Smart Data Webinar (SLIDES): Agile Enterprise Ontology

Agile Enterprise OntologyAgile Enterprise OntologyAgile Enterprise OntologyAgile Enterprise Ontology
© 2015 Semantic Arts, Inc.
Dave McCombDave McCombDave McCombDave McComb
Semantic ArtsSemantic ArtsSemantic ArtsSemantic Arts
May 14, 2015May 14, 2015May 14, 2015May 14, 2015
DataversityDataversityDataversityDataversity

ObjectivesObjectivesObjectivesObjectives
•Two Target AudiencesTwo Target AudiencesTwo Target AudiencesTwo Target Audiences
oThose who want to know that it’s possible to build an enterpriseThose who want to know that it’s possible to build an enterpriseThose who want to know that it’s possible to build an enterpriseThose who want to know that it’s possible to build an enterprise
ontology in a limited amount of timeontology in a limited amount of timeontology in a limited amount of timeontology in a limited amount of time
oThose who want to know howThose who want to know howThose who want to know howThose who want to know how
•Goal: Provide insights to improve ontology development toGoal: Provide insights to improve ontology development to
•Goal: Provide insights to improve ontology development toGoal: Provide insights to improve ontology development toGoal: Provide insights to improve ontology development toGoal: Provide insights to improve ontology development to
make your ontology:make your ontology:make your ontology:make your ontology:
oEasier to extendEasier to extendEasier to extendEasier to extend
oStable in the face of changeStable in the face of changeStable in the face of changeStable in the face of change
oSimpler for others to understandSimpler for others to understandSimpler for others to understandSimpler for others to understand
2

Our JourneyOur JourneyOur JourneyOur Journey
•Over the last 15 years we’ve been designing and buildingOver the last 15 years we’ve been designing and buildingOver the last 15 years we’ve been designing and buildingOver the last 15 years we’ve been designing and building
ontologiesontologiesontologiesontologies for a number of large firms in many differentfor a number of large firms in many differentfor a number of large firms in many differentfor a number of large firms in many different
industriesindustriesindustriesindustries
© 2015 Semantic Arts, Inc. 3

Enterprise OntologyEnterprise OntologyEnterprise OntologyEnterprise Ontology
•Analogous to an Enterprise Data ModelAnalogous to an Enterprise Data ModelAnalogous to an Enterprise Data ModelAnalogous to an Enterprise Data Model
•Important distinctions stem from being rooted in SemanticImportant distinctions stem from being rooted in SemanticImportant distinctions stem from being rooted in SemanticImportant distinctions stem from being rooted in Semantic
Technology:Technology:Technology:Technology:
oA comprehensive model can be much, much simplerA comprehensive model can be much, much simplerA comprehensive model can be much, much simplerA comprehensive model can be much, much simpler
oA comprehensive model can be much, much simplerA comprehensive model can be much, much simplerA comprehensive model can be much, much simplerA comprehensive model can be much, much simpler
oYet less abstract, and less ambiguousYet less abstract, and less ambiguousYet less abstract, and less ambiguousYet less abstract, and less ambiguous
oIt can be directly implementedIt can be directly implementedIt can be directly implementedIt can be directly implemented
oIt can evolve in placeIt can evolve in placeIt can evolve in placeIt can evolve in place
oIt can integrate structured, unstructured and semiIt can integrate structured, unstructured and semiIt can integrate structured, unstructured and semiIt can integrate structured, unstructured and semi----structuredstructuredstructuredstructured
datadatadatadata
4

How (Very Briefly)How (Very Briefly)How (Very Briefly)How (Very Briefly)
•URIsURIsURIsURIs
•TriplesTriplesTriplesTriples
•GraphsGraphsGraphsGraphs
•Formal DefinitionsFormal DefinitionsFormal DefinitionsFormal Definitions
•Formal DefinitionsFormal DefinitionsFormal DefinitionsFormal Definitions
•MultiMultiMultiMulti----typingtypingtypingtyping
5

̬藐
The “URI” (Uniform Resource Identifier)The “URI” (Uniform Resource Identifier)The “URI” (Uniform Resource Identifier)The “URI” (Uniform Resource Identifier)
•This identifier is truly globalThis identifier is truly globalThis identifier is truly globalThis identifier is truly global
•It means the same thing, regardless of the database ofIt means the same thing, regardless of the database ofIt means the same thing, regardless of the database ofIt means the same thing, regardless of the database of
document it is part ofdocument it is part ofdocument it is part ofdocument it is part of
6
cusip:02209S103 http://cusip.com/reg#02209S103=

՞믰
All Information Expressed as TriplesAll Information Expressed as TriplesAll Information Expressed as TriplesAll Information Expressed as Triples
:owns
7
:dave :PU27
:owns
:trade1
:occurredOn
“12-25-2013”

