This slide is only for educational purpose. It is based on the diseases prevention program for commercial broiler production. I believed that by using this ppt students would be benefited who are particularly in this discipline.
This slide is only for educational purpose. It is based on the diseases prevention program for commercial broiler production. I believed that by using this ppt students would be benefited who are particularly in this discipline.
Vaccine Issues and the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) Guid...Yotam Copelovitz
Vaccination practices worldwide are changing. Various associations and organisations are updating their advice for vaccination best practices in dogs and cats upon an evidence-based research, and here is a recent update written by the honourable Dr. Jean Dodds.
At SuperPaws.in, we understand that your cats and dogs are more than just pets; they're beloved family members. That's why we offer a wide range of premium pet essentials to cater to their every need. From comfortable bedding to durable toys and essential grooming tools, we've got you covered. Explore our collection to provide your four-legged companions with the best of care and comfort.
A brief presentation on fish vaccination and its application particularly in Bangladesh. The overall process is described in a nutshell here. The types, procedure of formation, regulation, licensing and use are among them.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Vaccine Issues and the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) Guid...Yotam Copelovitz
Vaccination practices worldwide are changing. Various associations and organisations are updating their advice for vaccination best practices in dogs and cats upon an evidence-based research, and here is a recent update written by the honourable Dr. Jean Dodds.
At SuperPaws.in, we understand that your cats and dogs are more than just pets; they're beloved family members. That's why we offer a wide range of premium pet essentials to cater to their every need. From comfortable bedding to durable toys and essential grooming tools, we've got you covered. Explore our collection to provide your four-legged companions with the best of care and comfort.
A brief presentation on fish vaccination and its application particularly in Bangladesh. The overall process is described in a nutshell here. The types, procedure of formation, regulation, licensing and use are among them.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
2. FAILURES IN
VACCINATIONS
There are many reasons why a
vaccine may fail to confer
protective immunity on ana
animal. Given is a simple
classification of the ways of
failure of vaccines.
3. Failure to Vaccinate
Most cases of vaccine failure result from unsatisfactory or incomplete administration of the
vaccine or noncompliance with manufacturer's recommendations.
A live vaccine may have died as a result of poor storage, the use of antibiotics in conjunction
with live bacterial vaccines, the use of chemicals to sterilize the syringe, or the excessive use of
alcohol swabs on the skin.
Sometimes animals given vaccines by unconventional routes may not be protected. When
large flocks of poultry or mink are to be vaccinated, it is common to administer the vaccine
either as an aerosol or in drinking water. If the aerosol is not evenly distributed throughout a
building, or if some animals do not drink, they may receive insufficient vaccine.
Inappropriate vaccination of young animals prior to loss of maternal immunity remains a
problem. Animals that subsequently develop disease may be interpreted as cases of vaccine
failure.
4. Failure to Respond
Occasionally, a vaccine may actually be ineffective. The method of production may have
destroyed the protective epitopes, or there may simply be insufficient antigen in the
vaccine. Problems of this type are uncommon and can generally be avoided by using only
vaccines from reputable manufacturers.
More commonly, an animal may simply fail to mount an immune response. Since
immunity is influenced by many genetic and environmental factors, the range of immune
responses in a large random population of animals follows a normal distribution. This
means that most animals respond to antigens by mounting an average immune
response, whereas a few will mount an excellent response, and a few will mount a poor
immune response.
5. It is impossible to protect 100% of a large outbred population of animals by vaccination.
The size of this unreactive portion of the population will vary between vaccines, and its
significance will depend on the nature of the disease. Thus, for highly infectious diseases
against which herd immunity is poor and in which infection is rapidly and efficiently
transmitted, such as foot-and-mouth disease, the presence of even a few unprotected
animals can permit the spread of disease and disrupt control programs.
In contrast, for diseases that are inefficiently spread, such as rabies, 70% protection may
be sufficient to effectively block disease transmission within a population.
6. Immuno-suppression or Underlying diseases
Another type of vaccine failure occurs when the normal immune response is suppressed. For
example, heavily parasitized or malnourished animals may be immunosuppressed and should
not be vaccinated. Some virus infections induce profound immunosuppression. Animals with a
major illness or high fever should not normally be vaccinated unless for a compelling reason.
Stress may reduce a normal immune response, probably because of increased steroid
production; examples of such stress include fatigue, malnutrition, and extremes of cold and
heat.
Surgical neutering at or near the time of first vaccination does not impair the antibody
responses of kittens. Another most important cause of vaccine failure is passively derived
maternal immunity in young animals
7. A case study regarding vaccine
effectiveness-
Analysis of an outbreak of influenza in race horses has shown some interesting and
important factors that appeared to determine vaccine effectiveness. Thus when the
effect of age was analyzed, it appears that 2-year-old horses were less susceptible than
other animals. Further analysis suggested that this increased resistance resulted from
recent vaccination of this age cohort despite other age groups possessing similar
antibody levels.
