significantly agreed upon.
3) Prevention of snake attacks was significantly associated with where snakes are easily sighted.
4) There was a significant link between snakebite treatment and prevention.
5) Knowledge of venomous snakes and preference for traditional snakebite treatment over medical treatment was high, indicating need for more education.
Jack Oughton - Environmental Determinism in Guns Germs And Steel.docJack Oughton
The document summarizes Jared Diamond's argument in his book Guns, Germs, and Steel that environmental factors determined the differing historical trajectories of human societies. Specifically, it discusses Diamond's view that Eurasia's east-west axis, abundance of domesticable plants and animals, and location near the Fertile Crescent gave it advantages that allowed agricultural civilizations to develop technologies and immunities that enabled them to conquer other regions like the Americas. While acknowledging Diamond's extensive research, the document also questions the degree to which the environment alone can explain global history.
This study surveyed mosquitoes and tested for West Nile virus (WNV) circulation in De Oostvaardersplassen nature reserve in the Netherlands, considered high-risk for WNV introduction and transmission. Thirteen mosquito species from five genera were collected, including potential WNV vectors. No WNV was detected among pools of up to five mosquitoes tested using real-time RT-PCR. While suitable conditions for WNV establishment exist, this study found no evidence of current virus circulation in the local mosquito population.
The document summarizes the evolution of early humans from 5.6 million years ago to present day. It discusses the earliest human-like creatures known as Australopithecus that emerged around 5.6 million years ago in Africa. Over many generations, these early humans evolved into homo sapiens, learning to make tools, use language and art, and live in family and social groups. The document provides a timeline of key developments in early human evolution and migration across Africa and Europe.
Human evolution began approximately 7 million years ago and progressed through four main stages. The first modern humans appeared around 200,000 years ago in Africa. Several theories examine the relationship between environmental conditions and human evolution. Key human adaptations include bipedalism, larger brain size, and reduced sexual dimorphism between males and females. Neanderthals were a separate but related species that engaged in interbreeding with modern humans before going extinct.
1. Captive keeping of reptiles and amphibians is important for conservation efforts as these species are severely threatened in the wild. Zoos now focus on conservation, education, and research in addition to entertainment.
2. Biodiversity is declining rapidly due to habitat loss, overexploitation, pollution, invasive species, and climate change. Extinction rates are estimated to be 1,000 to 10,000 times higher than normal.
3. Reptiles and amphibians make up a large part of threatened species collections in zoos. Understanding their communication and natural behaviors is important for their welfare in captivity.
1. The document discusses several key topics in evolutionary biology including Lamarck's theory of evolution, Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, examples of evolution like industrial melanism and adaptive radiation, evidence of evolution from fossils, comparative anatomy and embryology, and key events in human evolution.
2. It provides details on Lamarck's theory including inheritance of acquired characteristics and criticisms. Darwin's theory introduced natural selection and survival of the fittest.
3. Industrial melanism in peppered moths and adaptive radiation in Darwin's finches provide examples of natural selection leading to evolution.
When gray wolves were hunted to extinction in Yellowstone National Park in the 1920s, the ecosystem began to destabilize as elk and bison populations increased without their top predator. By the late 1980s, biologists determined the park's ecology was deteriorating and research led to reintroducing wolves in 1995. Once wolves returned, changes occurred like decreased elk browsing which allowed plant diversity to recover. Wolf reintroduction also indirectly benefited beavers and grizzly bears by improving habitat. The document discusses the trophic cascade effects of removing and reintroducing wolves in Yellowstone National Park.
Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection. He proposed that over many generations, natural selection leads to evolution of species as individuals with traits better suited to the environment tend to survive and pass on their genes more than others. Evidence for evolution includes the fossil record showing gradual changes over time, similarities in anatomy and embryology across species, and molecular biology findings. Key events included Lamarck's theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics, Darwin's observations leading to his theory and evidence like fossils, and modern findings in genetics, biochemistry and other fields that further support evolution.
Extinction marks the evolutionary death of a species. Observing the fates of many species ancient and recent, it appears to be Nature’s mechanism of periodically clearing out the outdated to make room for the fit. But is extinction necessarily inevitable for every species? More specifically, are humans destined to meet an unavoidable end? A pandemic will kill off all humans.
In the past, humans have indeed fallen victim to viruses. Perhaps the best-known case was the bubonic plague that killed up to one third of the European population in the mid-14th century . While vaccines have been developed for the plague and some other infectious diseases, new viral strains are constantly emerging — a process that maintains the possibility of a pandemic-facilitated human extinction.
Toxoplasmosis in Farm Animals in the United StatesHVCClibrary
This document provides an invited review on the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in farm animals in the United States. It discusses how T. gondii is one of the most common parasitic infections in humans and animals worldwide. Food animals like pigs, chickens, lambs and goats can become infected through environmental exposure to T. gondii oocysts, resulting in meat containing tissue cysts that can infect consumers if undercooked. Surveys have found T. gondii infection to be common in food animals in the US, especially pigs. The review examines prevalence studies in these various food animals and discusses the challenges in determining the relative contribution of food versus environmental transmission of T. gondii to humans
The document discusses biodiversity and provides examples of species that have gone extinct. It estimates that based on fossil records, one species may naturally go extinct every 100 years, but since 1600 over 100 bird species have gone extinct, which is 100 times the natural background rate. Habitat loss and degradation are the primary threats causing current biodiversity decline and endangerment of many species.
The document discusses key evidence and theories regarding human evolution from the earliest hominids to Homo habilis. It describes debates between paleoanthropologists over classifying species and the importance of discoveries in Africa by researchers like Robert Broom in establishing the continent as the cradle of humanity. The environment around 2.5 million years ago is cited as sparking the emergence of Homo habilis, who had a larger brain and used stone tools to access bone marrow, aiding survival.