՛Ā
A Graph is a Self Assembling “Join”A Graph is a Self Assembling “Join”A Graph is a Self Assembling “Join”A Graph is a Self Assembling “Join”
•Which may have been harvested from completelyWhich may have been harvested from completelyWhich may have been harvested from completelyWhich may have been harvested from completely
different sourcesdifferent sourcesdifferent sourcesdifferent sources
cusip:02209S103
cusip:filedBy
cusip:02209S
8
cusip:name
“Altria”
cusip:02209S
cusip:02209S
foaf:name
“Phillip Morris”cusip:02209S103
cusip:123456
cusip:underwrittenBy

Formal DefinitionFormal DefinitionFormal DefinitionFormal Definition
•The definition can be readThe definition can be readThe definition can be readThe definition can be read
and processed by aand processed by aand processed by aand processed by a
system (as well as asystem (as well as asystem (as well as asystem (as well as a
human)human)human)human)
gist:Person
hc:received
some hc:MedicalTreatment
hc:Patient
--- AND ---
•Consistent definitionConsistent definitionConsistent definitionConsistent definition
•Plus inference of newPlus inference of newPlus inference of newPlus inference of new
information from existinginformation from existinginformation from existinginformation from existing
informationinformationinformationinformation
9

՜纰
Because typing is just another triple, any instance,Because typing is just another triple, any instance,Because typing is just another triple, any instance,Because typing is just another triple, any instance,
can, and usually is, a member of many classescan, and usually is, a member of many classescan, and usually is, a member of many classescan, and usually is, a member of many classes
simultaneouslysimultaneouslysimultaneouslysimultaneously
:Person :Parent :GrandParent
:John :Dave
:parentOf
:Addie
:parentOf
:isa
:isa
:isa

Common DenominatorCommon DenominatorCommon DenominatorCommon Denominator
:predicate
11
:subject :object

Evolve in PlaceEvolve in PlaceEvolve in PlaceEvolve in Place

Փ毐
In the Process of Building EnterpriseIn the Process of Building EnterpriseIn the Process of Building EnterpriseIn the Process of Building Enterprise
OntologiesOntologiesOntologiesOntologies
•4444----6 Months6 Months6 Months6 Months
•~800 concepts~800 concepts~800 concepts~800 concepts
13
Classes 574
Object Properties 250
Data Type Properties 38
Total T-Box Axioms 1470

We DiscoveredWe DiscoveredWe DiscoveredWe Discovered
•Hard to SellHard to SellHard to SellHard to Sell
•Hard for others to understandHard for others to understandHard for others to understandHard for others to understand
•Limited ImplementationLimited ImplementationLimited ImplementationLimited Implementation

•We (Semantic Arts) have arrived at this conclusion:We (Semantic Arts) have arrived at this conclusion:We (Semantic Arts) have arrived at this conclusion:We (Semantic Arts) have arrived at this conclusion:
In order to be adopted,In order to be adopted,In order to be adopted,In order to be adopted,
ontologiesontologiesontologiesontologies need to be more agile.need to be more agile.need to be more agile.need to be more agile.

Along the wayAlong the wayAlong the wayAlong the way
http://semanticarts.com/gist

՜
Early ProjectsEarly ProjectsEarly ProjectsEarly Projects
•About half the EOAbout half the EOAbout half the EOAbout half the EO
classes wereclasses wereclasses wereclasses were
derived from gistderived from gistderived from gistderived from gist

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EvolutionEvolutionEvolutionEvolution
•We evolved gist and our methodologyWe evolved gist and our methodologyWe evolved gist and our methodologyWe evolved gist and our methodology

匀#
Current ProjectsCurrent ProjectsCurrent ProjectsCurrent Projects
•Most classesMost classesMost classesMost classes
derived from gist,derived from gist,derived from gist,derived from gist,
without even tryingwithout even tryingwithout even tryingwithout even trying

MeanwhileMeanwhileMeanwhileMeanwhile
•It was obvious that our clients wanted:It was obvious that our clients wanted:It was obvious that our clients wanted:It was obvious that our clients wanted:
oLess up front investmentLess up front investmentLess up front investmentLess up front investment
oSomething their staff could understandSomething their staff could understandSomething their staff could understandSomething their staff could understand
oSomething that put them on a path toward integrationSomething that put them on a path toward integrationSomething that put them on a path toward integrationSomething that put them on a path toward integration
oSomething that put them on a path toward integrationSomething that put them on a path toward integrationSomething that put them on a path toward integrationSomething that put them on a path toward integration
oSomething that was stable even while changingSomething that was stable even while changingSomething that was stable even while changingSomething that was stable even while changing
•In other words: AgileIn other words: AgileIn other words: AgileIn other words: Agile
20

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The Dark Side of AgileThe Dark Side of AgileThe Dark Side of AgileThe Dark Side of Agile

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What they really wantWhat they really wantWhat they really wantWhat they really want
•Incremental way to get to integratedIncremental way to get to integratedIncremental way to get to integratedIncremental way to get to integrated

՟甀
We Now ProposeWe Now ProposeWe Now ProposeWe Now Propose
Enterprise Ontology
7 weeks
Enterprise Ontology

匀#
Followed byFollowed byFollowed byFollowed by
Enterprise Ontology
SubDomainOntology
24
6-12 weeks
SubDomainOntology