There was evidence of gender differences in resistance (62% of females and 71% of
males were infected). There was also some evidence that vaccination at a young age (<6
months) in the presence of maternal antibody had detrimental long term effects on
protection when compared to foals first vaccinated between 6 and 18 months of age.
8. Correct Administration & Response
Even animals given an adequate dose of an effective vaccine may fail to be
protected. If the vaccinated animal was incubating the disease before
inoculation, the vaccine may be given too late to affect the course of the
disease.
Alternatively, the vaccine may contain the wrong strain of organisms or the
wrong (nonprotective) antigens.
10. Vaccine related toxicity is usually rare, mild, and transient, and hypothetical side effects must not dominate our
perceptions. Nevertheless, the use of vaccines is not free of risk. Residual virulence and toxicity, allergic responses,
disease in immunodeficient hosts, neurological complications, and harmful effects on the fetus are the most
significant risks associated with the use of vaccines.
Veterinarians should use only licensed vaccines, and the manufacturer's recommendations should be carefully
followed. Since the advantages of vaccination are well documented and extensive, whereas the risk for adverse
effects is poorly documented and, in many cases, largely hypothetical.
Traditionally, adverse events resulting from vaccine administration have been reported by veterinarians to
manufacturers or government agencies. The resulting figures have been impossible to analyze satisfactorily for two
major reasons. First, reporting is voluntary, so significant underreporting occurs. Many adverse events are regarded
as insignificant, or it may be inconvenient to report them. Second, very little data has been available on the number
of animals vaccinated. Although manufacturers know the number of doses of vaccine sold, they are unable to
measure the number of animals vaccinated.
11. A CASE STUDY-
The use of a standardized reporting system within a very large population has permitted objective analysis
of the prevalence of adverse events occurring within 3 days of vaccine administration. Out of 1,226,159
dogs vaccinated, there were 4,678 adverse events recorded (38.2/10,000 dogs); 72.8% of these events
occurred on the same day the vaccine was administered, 31.7% were considered to be allergic reactions,
and 65.8% were considered “vaccine reactions” and were likely due to toxicity.
Additional analysis indicated that the risk of adverse events was significantly greater for small than for
large dogs ; for neutered than for sexually intact dogs; and for dogs that received multiple vaccines. Each
additional vaccine dose administered increased the risk of an adverse event occurring by 27% in small
dogs (<10 kg) and by 12% in dogs heavier than 12 kg. High-risk breeds included Dachshunds, Pugs, Boston
Terriers, Miniature Pinschers, and Chihuahuas.
Overall, the increased incidence of adverse events in small dogs and their relationship tomultiple dosing
suggests that veterinarians should look carefully at the practice of giving the same dose of vaccine to all
dogs irrespective of their size.
12. Identification of an adverse event is based on the clinical judgment of the attending veterinarian
and is subject to bias. Standard case definitions of a vaccine-associated adverse event are not yet
available. On the other hand, the significance of such bias is reduced by the use of such a large
database.
In a report from Japan, 359 dogs showed an adverse event out of 57,300 vaccinated (62.7/10,000
doses). Of these 351 dogs, 41 had anaphylaxis, 244 had dermatological signs, and 160 had
gastrointestinal signs. About half the anaphylaxis events occurred within 5 minutes of vaccination.
Additional analysis of these anaphylaxis cases reported 87% collapse, 77% cyanosis, and both in
71% of affected dogs. These are higher rates than reported elsewhere.
This adverse event rate (62.7/10,000 vaccinated dogs) was higher than the USA (38.2/10,000).
13. Normal Toxicity
Vaccines commonly elicit transient inflammatory reactions, and some degree of inflammation is
required for the efficient induction of protective immune responses. This may cause pain. Thus the
sting produced by some vaccines may present problems not only to the animal being vaccinated but
also, if the animal reacts violently, to the vaccinator.
More commonly, swellings may develop at the reaction site. These may be firm or edematous and may
be warm to the touch. They appear about 1 day after vaccination and can last for about a week.
Without abscess development, these swellings leave little trace.
Vaccines containing killed Gram negative organisms may be intrinsically toxic owing to the presence of
endotoxins that can cause cytokine release, leading to shock, fever, and leukopenia. Although such a
reaction is usually only a temporary inconvenience to male animals, it may be sufficient to provoke
abortion in pregnant females. Thus it is necessary to avoid vaccinating pregnant animals unless the risks
of not giving the vaccine are considered to be too great.
Vaccination with either immune stimulating complex (ISCOM) vaccines or live recombinant vectored
vaccines against influenza and tetanus may induce an acute-phase response in horses.