Although the helminth parasites of domestic hogs are well documented worldwide, no information is available about the digestive and pulmonary helminth infections of wild boar in Morocco. The lungs of 33 wild boars (Sus scrofa barbarus) (19 females and 14 males) from four area of El Hajeb province (Middle Atlas) hunted officially for wildlife damage control, from October 2014 to March 2015 were examined for lung nematodes. Twenty eight out of 33 wild baors, (84.4%) were positive for three species of Metastrongylus and their prevalence was as follows: Metastrongylus pudendotectus (84.4%), Metastrongylus confusus (72.7%) and Metastrongylus salmi (51.5%). In most cases, multi-species infection was observed. Prevalence and infection intensity were found greater in juvenile females less than 1 year old than in adults and males. Prevalence and intensity of infection were higher in wild boars collected from range lands and forest than in wild boars collected in the cultivate area. Further studies are needed to understand the factors structuring Metstrongylidae communites
The document summarizes a lecture on ecological interactions between organisms. It discusses the five major categories of interactions: predation, competition, parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. For each interaction it provides examples and explains whether the interaction benefits, harms, or has no impact on the interacting species. It also discusses how humans have altered these natural interactions through activities like introducing invasive species, destroying habitats, and overexploiting resources.
The document discusses factors that influence population growth rates, including birth rates, death rates, sex ratios, age distributions, immigration, and emigration. It describes exponential and logistic population growth curves and how populations level off at the carrying capacity. Key life history traits like age at maturity, number of offspring, and lifespan vary widely between species like salmon, elephants, and mice. The document aims to explain population ecology concepts like survivorship curves, population density, population cycling, environmental resistance, and carrying capacity.
This study assessed the prevalence of endoparasites in wild rodents captured in Kirimiri Forest, Embu County, Kenya between January and May 2016. A total of 355 rodents from 3 species were captured and examined. The overall endoparasite prevalence was higher in Rattus spp. at 61.67% compared to Mastomys spp. at 59.82% and Hylomyscus spp. at 36.51%. A total of 533 endoparasites from 7 genera were identified. The most prevalent was Asyphalia obvelata at 44.79%. Endoparasite prevalence was higher in male rodents and in areas with tea plantations. The
1. The document discusses human evolution from the formation of Earth 4.6 billion years ago to the emergence of Homo sapiens around 200,000 years ago.
2. It describes the major events in human evolution including the earliest life emerging in water, the appearance of cyanobacteria 3.4 billion years ago, eukaryotes 1.9 billion years ago, and the first humans splitting from chimpanzees 7 million years ago.
3. The document outlines the evolution of different human species such as Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens, and comparisons of brain sizes between species.
This document discusses different types of natural selection and their effects on populations and species evolution over time. It describes directional selection as favoring one extreme trait, stabilizing selection as favoring intermediate traits and eliminating extremes, and disruptive selection as favoring opposite trait extremes. Natural selection can lead to adaptation, radiation of new species from a single ancestor, regression of unnecessary traits, convergence of unrelated species, coevolution between interacting species, and extinction of non-adapted species. Sexual selection also influences evolution by favoring traits that increase mating success even if they reduce survival.
Populations have characteristics like size, density, and age distribution that can vary over time. Populations can be categorized into three types based on their growth: expanding, stable, or declining. Biotic potential refers to the maximum growth rate of a population with unlimited resources and no predators or environmental resistance. Factors like litter size, breeding frequency, reproductive span, and survival rate determine a species' biotic potential. Populations cannot grow exponentially indefinitely due to environmental resistance and eventually reach carrying capacity, where growth stabilizes.
Natural selection can lead to directional, stabilizing, or disruptive selection depending on the relationship between phenotypes and fitness. Directional selection favors extreme variants, stabilizing selection favors intermediate phenotypes, and disruptive selection favors opposite extremes. Examples of natural selection include industrial melanism in moths due to pollution and myxomatosis virus controlling rabbit populations in Australia. Natural selection can also lead to radiation, where many new species evolve from a common ancestor, as well as convergence of unrelated species, regression of traits, and extinction of non-adapted species.
This presentation was my Senior Biology Major Capstone and was given along with a written paper. The presentation discusses three scientific papers following the ebola virus from fruit bats to carriers such as gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans.
The document analyzes the diversity and conservation status of terrestrial mammals housed in the biological museum at the University of San Carlos. It finds 22 mammal species represented in the collection, with the Malayan civet being the most abundant. Biodiversity metrics show the mammals exhibit high richness and evenness. Most species have a status of Least Concern, though the Mindoro dwarf buffalo is Critically Endangered due primarily to habitat loss from deforestation. The study highlights the need for increased conservation efforts for endemic Philippine species threatened with extinction.
Scientific American November 13, 2002Food for ThoughtD.docxkenjordan97598
Scientific American November 13, 2002
Food for Thought
Dietary change was a driving force in human evolution
By William R. Leonard
We humans are strange primates.
We walk on two legs, carry around enormous brains and have colonized every
corner of the globe. Anthropologists and biologists have long sought to
understand how our lineage came to differ so profoundly from the primate norm
in these ways, and over the years all manner of hypotheses aimed at explaining
each of these oddities have been put forth. But a growing body of evidence
indicates that these miscellaneous quirks of humanity in fact have a common
thread: they are largely the result of natural selection acting to maximize dietary
quality and foraging efficiency. Changes in food availability over time, it seems,
strongly influenced our hominid ancestors. Thus, in an evolutionary sense, we
are very much what we ate.
Accordingly, what we eat is yet another way in which we differ from our primate
kin. Contemporary human populations the world over have diets richer in
calories and nutrients than those of our cousins, the great apes. So when and
how did our ancestors' eating habits diverge from those of other primates?
Further, to what extent have modern humans departed from the ancestral
dietary pattern?
Scientific interest in the evolution of human nutritional requirements has a long
history. But relevant investigations started gaining momentum after 1985, when
S. Boyd Eaton and Melvin J. Konner of Emory University published a seminal
paper in the New England Journal of Medicine entitled "Paleolithic Nutrition."