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Leading ToLeading ToLeading ToLeading To Enterprise Ontology
SubDomainOntology
Enterprise Ontology
Enterprise Ontology
SubDomainOntology
Architecture
Legacy Modernization / Replacement Projects
Integration
25
SubDomainOntology
Enterprise Ontology
SubDomainOntology
SubDomainOntology
Architecture
New Sources: Big Data, Social, Unstructured

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What We’ve Learned Along the WayWhat We’ve Learned Along the WayWhat We’ve Learned Along the WayWhat We’ve Learned Along the Way

Methodology: Comparing Four Sources ofMethodology: Comparing Four Sources ofMethodology: Comparing Four Sources ofMethodology: Comparing Four Sources of
KnowledgeKnowledgeKnowledgeKnowledge
•Harvesting from existing data basesHarvesting from existing data basesHarvesting from existing data basesHarvesting from existing data bases
•Derive from standardsDerive from standardsDerive from standardsDerive from standards
•Facilitate DiscoveryFacilitate DiscoveryFacilitate DiscoveryFacilitate Discovery
•Postulate and TestPostulate and TestPostulate and TestPostulate and Test
•Postulate and TestPostulate and TestPostulate and TestPostulate and Test
27

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HarvestHarvestHarvestHarvest
•Since we’re eventually going to be using our ontology toSince we’re eventually going to be using our ontology toSince we’re eventually going to be using our ontology toSince we’re eventually going to be using our ontology to
integrating all these disparate systems…integrating all these disparate systems…integrating all these disparate systems…integrating all these disparate systems…
•Why not just start there?Why not just start there?Why not just start there?Why not just start there?

Standards BasedStandards BasedStandards BasedStandards Based
•Industry standards for data communication are importantIndustry standards for data communication are importantIndustry standards for data communication are importantIndustry standards for data communication are important
•And it’s tempting to want to start with themAnd it’s tempting to want to start with themAnd it’s tempting to want to start with themAnd it’s tempting to want to start with them
•But in our experience its not been a good place to startBut in our experience its not been a good place to startBut in our experience its not been a good place to startBut in our experience its not been a good place to start
•They typically cover a small percent of what you will needThey typically cover a small percent of what you will needThey typically cover a small percent of what you will needThey typically cover a small percent of what you will need
•They typically cover a small percent of what you will needThey typically cover a small percent of what you will needThey typically cover a small percent of what you will needThey typically cover a small percent of what you will need
to cover for your internal operationsto cover for your internal operationsto cover for your internal operationsto cover for your internal operations
•They aren’t very rigorousThey aren’t very rigorousThey aren’t very rigorousThey aren’t very rigorous
•And often unnecessarily complexAnd often unnecessarily complexAnd often unnecessarily complexAnd often unnecessarily complex
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Facilitated DiscoveryFacilitated DiscoveryFacilitated DiscoveryFacilitated Discovery
Interview
Author OWL
Run inference to
check consistency
View in ontology editor
Interview
Inferencing/Consistency
check consistency
Debug cycle
Interview/Model cycle

Postulate and TestPostulate and TestPostulate and TestPostulate and Test
– gist Finance
Author : mkumbaDave McComb
Last Updated : 3/21/2015
gist http://ontologies.semanticarts.com/gist#
Namespaces
URI : http://ontologies.semanticarts.com/o/gistTop7.1.1
Location : gistTop7.1.1.owl
Imports
gist:owns
some gist:FinancialAccount
gist:Person
gist:Organization
--- OR ---
Equivalent to
--- AND ---
gist:Party
gist:Account
gist:hasDirectPart
some gist:Position
gist:ownedBy
some gist:Party
Equivalent to
--- AND ---
gist:FinancialAccount
gist:Account
gist:positionIn
some gist:FinancialInstrument
Equivalent to
--- AND ---
gist:Position
gist:positionInThe relationship that
describes what the position is "in" (need
something better here)
gist:Template
gist:hasDirectPart
some gist:Right
gist:hasDirectPart
some gist:Obligation
Equivalent to
--- AND ---
gist:InvestmentInstrument
gist:Position
gist:reportingUoM
some gist:CurrencyUnit
gist:positionIn
Equivalent to
--- AND ---
gist:CashPosition
gist:Position
gist:reportingUoM
gist:positionIn
some gist:InvestmentInstrument
Equivalent to
--- AND ---
gist:InvestedPosition
gist:CurrencyUnit
Equivalent to
--- OR ---
gist:FinancialInstrument
gist:tradedOn
some gist:Exchange
Equivalent to
--- AND ---
gist:ExchangeTradedInstrument
gist:tradedOnan Exchange that
makes a market for a particular
instrument
gist:reportingUoMThe currency the
positions are reporting in (note: you can
have a euro denominate note reported
in US$)
Research why
I’m importing
gistMag and
gistMag7.1.1
dbbo:dave dbbo:PU27
dbbo:owns
dbbo:PU29
dbbo:owns
“Dave McComb”
dbbo:in
dbbo:Fleet2