14. Inappropriate Responses
Vaccines may cause rare but serious allergic reactions. For example, allergic responses may
occur when an animal produces immunoglobulin E (IgE) in response not only to the
immunizing antigen but also to other antigens found in vaccines, such as egg antigens or
antigens from tissue culture cells.
All forms of hypersensitivity are more commonly associated with multiple injections of
antigens and therefore tend to be associated with the use of killed vaccines.
A type I hypersensitivity reaction is an immediate response to an antigen and occurs within a
few minutes or hours after exposure to an antigen.
Type III hypersensitivity reactions are also potential hazards These may cause intense local
inflammation, or they may present as a generalized vascular disturbance such as purpura. A
type III reaction can occur in the eyes of dogs vaccinated against infectious canine hepatitis.
15. Some rabies vaccines may induce a local complement-mediated vasculitis leading to ischemic dermatitis and
local alopecia. This type of reaction is most often seen in small dogs such as Dachshunds, Miniature Poodles,
Bichon Frises, and Terriers.
Type IV hypersensitivity reactions may occur in response to vaccination, but a more common reaction is
granuloma formation at the site of inoculation. This may be a response to depot adjuvants containing alum or
oil. Vaccines containing a water-in-oil adjuvant produce larger and more persistent lesions at injection sites
than vaccines containing alum and aluminum hydroxide. These lesions can be granulomas or sterile abscesses.
If the skin is dirty at the injection site, these abscesses may become infected. For this reason, it is
inappropriate to administer vaccines intramuscularly to animals used for human consumption.
Post vaccinal canine distemper virus encephalitis is a rare complication that may develop after administration
of a modified live canine distemper vaccine. The affected animal may show aggression, incoordination, and
seizures or other neurological signs. The pathogenesis may be due to residual virulence, increased
susceptibility, or triggering of a latent paramyxovirus by the vaccine.
16. Errors in Manufacture or Administration
Some problems associated with vaccine use may be due to poor production or administration.
Thus some modified live vaccines may retain the ability to cause disease.
Some modified live herpes vaccines or calicivirus vaccines given intranasally may spread to the
oropharynx and result in persistent infection. Indeed, such a virus vaccine may infect (and
protect) other animals in contact. Even if these vaccines do not cause overt disease, they may
reduce the rate of growth of farm animals with significant economic consequences.
Some vaccines may trigger a mild immunosuppression. For example, some modified live
parvovirus vaccines may cause a transient decrease in lymphocyte responses to mitogens or
even a lymphopenia in some puppies. Some polyvalent canine viral vaccines can cause a
transient drop in absolute lymphocyte numbers and their responses to mitogens.
17. Several vaccine combinations may result in transient immunosuppression between 5 and 11 days after
vaccination. For example, a combination of canine adenovirus type 1 or type 2 with canine distemper
virus suppresses lymphocyte responses to mitogens.
This T cell suppression may be accompanied by simultaneous enhancement of B cell responses and
raised immunoglobulin levels. Rather than being a pure immunosuppressive effect, it may simply reflect
a transient change in the Th1/Th2 balance.
Live bluetongue vaccine has been reported to cause malformations in the offspring of ewes vaccinated
while pregnant.
The stress from vaccination may also be sufficient to reactivate latent infections; for example, activation
of Equine herpesvirus has been demonstrated following vaccination against African horse sickness.
Mucosal disease may develop in calves vaccinated against Bovine virus diarrhea.
18. Vaccine Associated Auto-immune
Diseases
There is limited evidence that supports an association between vaccination and autoimmunity. A
retrospective analysis of the history of dogs presenting with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA)
showed that 15 of 70 dogs with IMHA had been vaccinated within the previous month, compared with a
randomly selected control group in which none had been vaccinated.
Dogs with IMHA that developed within a month of vaccination differed in some clinical features from dogs
with IMHA unassociated with prior vaccination. Epidemiological studies using very large databases tend to
confirm this effect, in that they show an approximately three-fold increase in diagnoses of auto-immune
thrombocytopenia, and a two-fold increase in diagnoses of IMHA in dogs in the 30 days following vaccination
compared with other time periods.
The overall prevalence of these diseases, however, is low, and they can be diagnosed at times not
temporarily associated with vaccination. Vaccination may therefore serve as a trigger for these diseases in
some dogs, but other, undefined, stimuli must also exist.
19. Vaccine-associated neonatal pancytopenia of calves is a lethal hemorrhagic disease results from
ingestion of maternal colostrum containing anti-BoLA antibodies.
Contaminating thyroglobulin found in some vaccines (usually from the presence of fetal bovine
serum) may lead to the production of antithyroid antibodies in vaccinated dogs. Lymphocytic
thyroiditis has been found in 40% of Beagles on necropsy, but there was no association detected
between vaccination and the development of this thyroiditis.