They argued that the prevalence in modern societies of many chronic diseases-
-obesity, hypertension, coronary heart disease and diabetes, among them--is
the consequence of a mismatch between modern dietary patterns and the type
of diet that our species evolved to eat as prehistoric hunter-gatherers. Since
then, however, understanding of the evolution of human nutritional needs has
advanced considerably-- thanks in large part to new comparative analyses of
traditionally living human populations and other primates--and a more nuanced
picture has emerged. We now know that humans have evolved not to subsist on
a single, Paleolithic diet but to be flexible eaters, an insight that has important
implications for the current debate over what people today should eat in order to
be healthy.
To appreciate the role of diet in human evolution, we must remember that the
search for food, its consumption and, ultimately, how it is used for biological
processes are all critical aspects of an organism's ecology. The energy dynamic
between organisms and their environments--that is, energy expended in relation
to energy acquired--has important adaptive consequences for survival and
reproduction. These two components of Darwinian fitness are reflected in the
way we divide up an animal's energy budget. Maintenance energy is what
keeps an animal alive on a day-to-day basis. Productive e.
Human evolution occurred over millions of years through a series of gradual changes from early hominid species like Sahelanthropus tchadensis around 7 million years ago to modern Homo sapiens. Key stages included Australopithecus afarensis that lived 2.9-3.9 million years ago, Homo erectus that used tools around 1.8 million years ago, and Homo sapiens neanderthalensis that lived 400,000 to 40,000 years ago. Traits like bipedalism, increased brain size, tool use, and reduced jaws differentiated human species from early primate ancestors over this long period of evolutionary change.
The document summarizes the evolution of early humans from 5.6 million years ago to present day. It discusses the earliest human-like creatures known as Australopithecus that emerged around 5.6 million years ago in Africa. Over many generations, these early humans evolved into homo sapiens, learning to make tools, use language and art, and live in family and social groups. The document provides a timeline of key developments in early human evolution and migration across Africa and Europe.
Human evolution began approximately 7 million years ago and progressed through four main stages. The first modern humans appeared around 200,000 years ago in Africa. Several theories examine the relationship between environmental conditions and human evolution. Key human adaptations include bipedalism, larger brain size, and reduced sexual dimorphism between males and females. Neanderthals were a separate but related species that engaged in interbreeding with modern humans before going extinct.
1. Captive keeping of reptiles and amphibians is important for conservation efforts as these species are severely threatened in the wild. Zoos now focus on conservation, education, and research in addition to entertainment.
2. Biodiversity is declining rapidly due to habitat loss, overexploitation, pollution, invasive species, and climate change. Extinction rates are estimated to be 1,000 to 10,000 times higher than normal.
3. Reptiles and amphibians make up a large part of threatened species collections in zoos. Understanding their communication and natural behaviors is important for their welfare in captivity.
1. The document discusses several key topics in evolutionary biology including Lamarck's theory of evolution, Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, examples of evolution like industrial melanism and adaptive radiation, evidence of evolution from fossils, comparative anatomy and embryology, and key events in human evolution.
2. It provides details on Lamarck's theory including inheritance of acquired characteristics and criticisms. Darwin's theory introduced natural selection and survival of the fittest.
3. Industrial melanism in peppered moths and adaptive radiation in Darwin's finches provide examples of natural selection leading to evolution.
When gray wolves were hunted to extinction in Yellowstone National Park in the 1920s, the ecosystem began to destabilize as elk and bison populations increased without their top predator. By the late 1980s, biologists determined the park's ecology was deteriorating and research led to reintroducing wolves in 1995. Once wolves returned, changes occurred like decreased elk browsing which allowed plant diversity to recover. Wolf reintroduction also indirectly benefited beavers and grizzly bears by improving habitat. The document discusses the trophic cascade effects of removing and reintroducing wolves in Yellowstone National Park.
Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection. He proposed that over many generations, natural selection leads to evolution of species as individuals with traits better suited to the environment tend to survive and pass on their genes more than others. Evidence for evolution includes the fossil record showing gradual changes over time, similarities in anatomy and embryology across species, and molecular biology findings. Key events included Lamarck's theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics, Darwin's observations leading to his theory and evidence like fossils, and modern findings in genetics, biochemistry and other fields that further support evolution.
Extinction marks the evolutionary death of a species. Observing the fates of many species ancient and recent, it appears to be Nature’s mechanism of periodically clearing out the outdated to make room for the fit. But is extinction necessarily inevitable for every species? More specifically, are humans destined to meet an unavoidable end? A pandemic will kill off all humans.
In the past, humans have indeed fallen victim to viruses. Perhaps the best-known case was the bubonic plague that killed up to one third of the European population in the mid-14th century . While vaccines have been developed for the plague and some other infectious diseases, new viral strains are constantly emerging — a process that maintains the possibility of a pandemic-facilitated human extinction.
Toxoplasmosis in Farm Animals in the United StatesHVCClibrary
This document provides an invited review on the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in farm animals in the United States. It discusses how T. gondii is one of the most common parasitic infections in humans and animals worldwide. Food animals like pigs, chickens, lambs and goats can become infected through environmental exposure to T. gondii oocysts, resulting in meat containing tissue cysts that can infect consumers if undercooked. Surveys have found T. gondii infection to be common in food animals in the US, especially pigs. The review examines prevalence studies in these various food animals and discusses the challenges in determining the relative contribution of food versus environmental transmission of T. gondii to humans
The document discusses biodiversity and provides examples of species that have gone extinct. It estimates that based on fossil records, one species may naturally go extinct every 100 years, but since 1600 over 100 bird species have gone extinct, which is 100 times the natural background rate. Habitat loss and degradation are the primary threats causing current biodiversity decline and endangerment of many species.
The document discusses key evidence and theories regarding human evolution from the earliest hominids to Homo habilis. It describes debates between paleoanthropologists over classifying species and the importance of discoveries in Africa by researchers like Robert Broom in establishing the continent as the cradle of humanity. The environment around 2.5 million years ago is cited as sparking the emergence of Homo habilis, who had a larger brain and used stone tools to access bone marrow, aiding survival.