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DifferencesDifferencesDifferencesDifferences
Harvest Standards Facilitated Postulate
Time Frame With Machine
Learning can be
done in months
Time to understand
standards often
months
Months Weeks
Number of concepts
to deal with
Millions - > tens of
thousands
Thousands Up to a thousand A few hundred
Scope Existing systems, not
planned or data not
in systems
What Standards
cover, often not
whats needed to
run business
Depends on the
SMEs invited
Depends on scope
postulated
Preferred Sequence 1. First2. For detail, or
specific
applications
3. When ready to
integrate with
standards
4. To check
coverage and
prepare for large
scale integration

匀#
Reducing Cognitive LoadReducing Cognitive LoadReducing Cognitive LoadReducing Cognitive Load
•# of things you must know to be competent with the# of things you must know to be competent with the# of things you must know to be competent with the# of things you must know to be competent with the
ontologyontologyontologyontology
•# of things you must be in agreement with in order to# of things you must be in agreement with in order to# of things you must be in agreement with in order to# of things you must be in agreement with in order to
commit to the ontologycommit to the ontologycommit to the ontologycommit to the ontology
commit to the ontologycommit to the ontologycommit to the ontologycommit to the ontology
•# of concepts shared# of concepts shared# of concepts shared# of concepts shared
33

︀︀
Economizing PropertiesEconomizing PropertiesEconomizing PropertiesEconomizing Properties
•Typical large enterprise has millions of propertiesTypical large enterprise has millions of propertiesTypical large enterprise has millions of propertiesTypical large enterprise has millions of properties
(attributes/ columns ) in their legacy systems(attributes/ columns ) in their legacy systems(attributes/ columns ) in their legacy systems(attributes/ columns ) in their legacy systems
•This is mostly a product of arbitrary design decisionsThis is mostly a product of arbitrary design decisionsThis is mostly a product of arbitrary design decisionsThis is mostly a product of arbitrary design decisions
•We need to be vigilantWe need to be vigilantWe need to be vigilantWe need to be vigilant
•We need to be vigilantWe need to be vigilantWe need to be vigilantWe need to be vigilant
•Properties (with a few very narrow exceptions) can not beProperties (with a few very narrow exceptions) can not beProperties (with a few very narrow exceptions) can not beProperties (with a few very narrow exceptions) can not be
formally defined, we must learn them allformally defined, we must learn them allformally defined, we must learn them allformally defined, we must learn them all
•Our target is to get to a few hundredOur target is to get to a few hundredOur target is to get to a few hundredOur target is to get to a few hundred
34

︀︀
Subclass Assertions v. InferenceSubclass Assertions v. InferenceSubclass Assertions v. InferenceSubclass Assertions v. Inference
•We advocate using subclass assertions sparinglyWe advocate using subclass assertions sparinglyWe advocate using subclass assertions sparinglyWe advocate using subclass assertions sparingly
•It typically is a carry over from Object OrientedIt typically is a carry over from Object OrientedIt typically is a carry over from Object OrientedIt typically is a carry over from Object Oriented
•Or taxonomy designOr taxonomy designOr taxonomy designOr taxonomy design
•Or reluctance to take a standOr reluctance to take a standOr reluctance to take a standOr reluctance to take a stand
•Or reluctance to take a standOr reluctance to take a standOr reluctance to take a standOr reluctance to take a stand
35
Party
PersonOrg
Party
Person
Org
OR

︀︀
Key Concept: The DistinctionaryKey Concept: The DistinctionaryKey Concept: The DistinctionaryKey Concept: The Distinctionary
Is: a glossary
Is distinct from other glossaries:
structurally, each definition first
specifies the more general type of
specifies the more general type of
thing the word is, and then provides a
way to distinguish this thing from
others that are similar.

︀︀
Definitions v. DescriptionsDefinitions v. DescriptionsDefinitions v. DescriptionsDefinitions v. Descriptions
•A “description” tells us properties about a class ofA “description” tells us properties about a class ofA “description” tells us properties about a class ofA “description” tells us properties about a class of
instances, if we already know what type the instance isinstances, if we already know what type the instance isinstances, if we already know what type the instance isinstances, if we already know what type the instance is
•Adding classes to your ontology that are only descriptiveAdding classes to your ontology that are only descriptiveAdding classes to your ontology that are only descriptiveAdding classes to your ontology that are only descriptive
increases cognitive load. You audience must know theincreases cognitive load. You audience must know theincreases cognitive load. You audience must know theincreases cognitive load. You audience must know the
increases cognitive load. You audience must know theincreases cognitive load. You audience must know theincreases cognitive load. You audience must know theincreases cognitive load. You audience must know the
class and its (implicit) membership criteriaclass and its (implicit) membership criteriaclass and its (implicit) membership criteriaclass and its (implicit) membership criteria
•A “definition” supplies the criteria for membership in aA “definition” supplies the criteria for membership in aA “definition” supplies the criteria for membership in aA “definition” supplies the criteria for membership in a
class.class.class.class.
•If your audience understands the criteria, they agree withIf your audience understands the criteria, they agree withIf your audience understands the criteria, they agree withIf your audience understands the criteria, they agree with
the definition (they may not like the label)the definition (they may not like the label)the definition (they may not like the label)the definition (they may not like the label)
37

︀︀
Descriptions v. DefinitionsDescriptions v. DefinitionsDescriptions v. DefinitionsDescriptions v. Definitions
(N) hc:received
hc:Patient
gist:Person
gist:Person
hc:received
hc:Patient
--- AND ---
Description Definition
If you know someone is a Patient,
then you know they are a Person
And they must have had some
treatment, even if you don’t know
what it was
But, how do you know someone is a
patient? System can’t help you, you
have to know
If you knew someone was a patient,
you’d know all the same information
from the Description example
Additionally, if you know someone is
a Person and has received treatment
the system will infer they are a
Patient
And the system will automatically,
and correctly, keep track of the
subclass hierarchy

︀︀
The “Sketch”The “Sketch”The “Sketch”The “Sketch”
•We’ve found the discipline of creating subsets of theWe’ve found the discipline of creating subsets of theWe’ve found the discipline of creating subsets of theWe’ve found the discipline of creating subsets of the
ontology for the purpose of explainingontology for the purpose of explainingontology for the purpose of explainingontology for the purpose of explaining
•Improves understandingImproves understandingImproves understandingImproves understanding
•Also improves the building processAlso improves the building processAlso improves the building processAlso improves the building process
•Also improves the building processAlso improves the building processAlso improves the building processAlso improves the building process
39

︀︀
Ontology Sketch (aka the “Placemat”)Ontology Sketch (aka the “Placemat”)Ontology Sketch (aka the “Placemat”)Ontology Sketch (aka the “Placemat”)
SentaraOffer
Care
Provision
Health Plan
Benefit regarding
Employee
Benefit
Employee
Employment
Contract
Capability
governs
Payroll
Disbursement
Membership
Premium
Marketing
Message
Marketing
Communication
Sentara
Target Market
Business
Referral
refersTo
Employment
Underwriting
Claim
Insurance Product Regulation
Regulator
produce
Sentara Healthcare Enterprise Ontology: Concise Overwiew
May 2013
Regulations
Marketing
Legend
Class
SubClass
Class
Important SubClassClosely Related Class
Class
SubClass
Abstract Superclass
Another Classproperty
not explicit
Health Plan
Policy
Agreement
Health Insurance
Company
Patient
Person
Goal
BeHealthy
Image Goal
Provider Network
Patient
Visit
Hospital
Contractor
Outcome
Hospital
Accreditation
Hospital
License
Credentialing
Organization
giver
owns
Physical
Location
hasPhysical
Location
Sentara
OrganizationProcedure
Specification
regarding
Building
occupies
hiresForWork
employshasA
Recommending
Treatment
Prescription
categorizedBy
Patient Bill
Health Product
Or Service
Delivery
Preference
Insurance
Care
Resources &
Supplies
regarding
Supplier
Care Instructions
Body of Knowledge
Diagnosing
Medical Procedure
Medical
Treatment
Patient
Registered
Patient
Diagnosis
Medical Condition
Disease
Physician
Healthcare
Provider
Nurse
Care Coordinator
Human Resource
Resource
Healthcare Facility
Equipment and
Tools
Supplier
Agreement
Sentara Vendor
Agreement
Pricing
Obligation
Volume
Obligation
In Hospital
Care Delivery
Mode
Physician Office

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Agile Detecting ErrorsAgile Detecting ErrorsAgile Detecting ErrorsAgile Detecting Errors
•The “easy to change” aspect of agile, requires a way toThe “easy to change” aspect of agile, requires a way toThe “easy to change” aspect of agile, requires a way toThe “easy to change” aspect of agile, requires a way to
detect errors.detect errors.detect errors.detect errors.
•Two of the more effective that we use areTwo of the more effective that we use areTwo of the more effective that we use areTwo of the more effective that we use are
oHigh Level DisjointsHigh Level DisjointsHigh Level DisjointsHigh Level Disjoints
oHigh Level DisjointsHigh Level DisjointsHigh Level DisjointsHigh Level Disjoints
oABoxABoxABoxABox Unit TestsUnit TestsUnit TestsUnit Tests
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DisjointsDisjointsDisjointsDisjoints
•Most of the errors that a tableaux reasoned will surfaceMost of the errors that a tableaux reasoned will surfaceMost of the errors that a tableaux reasoned will surfaceMost of the errors that a tableaux reasoned will surface
stem fromstem fromstem fromstem from disjointnessdisjointnessdisjointnessdisjointness (or negation/ complement)(or negation/ complement)(or negation/ complement)(or negation/ complement)
asssertionsasssertionsasssertionsasssertions
•NoNoNoNo disjointnessdisjointnessdisjointnessdisjointness = no error checking= no error checking= no error checking= no error checking
•NoNoNoNo disjointnessdisjointnessdisjointnessdisjointness = no error checking= no error checking= no error checking= no error checking
42

՞쵰
DisjointnessDisjointnessDisjointnessDisjointness as Venn Diagramsas Venn Diagramsas Venn Diagramsas Venn Diagrams