Although the helminth parasites of domestic hogs are well documented worldwide, no information is available about the digestive and pulmonary helminth infections of wild boar in Morocco. The lungs of 33 wild boars (Sus scrofa barbarus) (19 females and 14 males) from four area of El Hajeb province (Middle Atlas) hunted officially for wildlife damage control, from October 2014 to March 2015 were examined for lung nematodes. Twenty eight out of 33 wild baors, (84.4%) were positive for three species of Metastrongylus and their prevalence was as follows: Metastrongylus pudendotectus (84.4%), Metastrongylus confusus (72.7%) and Metastrongylus salmi (51.5%). In most cases, multi-species infection was observed. Prevalence and infection intensity were found greater in juvenile females less than 1 year old than in adults and males. Prevalence and intensity of infection were higher in wild boars collected from range lands and forest than in wild boars collected in the cultivate area. Further studies are needed to understand the factors structuring Metstrongylidae communites
The document summarizes a lecture on ecological interactions between organisms. It discusses the five major categories of interactions: predation, competition, parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. For each interaction it provides examples and explains whether the interaction benefits, harms, or has no impact on the interacting species. It also discusses how humans have altered these natural interactions through activities like introducing invasive species, destroying habitats, and overexploiting resources.
The document discusses factors that influence population growth rates, including birth rates, death rates, sex ratios, age distributions, immigration, and emigration. It describes exponential and logistic population growth curves and how populations level off at the carrying capacity. Key life history traits like age at maturity, number of offspring, and lifespan vary widely between species like salmon, elephants, and mice. The document aims to explain population ecology concepts like survivorship curves, population density, population cycling, environmental resistance, and carrying capacity.
This study assessed the prevalence of endoparasites in wild rodents captured in Kirimiri Forest, Embu County, Kenya between January and May 2016. A total of 355 rodents from 3 species were captured and examined. The overall endoparasite prevalence was higher in Rattus spp. at 61.67% compared to Mastomys spp. at 59.82% and Hylomyscus spp. at 36.51%. A total of 533 endoparasites from 7 genera were identified. The most prevalent was Asyphalia obvelata at 44.79%. Endoparasite prevalence was higher in male rodents and in areas with tea plantations. The
1. The document discusses human evolution from the formation of Earth 4.6 billion years ago to the emergence of Homo sapiens around 200,000 years ago.
2. It describes the major events in human evolution including the earliest life emerging in water, the appearance of cyanobacteria 3.4 billion years ago, eukaryotes 1.9 billion years ago, and the first humans splitting from chimpanzees 7 million years ago.
3. The document outlines the evolution of different human species such as Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens, and comparisons of brain sizes between species.
This document discusses different types of natural selection and their effects on populations and species evolution over time. It describes directional selection as favoring one extreme trait, stabilizing selection as favoring intermediate traits and eliminating extremes, and disruptive selection as favoring opposite trait extremes. Natural selection can lead to adaptation, radiation of new species from a single ancestor, regression of unnecessary traits, convergence of unrelated species, coevolution between interacting species, and extinction of non-adapted species. Sexual selection also influences evolution by favoring traits that increase mating success even if they reduce survival.
Populations have characteristics like size, density, and age distribution that can vary over time. Populations can be categorized into three types based on their growth: expanding, stable, or declining. Biotic potential refers to the maximum growth rate of a population with unlimited resources and no predators or environmental resistance. Factors like litter size, breeding frequency, reproductive span, and survival rate determine a species' biotic potential. Populations cannot grow exponentially indefinitely due to environmental resistance and eventually reach carrying capacity, where growth stabilizes.
Natural selection can lead to directional, stabilizing, or disruptive selection depending on the relationship between phenotypes and fitness. Directional selection favors extreme variants, stabilizing selection favors intermediate phenotypes, and disruptive selection favors opposite extremes. Examples of natural selection include industrial melanism in moths due to pollution and myxomatosis virus controlling rabbit populations in Australia. Natural selection can also lead to radiation, where many new species evolve from a common ancestor, as well as convergence of unrelated species, regression of traits, and extinction of non-adapted species.
This presentation was my Senior Biology Major Capstone and was given along with a written paper. The presentation discusses three scientific papers following the ebola virus from fruit bats to carriers such as gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans.
The document analyzes the diversity and conservation status of terrestrial mammals housed in the biological museum at the University of San Carlos. It finds 22 mammal species represented in the collection, with the Malayan civet being the most abundant. Biodiversity metrics show the mammals exhibit high richness and evenness. Most species have a status of Least Concern, though the Mindoro dwarf buffalo is Critically Endangered due primarily to habitat loss from deforestation. The study highlights the need for increased conservation efforts for endemic Philippine species threatened with extinction.
Similar to Agricultural revolution in the line of human evolution is the onset of nutritional metabolic diseases, epidemic of cancer and the infectious diseases somayeh zaminpira - sorush niknamian
Scientific American November 13, 2002Food for ThoughtD.docxkenjordan97598
Scientific American November 13, 2002
Food for Thought
Dietary change was a driving force in human evolution
By William R. Leonard
We humans are strange primates.
We walk on two legs, carry around enormous brains and have colonized every
corner of the globe. Anthropologists and biologists have long sought to
understand how our lineage came to differ so profoundly from the primate norm
in these ways, and over the years all manner of hypotheses aimed at explaining
each of these oddities have been put forth. But a growing body of evidence
indicates that these miscellaneous quirks of humanity in fact have a common
thread: they are largely the result of natural selection acting to maximize dietary
quality and foraging efficiency. Changes in food availability over time, it seems,
strongly influenced our hominid ancestors. Thus, in an evolutionary sense, we
are very much what we ate.
Accordingly, what we eat is yet another way in which we differ from our primate
kin. Contemporary human populations the world over have diets richer in
calories and nutrients than those of our cousins, the great apes. So when and
how did our ancestors' eating habits diverge from those of other primates?
Further, to what extent have modern humans departed from the ancestral
dietary pattern?