՞쵰
High Level DisjointsHigh Level DisjointsHigh Level DisjointsHigh Level Disjoints
Person GeoRegionX
Comedian
Chevy
Chase
Chevy
Chase
City
X

Ք︀
ABoxABoxABoxABox Unit TestsUnit TestsUnit TestsUnit Tests
•Check for things that should not arise in the course ofCheck for things that should not arise in the course ofCheck for things that should not arise in the course ofCheck for things that should not arise in the course of
using the ontology, use for unit testingusing the ontology, use for unit testingusing the ontology, use for unit testingusing the ontology, use for unit testing
ASK {
?tc rdf:type sa:TimeCharge .
?tc gist:actualStart ?t1 .
?t1 gist:universalDateTime ?start .
?tc gist:actualEnd ?t2 .
?t2 gist:universalDateTime ?end .
FILTER(?end < ?start)
}

Ք︀
Fractal ModelingFractal ModelingFractal ModelingFractal Modeling
•Move most of your taxonomies out of the class structureMove most of your taxonomies out of the class structureMove most of your taxonomies out of the class structureMove most of your taxonomies out of the class structure
•Separation of governanceSeparation of governanceSeparation of governanceSeparation of governance
•Simplification of the modelSimplification of the modelSimplification of the modelSimplification of the model

՞쵰
Move Minor Distinctions to TaxonomiesMove Minor Distinctions to TaxonomiesMove Minor Distinctions to TaxonomiesMove Minor Distinctions to Taxonomies
• We’re tempted to putWe’re tempted to putWe’re tempted to putWe’re tempted to put
everything we know intoeverything we know intoeverything we know intoeverything we know into
our ontologiesour ontologiesour ontologiesour ontologies
• Many distinctions areMany distinctions areMany distinctions areMany distinctions are
best “pushed” tobest “pushed” tobest “pushed” tobest “pushed” to
taxonomiestaxonomiestaxonomiestaxonomies
taxonomiestaxonomiestaxonomiestaxonomies
• Where mere mortals canWhere mere mortals canWhere mere mortals canWhere mere mortals can
debate and rearrangedebate and rearrangedebate and rearrangedebate and rearrange
themthemthemthem
• Without destabilizing theWithout destabilizing theWithout destabilizing theWithout destabilizing the
ontologyontologyontologyontology

Ք︀
Should it be in the taxonomy?Should it be in the taxonomy?Should it be in the taxonomy?Should it be in the taxonomy?
•Some of the things we consider:Some of the things we consider:Some of the things we consider:Some of the things we consider:
oAre there likely to be instances of this thing, or is it more a wayAre there likely to be instances of this thing, or is it more a wayAre there likely to be instances of this thing, or is it more a wayAre there likely to be instances of this thing, or is it more a way
to tag or classify instances that already exist?to tag or classify instances that already exist?to tag or classify instances that already exist?to tag or classify instances that already exist?
oDo these things have non trivial properties? (trivial propertiesDo these things have non trivial properties? (trivial propertiesDo these things have non trivial properties? (trivial propertiesDo these things have non trivial properties? (trivial properties
are things like “synonym” or “are things like “synonym” or “are things like “synonym” or “are things like “synonym” or “broaderThanbroaderThanbroaderThanbroaderThan” or” or” or” or
are things like “synonym” or “are things like “synonym” or “are things like “synonym” or “are things like “synonym” or “broaderThanbroaderThanbroaderThanbroaderThan” or” or” or” or
““““expressedInLanguageexpressedInLanguageexpressedInLanguageexpressedInLanguage”, non trivial properties include things like”, non trivial properties include things like”, non trivial properties include things like”, non trivial properties include things like
“owns” “governs” ““owns” “governs” ““owns” “governs” ““owns” “governs” “isPartyToisPartyToisPartyToisPartyTo”)”)”)”)
48

Ք︀
Classes and Taxonomic InstancesClasses and Taxonomic InstancesClasses and Taxonomic InstancesClasses and Taxonomic Instances
•Strive to be more likeStrive to be more likeStrive to be more likeStrive to be more like GeoNamesGeoNamesGeoNamesGeoNames thanthanthanthan SnomedSnomedSnomedSnomed
GeoNames Snomed
Concepts 10 million geographical Presumably millions
Concepts 10 million geographical
names
Presumably millions
Classes 19 303,035
Properties 33 152
Taxonomic Categories 645 “feature codes” In classes

Ք︀
ModularityModularityModularityModularity –––– a Two Edged Sworda Two Edged Sworda Two Edged Sworda Two Edged Sword
Allows multiple
Allows multiple
groups to work
independently
Allows multiple
groups create
inconsistencies

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Rules for working with modulesRules for working with modulesRules for working with modulesRules for working with modules
•Don’t add disjoints for classes you importDon’t add disjoints for classes you importDon’t add disjoints for classes you importDon’t add disjoints for classes you import
•Don’t make a class you import an explicit subclass of otherDon’t make a class you import an explicit subclass of otherDon’t make a class you import an explicit subclass of otherDon’t make a class you import an explicit subclass of other
classes (yours or others)classes (yours or others)classes (yours or others)classes (yours or others)
•Don’t change the definition of classes or properties youDon’t change the definition of classes or properties youDon’t change the definition of classes or properties youDon’t change the definition of classes or properties you
•Don’t change the definition of classes or properties youDon’t change the definition of classes or properties youDon’t change the definition of classes or properties youDon’t change the definition of classes or properties you
importimportimportimport
•It’s ok, even encouraged to:It’s ok, even encouraged to:It’s ok, even encouraged to:It’s ok, even encouraged to:
oCreate sub classes of classes youCreate sub classes of classes youCreate sub classes of classes youCreate sub classes of classes you importimportimportimport
oUse the classes and properties you import in the definition ofUse the classes and properties you import in the definition ofUse the classes and properties you import in the definition ofUse the classes and properties you import in the definition of
classes in your moduleclasses in your moduleclasses in your moduleclasses in your module
oUse imported classes in Boolean class expressionsUse imported classes in Boolean class expressionsUse imported classes in Boolean class expressionsUse imported classes in Boolean class expressions
51

Ք쭠
Namespaces and ModulesNamespaces and ModulesNamespaces and ModulesNamespaces and Modules
•Many ontologies use many namespaces (most of the thirdMany ontologies use many namespaces (most of the thirdMany ontologies use many namespaces (most of the thirdMany ontologies use many namespaces (most of the third
party ontologies you inherit have their own namespacesparty ontologies you inherit have their own namespacesparty ontologies you inherit have their own namespacesparty ontologies you inherit have their own namespaces ––––
skosskosskosskos:,:,:,:, foaffoaffoaffoaf:,:,:,:, dbpediadbpediadbpediadbpedia:::: etcetcetcetc))))
•There is a temptation to have each module/ontology haveThere is a temptation to have each module/ontology haveThere is a temptation to have each module/ontology haveThere is a temptation to have each module/ontology have
•There is a temptation to have each module/ontology haveThere is a temptation to have each module/ontology haveThere is a temptation to have each module/ontology haveThere is a temptation to have each module/ontology have
its own name spaceits own name spaceits own name spaceits own name space
•Minus:Minus:Minus:Minus:
o Makes moving concepts from module to module difficult (they have to be renamed and allMakes moving concepts from module to module difficult (they have to be renamed and allMakes moving concepts from module to module difficult (they have to be renamed and allMakes moving concepts from module to module difficult (they have to be renamed and all
the references to them changed)the references to them changed)the references to them changed)the references to them changed)
o It’s a added burden on the consumer to know the namespace for each conceptIt’s a added burden on the consumer to know the namespace for each conceptIt’s a added burden on the consumer to know the namespace for each conceptIt’s a added burden on the consumer to know the namespace for each concept
•Plus:Plus:Plus:Plus:
o It allows each module to coin there own terms without central coordinationIt allows each module to coin there own terms without central coordinationIt allows each module to coin there own terms without central coordinationIt allows each module to coin there own terms without central coordination
52

Ք쭠
Namespaces: Our RecommendationNamespaces: Our RecommendationNamespaces: Our RecommendationNamespaces: Our Recommendation
•Think about the scope of a governance group that isThink about the scope of a governance group that isThink about the scope of a governance group that isThink about the scope of a governance group that is
tasked with creating and naming conceptstasked with creating and naming conceptstasked with creating and naming conceptstasked with creating and naming concepts
•This will be the broadest a name space should be (if theThis will be the broadest a name space should be (if theThis will be the broadest a name space should be (if theThis will be the broadest a name space should be (if the
namespaces were broader, every new term would have tonamespaces were broader, every new term would have tonamespaces were broader, every new term would have tonamespaces were broader, every new term would have to
namespaces were broader, every new term would have tonamespaces were broader, every new term would have tonamespaces were broader, every new term would have tonamespaces were broader, every new term would have to
be reviewed with other groups to ensure consistency andbe reviewed with other groups to ensure consistency andbe reviewed with other groups to ensure consistency andbe reviewed with other groups to ensure consistency and
prevent name collision)prevent name collision)prevent name collision)prevent name collision)
53
us:Account us:Account
CRM Governance Group Finance Governance Group
crm:Account fin:Account
CRM Governance Group Finance Governance Group

Ք쭠
Namespaces: Our RecommendationNamespaces: Our RecommendationNamespaces: Our RecommendationNamespaces: Our Recommendation
•But don’t over do this.But don’t over do this.But don’t over do this.But don’t over do this.
•If you create a namespace for every (modular) ontology,If you create a namespace for every (modular) ontology,If you create a namespace for every (modular) ontology,If you create a namespace for every (modular) ontology,
you will create confusion, unnecessary duplication and makeyou will create confusion, unnecessary duplication and makeyou will create confusion, unnecessary duplication and makeyou will create confusion, unnecessary duplication and make
refactoring more difficultrefactoring more difficultrefactoring more difficultrefactoring more difficult
•Have one namespace over as many ontologies as yourHave one namespace over as many ontologies as yourHave one namespace over as many ontologies as yourHave one namespace over as many ontologies as your
•Have one namespace over as many ontologies as yourHave one namespace over as many ontologies as yourHave one namespace over as many ontologies as yourHave one namespace over as many ontologies as your
governance can managegovernance can managegovernance can managegovernance can manage
54
sales:Prospect
CRM Governance Group
mkt:Lead
in:Customer
ps:Client
crm:Prospect
CRM Governance Group
crm:Lead
crm:Customer
crm:Client