Scientific interest in the evolution of human nutritional requirements has a long
history. But relevant investigations started gaining momentum after 1985, when
S. Boyd Eaton and Melvin J. Konner of Emory University published a seminal
paper in the New England Journal of Medicine entitled "Paleolithic Nutrition."
They argued that the prevalence in modern societies of many chronic diseases-
-obesity, hypertension, coronary heart disease and diabetes, among them--is
the consequence of a mismatch between modern dietary patterns and the type
of diet that our species evolved to eat as prehistoric hunter-gatherers. Since
then, however, understanding of the evolution of human nutritional needs has
advanced considerably-- thanks in large part to new comparative analyses of
traditionally living human populations and other primates--and a more nuanced
picture has emerged. We now know that humans have evolved not to subsist on
a single, Paleolithic diet but to be flexible eaters, an insight that has important
implications for the current debate over what people today should eat in order to
be healthy.
To appreciate the role of diet in human evolution, we must remember that the
search for food, its consumption and, ultimately, how it is used for biological
processes are all critical aspects of an organism's ecology. The energy dynamic
between organisms and their environments--that is, energy expended in relation
to energy acquired--has important adaptive consequences for survival and
reproduction. These two components of Darwinian fitness are reflected in the
way we divide up an animal's energy budget. Maintenance energy is what
keeps an animal alive on a day-to-day basis. Productive e.
Human evolution occurred over millions of years through a series of gradual changes from early hominid species like Sahelanthropus tchadensis around 7 million years ago to modern Homo sapiens. Key stages included Australopithecus afarensis that lived 2.9-3.9 million years ago, Homo erectus that used tools around 1.8 million years ago, and Homo sapiens neanderthalensis that lived 400,000 to 40,000 years ago. Traits like bipedalism, increased brain size, tool use, and reduced jaws differentiated human species from early primate ancestors over this long period of evolutionary change.
The document discusses human evolution from a common ancestor with apes. It provides details on:
1) Humans and apes evolved from a common ancestor millions of years ago, though this ancestor was not identical to modern chimpanzees or apes.
2) Early humans like Australopithecines evolved traits like bipedalism, while Homo habilis began using simple tools, and Homo erectus was migratory.
3) The closest living relatives to humans are chimpanzees and bonobos, with human DNA being 98.4% identical to chimpanzees. Molecular evidence suggests gorillas and chimpanzees split from the human line between 8
Human evolution began about 6 million years ago in Africa and involves changes that occurred over many generations in early human populations. Key developments included bipedalism, increasing brain size, use of tools, and the emergence of Homo sapiens around 300,000 years ago in Africa. The study of human evolution uses evidence from fossils, genetics, and other scientific disciplines to understand these anatomical and physiological changes.
The document provides an overview of conservation biology, including definitions and history. It discusses the meaning of conservation, the early history of conservation efforts dating back thousands of years, and milestones in the field such as the establishment of the first national park in the US in 1872. It also summarizes key topics within conservation biology like biological diversity, genetics, ecology, and periods of mass extinction.
https://userupload.net/69zxggv1yww1
The mouth and teeth play an important role in social interactions around the world. The way people deal with their teeth and mouth, however, is determined culturally. When oral healthcare projects are being carried out in developing countries, differing cultural worldviews can cause misunderstandings between oral healthcare providers and their patients. The oral healthcare volunteer often has to try to understand the local assumptions about teeth and oral hygiene first, before he or she can bring about a change of behaviour, increase therapy compliance and make the oral healthcare project sustainable. Anthropology can be helpful in this respect. In 2014, in a pilot project commissioned by the Dutch Dental Care Foundation, in which oral healthcare was provided in combination with anthropological research, an oral healthcare project in Kwale (Kenia) was evaluated. The study identified 6 primary themes that indicate the most important factors influencing the oral health of school children in Kwale. Research into the local culture by oral healthcare providers would appear to be an important prerequisite to meaningful work in developing countries.
Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. It is the process by which human beings developed on Earth from now-extinct primates. It involves the lengthy process of change by which people originated from apelike ancestors. The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, ethology, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics. Scientific evidence shows that the physical and behavioural traits shared by all people originated from apelike ancestors and evolved over a period of approximately six million years.
TABLE OF CONTENT
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Evolutionary Theory
3.0 Process of Evolution
4.0 History of Human Evolution
5.0 Paleoanthropology
6.0 Evidence of Evolution
6.1 Evidence from comparative physiology
6.2 Evidence from comparative anatomy
6.3 Evidence from comparative embryology
6.4 Evidence from comparative morphology
6.5 Evidence from vestigial organs
6.6 Genetics
6.7 Evidence from Molecular Biology
6.8 Evidence from the Fossil Record
7.0 Divergence of the Human Clade from other Great Apes
8.0 Anatomical changes
8.1 Anatomy of bipedalism
8.2 Encephalization
8.3 Sexual dimorphism
8.4 Other changes
9.0 Genus Homo
10.0 Homo Sapiens Taxonomy
Mammals are defined as animals that have hair, are warm-blooded, and nourish their young with milk. Some key mammalian features include temperature regulation, mammary glands, and giving birth to live young. Mammalogy is the study of mammals and includes their structure, function, evolution, behavior, taxonomy, and management. Important figures in the early history of mammalogy include Aristotle, who developed one of the first classification systems for animals, and Pliny the Elder, who compiled a large encyclopedia of biological knowledge. More recent influential mammalogists established natural history museums, explored North America documenting plants and animals, and developed systems for biological classification.
This document discusses biodiversity, including its definition, distribution, and evolution. It defines biodiversity as the total variation of life at all levels of biological organization, from genes to ecosystems. Biodiversity is highest in tropical regions like rainforests and tends to decrease further from the equator. Several mass extinction events have occurred throughout Earth's history, notably including the Permian-Triassic event 251 million years ago. While biodiversity has generally increased over time, the current Holocene extinction caused by humans threatens to reduce it.
This document provides an overview of human evolution, beginning with early primate ancestors such as Propliopithecus that lived 50-25 million years ago. It describes several pre-human ancestors in chronological order, including Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo heidelbergensis, Neanderthals, and Cro-Magnon. It discusses evidence for human evolution from molecular biology and genetics. The document also covers theories of human origins, morphological changes during humanization, and timelines of evolutionary periods.
1. The document discusses the history and theories of human evolution from early hominids to modern humans. It traces the major species in our lineage and their defining characteristics.
2. Early hominid species like Australopithecus afarensis and Homo habilis exhibited traits like bipedalism and increased brain size compared to apes. Later species such as Homo erectus and Homo heidelbergensis used more advanced tools and mastered fire.
3. Neanderthals and early Homo sapiens inhabited Europe and Asia around 200,000 years ago before modern humans emerged in Africa around 50,000 years ago. Theories of human evolution are constantly reevaluated
Human evolution began with early bipedal apes in Africa between 5-7 million years ago. Key early species included Australopithecus, which exhibited traits of both apes and humans. Around 2 million years ago, Homo habilis emerged with increased brain size and the ability to make basic stone tools, suggesting more advanced cognition. Bipedalism was a major development, freeing the hands for tasks while making locomotion more efficient. Overall, the document traces major trends in human evolution from early apes to Homo habilis, including the emergence of bipedalism and tool use.
Evolution is a process that results in changes that are passed on or inherited from generation, which help organisms survive, reproduce, and raise offspring. These changes become common throughout a population, leading to new species.
Biological evolution explains how all living things evolved from a single common ancestor, but any two species may be separated by millions or billions of years.
This species was bipedal, fully erect, and capable of grasping tools and weapons with its forearms. These fossil specimens have a larger brain size of 600 cubic centimeters (37 cubic inches), as well as a jaw and tooth size more akin to modern humans.
-Fossil skulls contain tangible evidence of unequal brain development, which is mirrored in the way stone tools were formed.
-The earliest of our ancestors to show a significant increase in brain size and also the first to be found associated with stone tools
The Importance Of Human Evolution
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This document provides an overview of biodiversity. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life on Earth, including genetic diversity within species, species diversity within biological communities, and ecosystem diversity within and across landscapes. It discusses how biodiversity has evolved over 3.5 billion years and increased rapidly during the Cambrian explosion. While species diversity in the oceans has increased logistically, diversity on land has grown exponentially. The document also outlines different types of biodiversity like taxonomic diversity, ecological diversity, and genetic diversity. It notes that most terrestrial diversity is found in tropical forests and that an estimated 8.7 million species exist on Earth. The document concludes by discussing threats to biodiversity like habitat destruction and climate change, as well as conservation
This document summarizes theories of human evolution from early hominids to modern humans. It discusses that:
- Bipedalism first emerged in hominids 4-1 million years ago, allowing use of hands and adaptation to grassland environments. Early tools date to 2.5 million years ago.
- Brain size increased over time, reaching 1000cc in Homo erectus and 1350cc in modern humans. This facilitated tool use, language, and other cognitive abilities.
- Two competing theories for modern human origins are presented - the multiregional hypothesis of evolving in multiple regions from Homo erectus, versus the recent "Out of Africa" hypothesis of descending from a single African
The document discusses the origins and rise of agriculture and food domestication. It describes how agriculture began as people transitioned from hunter-gatherer lifestyles during the Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods, around 10,000 years ago. Various theories are presented for what motivated this transition, such as climate change, population pressure, or the desire for a more sedentary lifestyle. The document then discusses the origins of agriculture in different regions, including the Middle East, Africa, Europe, Asia, and Americas. It provides details on early domestication of plants and animals in these areas beginning as early as 12,000 years ago.
The document discusses human evolution from early hominids to modern humans. It describes several key species, including Ardipithecus ramidus dated to 4.4 million years ago, Australopithecus anamensis and A. afarensis dated to 4.1 and 3.18 million years ago. It also discusses debates around the transition from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens and models of modern human origins out of Africa versus multiregional evolution.
Human evolution (presentation #4 biology l2 project)Sebasttian98
This document provides an overview of human evolution. It discusses that genetic studies show primates diverged from other mammals around 85 million years ago. Around 15-20 million years ago, the family Hominidae diverged from gibbons. Evidence for human evolution comes from fossils and DNA analysis, with fossils showing early hominins like Sahelanthropus tchadensis dating back 7 million years. Tool use is a sign of intelligence and may have stimulated brain expansion in human evolution.
This document discusses key concepts in human biological and cultural evolution, including:
- Major hominin species such as Sahelanthropus, Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, Paranthropus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalensis, and Homo sapiens.
- Key biological evolutionary processes like natural selection proposed by Charles Darwin that led to changes in hominin genetics and traits over generations.
- The development of cultural evolution in humans marked by changes in way of life, including tool usage, language, group living, culture, and the Neolithic agricultural revolution.
Similar to Agricultural revolution in the line of human evolution is the onset of nutritional metabolic diseases, epidemic of cancer and the infectious diseases somayeh zaminpira - sorush niknamian (20)
The Impact of Serotonin on the Cause and Treatment of Cancerbanafsheh61
This review article goes through many researches based on the effectiveness of the neurotransmitter serotonin on cancer cells and also the impact of SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) drugs on the cause of certain types of cancers. Serotonin has been shown to be a mutagenic factor for a wide range of normal and tumor cells. Serotonin exhibits a growth stimulatory effect in aggressive cancers and carcinoids usually through 5- HT1 and 5-HT2 receptors. In contrast, low doses of serotonin can inhibit tumor growth via the decrease of blood supply to the tumor, suggesting that the role of serotonin on tumor growth is concentration-dependent. Serum serotonin level was found to be suitable for prognosis evaluation of urothelial carcinoma in the urinary bladder, adenocarcinoma of the prostate and renal cell carcinoma.The mechanism that connect serotonin with tumor evolution seem to be related to the serotonin impact on tumor associated macrophages.