Ք쭠
Separation of ConcernsSeparation of ConcernsSeparation of ConcernsSeparation of Concerns
•Meaning (OWL) Structure (RDF Shapes)Meaning (OWL) Structure (RDF Shapes)Meaning (OWL) Structure (RDF Shapes)Meaning (OWL) Structure (RDF Shapes)
•If you’re trying to answer the question “which properties goIf you’re trying to answer the question “which properties goIf you’re trying to answer the question “which properties goIf you’re trying to answer the question “which properties go
on this class” by looking at the ontology, you’ve collapsedon this class” by looking at the ontology, you’ve collapsedon this class” by looking at the ontology, you’ve collapsedon this class” by looking at the ontology, you’ve collapsed
these two ideasthese two ideasthese two ideasthese two ideas
these two ideasthese two ideasthese two ideasthese two ideas
•The ontology should be the province of coining new terms,The ontology should be the province of coining new terms,The ontology should be the province of coining new terms,The ontology should be the province of coining new terms,
establishing meaning and providing the rules for inferenceestablishing meaning and providing the rules for inferenceestablishing meaning and providing the rules for inferenceestablishing meaning and providing the rules for inference
55

Ք쭠
RDF Shape ExampleRDF Shape ExampleRDF Shape ExampleRDF Shape Example
<ProductRef> {
rdf:type (spo:ProductReference)
, gist:identifiedBy @<ProductID>
, spo:describedBy @<ProductReferenceDescription> ?
, gist:memberOf (@<ProductRange> | @<ProductSubRange>
, gist:memberOf (@<ProductRange> | @<ProductSubRange>
|@<ProductSubSubRange> |@<NewProductRange>) *
, gist:categorizedBy @< ProductOrComponentType> *
, gist:categorizedBy @< ProductFunction> *
, gist:conformsTo @<Standard> *
, gist:specifiedBy (@<SpecEntry> |@<TabularSpecEntry>)?
}

Ք쭠
SummarySummarySummarySummary
•It is necessary (and luckily possible) to create enterpriseIt is necessary (and luckily possible) to create enterpriseIt is necessary (and luckily possible) to create enterpriseIt is necessary (and luckily possible) to create enterprise
ontologiesontologiesontologiesontologies in a relatively short time frame that can bein a relatively short time frame that can bein a relatively short time frame that can bein a relatively short time frame that can be
evolved in placeevolved in placeevolved in placeevolved in place
•There are many techniques that aid in that effort:There are many techniques that aid in that effort:There are many techniques that aid in that effort:There are many techniques that aid in that effort:
oShift from discovery to postulationShift from discovery to postulationShift from discovery to postulationShift from discovery to postulation
oShift from discovery to postulationShift from discovery to postulationShift from discovery to postulationShift from discovery to postulation
oReduce the cognitive load for the consumer of the ontologyReduce the cognitive load for the consumer of the ontologyReduce the cognitive load for the consumer of the ontologyReduce the cognitive load for the consumer of the ontology
oModularize and separate taxonomies and instances to makeModularize and separate taxonomies and instances to makeModularize and separate taxonomies and instances to makeModularize and separate taxonomies and instances to make
maintenance easiermaintenance easiermaintenance easiermaintenance easier
oTest reasoning and results frequentlyTest reasoning and results frequentlyTest reasoning and results frequentlyTest reasoning and results frequently
oWhen modularizing, set up some rules to keep people fromWhen modularizing, set up some rules to keep people fromWhen modularizing, set up some rules to keep people fromWhen modularizing, set up some rules to keep people from
clobbering each otherclobbering each otherclobbering each otherclobbering each other
oKeep structure out of the ontologyKeep structure out of the ontologyKeep structure out of the ontologyKeep structure out of the ontology
57

Ք쭠
Question TimeQuestion TimeQuestion TimeQuestion Time
•To pursue this further:To pursue this further:To pursue this further:To pursue this further:
oArticles and blogsArticles and blogsArticles and blogsArticles and blogs
http://www.semanticarts.com
oGist (free!)Gist (free!)Gist (free!)Gist (free!)
http://www.semanticarts.com/gist
http://www.semanticarts.com/gist
oData Centric Manifesto (become a signatory)Data Centric Manifesto (become a signatory)Data Centric Manifesto (become a signatory)Data Centric Manifesto (become a signatory)
http://datacentricmanifesto.org
oContact me (Dave McComb)Contact me (Dave McComb)Contact me (Dave McComb)Contact me (Dave McComb)
mccomb@semanticarts.com
(970) 490-2224
58

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