Introducing the Evolutionary Cell Memory (ECM) Hypothesis banafsheh61
This research study has gone through more than 34 sample tumors in Violet Cancer Institute (VCI) to find the cancer
cells’ resemblances to the primitive eukaryote cells in 3.5 billion years ago before the entrance of the mitochondria
into the eukaryote cells as endosymbionts. Nearly all the samples showed that the mitochondria inside the cells were
not working properly. Their cristae were damaged or the mitochondria did not work or better said “shut down”
inside the cancer cells. This study introduces a new hypothesis called the Evolutionary Cell Memory (ECM) based on
the Lamarckian Evolutionary Hypothesis and the Evolutionary Metabolic Hypothesis of Cancer introduced by the
Somayeh Zaminpira and Sorush Niknamian in 2017.
Introducing the Prodotis M1-Macrophage Hypothesis of Cancer Metastasis (PMMH)banafsheh61
ancer tumor would metastasize. To find the best answer, we have reviewed the cases from 1889 to 2017 in humans, animals and plants tumors. Metastasis involves a complex series of steps in which cancer cells leave the original tumor site and migrate to other parts of the body. The macrophage type M1, seems the main cause of metastasis in humans and animal cancers. In plants, we have not found any case of metastasis and the reason is that they lack the macrophages. Nearly all metastasis hypothesis cannot bring out the next target tissue by even 80%, however; the most correct hypothesis is James Ewing’s theory which challenged the seed and soil theory and proposed that metastasis occurs purely by anatomic and mechanical routes. By putting together all the findings and data from the mentioned dates, we have put forth a new hypothesis which
The main cause and prevention of multiple sclerosis and its relation to cancerbanafsheh61
This document summarizes a research paper on the Evolutionary Metabolic Hypothesis of Multiple Sclerosis (EMHMS). It was authored by Somayeh Zaminpira and Sorush Niknamian from the University of Cambridge. The paper proposes that multiple factors may cause MS, including viral infections, oxidative stress, lack of sunlight exposure, and increased inflammation. It finds that environmental temperature and proximity to the equator are important factors, with higher rates of MS and cancer seen in populations farther from the equator like Australia. The paper argues that mitochondrial dysfunction leading to increased reactive oxygen species is a likely primary cause of MS and cancer.
How butterfly effect or deterministic chaos theory in theorical physics expla...banafsheh61
The document discusses how chaos theory and the butterfly effect can explain the main cause of cancer. It proposes that small increases in reactive oxygen species above normal limits can cause chaos in normal cells by damaging mitochondria. This mitochondrial damage disrupts communication between the nucleus and mitochondria, causing the nucleus to signal fermentation rather than apoptosis, similar to early single-celled organisms. Over time, this evolutionary reversion enables cancer progression by allowing cells to produce energy without intact mitochondria.
Introduction to the evolutionary metabolic medicine based on mitochondrial dy...banafsheh61
This document provides information about a company called Evolutionary Metabolic Medicine based in Tehran, Iran that studies mitochondrial dysfunction. It introduces mitochondrial evolution and function, describing how mitochondria originated from bacteria and regulate cell metabolism. Nearly all human diseases are related to mitochondrial dysfunction caused by reactive oxygen species production during respiration. The summary introduces a new branch of medicine focused on treating diseases by addressing mitochondrial metabolic changes.
INTRODUCTION TO THE EVOLUTIONARY METABOLIC MEDICINE BASED ON MITOCHONDRIAL DY...banafsheh61
This document introduces evolutionary metabolic medicine, which focuses on mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic changes in cells. It discusses how mitochondria produce energy and reactive oxygen species, and how damage to mitochondria can lead to diseases. Nearly all human diseases are related to mitochondrial dysfunction and inheritance. While reactive oxygen species are normal byproducts, excessive amounts can cause oxidative damage over time, accumulating in tissues and decreasing fitness. This damage contributes to aging and diseases like Alzheimer's. The conclusion proposes that mitochondrial dysfunction is a primary cause of many major diseases, and that an evolutionary perspective on cellular metabolism and dysfunction is needed to develop new treatments.
HOW BUTTERFLY EFFECT OR DETERMINISTIC CHAOS THEORY IN THEORETICAL RHYSICS EXP...banafsheh61
This document discusses how chaos theory and the butterfly effect from physics can explain the main cause of cancer. It introduces chaos theory and the butterfly effect, which states that small changes can lead to large differences later on. It then discusses how increasing reactive oxygen species above normal limits inside cells can damage mitochondria and cause chaos, changing cells from apoptosis to fermentation. This evolutionary change may be the main driver of cancer as it allows cells to avoid death and produce energy without mitochondria. The document provides background on mitochondria, reactive oxygen species, oxidative damage, and the connection between the nucleus and mitochondria.
THE MAIN CAUSE AND PREVENTION OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS AND ITS RELATION TO CANCERbanafsheh61
This document discusses the potential causes of multiple sclerosis (MS) and its relationship to cancer. It introduces the Evolutionary Metabolic Hypothesis of MS, which proposes that MS is caused by an increase in reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species inside cells. This oxidative stress damages mitochondria and leads to inflammation and demyelination in the brain and spinal cord. The document reviews several studies that link mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage to MS. It also discusses how cancer cells revert to an ancient fermentation process instead of using mitochondria, in order to avoid apoptosis. Therefore, both MS and cancer may be caused by mitochondrial damage and the resulting oxidative stress.
the main treatment of cancer, somayeh zaminpira and sorush niknamianbanafsheh61
This research article summarizes the key differences between how cancer cells and normal cells produce energy. It finds that the main difference is that cancer cells rely primarily on fermentation to produce energy rather than the more efficient aerobic respiration that normal cells use. Fermentation produces much less ATP than aerobic respiration. The article reviews over 200 studies on the topic and finds consistent evidence that cancer cells have damaged and abnormal mitochondria that prevent them from efficiently performing aerobic respiration. This forces cancer cells to use the less efficient fermentation process to produce energy and survive.
EVOLUTIONARY METABOLIC HYPOTHESIS OF CANCERbanafsheh61
This document summarizes the Evolutionary Metabolic Hypothesis of Cancer (EMHC) proposed by the authors. The EMHC builds upon the Warburg Hypothesis, which posits that cancer cells generate energy through fermentation of glucose rather than oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. The authors conducted a study treating 54 cancer patients with a ketogenic diet and ozone therapy, finding significant reductions in tumor size across several cancer types. They propose a mathematical model describing cancer growth based on energy conservation principles, similarly to models of organism development. The EMHC views cancer as both an evolutionary and metabolic disease influenced by mutations affecting energy production pathways.
HOW BOHR EFFECT ADMIT THE OZONE THERAPY PLUS SPECIFIC KETO DIETIN TREATMENT O...banafsheh61
This document discusses how the Bohr effect and a specific ketogenic diet plus ozone therapy can help treat cancer. The Bohr effect explains that hemoglobin releases more oxygen when the blood's pH is lower. Cancer tumors produce lactic acid, lowering pH in tissues. Ozone therapy and a ketogenic diet both raise blood pH, allowing more oxygen to be absorbed from the lungs and transported to acidic tumor tissues. This extra oxygen supply may help force cancer cells into apoptosis and treat the cancer.
Agricultural revolution in the line of human evolution is the onset of nutrit...banafsheh61
This document discusses human evolution and shifts in human diet and nutrition over time. It outlines the following key points:
1) Early primates starting 65 million years ago ate mostly insects and later shifted to a mostly plant-based diet.
2) The first hominids like Australopithecus around 3.7 million years ago were herbivorous but evidence suggests they ate some meat.
3) Genus Homo emerged around 2.3 million years ago and species like Homo habilis were gatherer-hunters that scavenged and potentially hunted meat, though plants remained the staple.
4) Later humans like Homo erectus from 1.7-230,
The impact of the serotonin on the cause and treatment of cancerbanafsheh61
Serotonin plays a role in cancer development and progression through several mechanisms:
1. Serotonin can stimulate the growth of some cancer cells through serotonin receptors.
2. Low doses of serotonin can inhibit tumor growth by decreasing blood supply.
3. Serotonin impacts tumor-associated macrophages and their production of proteins that influence angiogenesis.
4. Serotonin levels have been found to correlate with prognosis for some cancer types like bladder and prostate cancer.
Comparison of cancer incidence in domesticated versus wild animals, as the ne...banafsheh61
This document summarizes research comparing cancer rates in domesticated versus wild animals and discusses potential implications for human cancer prevention. It finds that domesticated animals like dogs and cats have much higher cancer rates than wild animals, likely due to differences in lifestyle and nutrition. Traditional diets and lifestyles may be important for preventing cancer in humans as well. Specific cancers that commonly occur in pets and their symptoms and risk factors are described. The role of the p53 tumor suppressor gene in various cancers is also discussed.
On the cancer of wild animals somayeh zaminpira - sorush niknamianbanafsheh61
This document summarizes research on cancers found in wild animals. It discusses reports of cancer in dinosaur fossils, showing cancer has affected multi-cellular organisms for millions of years. It also describes an unusual transmissible cancer affecting Tasmanian devils, where cancer cells are transmitted between animals. Finally, it mentions several other reports of cancer in sharks, fish, and naked mole rats, demonstrating cancer can impact a wide range of wild species.
Consumption of saturated animal fats in the diet of humans may decrease the r...banafsheh61
This document summarizes research on the relationship between saturated fat consumption and heart disease risk. It discusses several studies that found no correlation or an inverse correlation between saturated fat intake and heart disease rates. It also profiles the diets of various tribes and populations that consume high amounts of saturated fat from animals but have low rates of heart disease. The document concludes that based on studies of healthy populations and biological needs, consuming saturated fats from animals may not increase and could potentially decrease risk of heart disease.
Vegetable oils consumption as one of the leading cause of cancer and heart di...banafsheh61
This review takes a deep look at increases in the incidence of cancer and heart disease after the introduction of industrial vegetable oils in the world. Most vegetable oils are highly processed and refined products, which completely lack the essential nutrients. Omega-6 Linoleic acid from vegetable oils increases oxidative stress in the body of humans, contributing to endothelial dysfunction and heart disease. The consumption of these harmful oils which are high in mega-6 polyunsaturated fats results in changing the structure of cell membrane which contribute to increasing inflammation and the incidence of cancer.
The prime cause and treatment of cancer somayeh zaminpira - sorush niknamianbanafsheh61
This meta-analysis research has gone through more than 200 studies from 1934 to 2016 to find the differences and similarities in cancer cells, mostly the cause. The most important difference between normal cells and cancer cells is how they respire. Normal cells use the sophisticated process of respiration to efficiently turn any kind of nutrient that is fat, carbohydrate or protein into high amounts of energy in the form of ATP. This process requires oxygen and breaks food down completely into harmless carbon dioxide and water. Cancer cells use a primitive process of fermentation to inefficiently turn either glucose from carbohydrates or the amino acid glutamine from protein into small quantities of energy in the form of ATP. This process does not require oxygen, and only partially breaks down food molecules into lactic acid and ammonia, which are toxic waste products. The most important result is that fatty acids or better told fats cannot be fermented by cells. This research mentions the role of ROS and inflammation in causing mitochondrial damage and answers the most important questions behind cancer cause and mentions some beneficial methods in preventing and treatment of cancer.
Reactive oxygen species along with reactive nitrogen species (rosrns) as the ...banafsheh61
Multiple Sclerosis is a condition of demyelination of the nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. It is possible that multiple factors are involved in causing multiple sclerosis, including DNA defects in nuclear and mitochondrial genomes, viral infection, hypoxia, oxidative stress, lack of sunlight, and increased macrophages and lymphocytes in the brain. This meta-analysis has gone through many researches and reviews to find the similarities and differences in the cause of this disease. The role of mitochondrial metabolism, environmental temperature and distance from the equator has been discussed in this research, and the amounts of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS) has been found to be the most possible cause of multiple sclerosis in men and women
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8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
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Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
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Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
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Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
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Agricultural revolution in the line of human evolution is the onset of nutritional metabolic diseases, epidemic of cancer and the infectious diseases somayeh zaminpira - sorush niknamian