It is well recognized that Guillain-Barré syndrome, an autoimmune neurological disease of humans,
can be triggered by administration of some vaccines such as influenza vaccine. At least one case has
been reported in a dog following vaccination with a polyvalent distemper-hepatitis-parvovirus
vaccine.
In some animals, the administration of potent, adjuvanted vaccines may stimulate the transient
production of autoantibodies to connective tissue components such as fibronectin and laminin.
20. Vaccine Induced Osteo-dystrophy
Vaccination of some Weimaraner puppies may lead to the development of a severe hypertrophic osteodystrophy.
The disease appears within 10 days of administration of MLV canine distemper vaccine. Systemic signs include
anorexia, depression, fever, and gastrointestinal, nervous, and respiratory symptoms in addition to symmetrical
metaphyseal lesions with painful swollen metaphyses.
Radiological examination shows radiolucent zones in themetaphyses, flared diaphyses, and formation of new
periosteal bone. Hind and fore limbs are equally affected. It is possible that the condition is triggered in genetically
susceptible animals by the vaccine.
The disease responds well to corticosteroid therapy. In many cases, these dogs show a preexisting immune
dysfunction with low concentrations of one or more immunoglobulin classes, recurrent infections, and
inflammatory disease
It has been suggested that Weimaraners are especially susceptible to this condition and that they therefore receive
only killed virus vaccines.
21. …contd
A mild transient polyarthritis has been reported in some dogs following
vaccination. The dogs show a sudden onset of lameness with swollen and
painful joints within 2 weeks of vaccination. The dogs recover within 2 days. No
specific breed or vaccine has been associated with this problem.
Vaccination against calicivirus has been associated with polyarthritis and a
postvaccination limping syndrome in cats.
22. Injection Site Associated Sarcoma
When cats are vaccinated, any inflammation at the injection site usually resolves rapidly
and completely. In some cats, however, highly invasive sarcomas like fibrosarcomas,
malignant histiocytomas, and osteosarcomas & less common forms include
rhabdomyosarcomas, hemangio-sarcomas, chondrosarcomas, liposarcomas, and
lymphosarcomas develop at these sites many months or years after vaccination.
These tumors were first noticed following the introduction of potent, inactivated,
adjuvanted vaccines such as those directed against rabies and feline leukemia. It has
been calculated that 1 to 3.6 sarcomas develop per 10,000 vaccinated cats in the US. The
risk increase with the number of doses of vaccine administered; a 50% increase following
one dose, a 127% increase following two doses, and a 175% increase following three or
four vaccines given simultaneously.
23. It must be pointed out, therefore, that the chances of developing a sarcoma are considerably smaller
than the disease risks incurred by unvaccinated cats. In addition to rabies and FeLV vaccines, sarcomas
have also been associated with vaccines against feline panleukopenia, feline herpesvirus, and feline
calicivirus. Similar vaccination-related injection site sarcomas have been reported in ferrets, dogs, and a
horse.
MECHANISM- Prolonged irritation will increase the activation state of the cells involved in inflammation
and tissue repair. The repair process involves stem cells that can differentiate to replace damaged ones.
These stem cells are long lived and so have plenty of opportunities to accumulate mutations. Signaling
pathways in stem cells promote cellular self-renewal.
During chronic inflammation, macrophages secrete growth factors and angiogenic factors that enhance
cell growth. These factors upregulate NF-κB activity in affected tissues. Oxidants released from activated
macrophages may act as carcinogens, especially in rapidly dividing cells.
24. NF-κB promotes both malignant transformation and metastases and may inhibit apoptosis of premalignant
cells. Fibroblasts proliferate at sites of chronic inflammation and wound healing. In some of these
fibroblasts, the cis oncogene may be activated, whereas in others, there are mutations in the gene coding
for the tumor suppressor factor p53.
The cis oncogene codes for the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor, and vaccine associated
sarcomas have been shown to express both PDGF and its receptor. Therefore, that lymphocytes within the
vaccine-associated sarcomas secrete PDGF, which then serves as a growth factor for the fibroblasts.
The tumor suppressor gene p53 codes for a nuclear protein that regulates the cell cycle. Wild-type p53
increases in response to cell damage permits DNA repair before the cell divides. Damaged cells in which
p53 is absent or mutated can continue to divide, giving rise to abnormal and possibly malignant cells. As
many as 60% of injection site sarcomas may express mutated p53.
25. To assess the risks of tumors developing at vaccination sites, it has been recommended that
vaccines be administered at standardized sites on cats. For example, current recommendations are
to inject rabies vaccine into the right pelvic limb and FeLV vaccine into the left pelvic limb (“rabies,
right; leukemia, left”).
Vaccines should be administered as distally as possible to permit amputation if required. The site of
vaccine administration and the product used should be recorded for each vaccine to help in
assessing risk factors. Clients should be instructed to monitor injection sites for swellings or lumps
so that any developing tumors are detected and excised as early as possible.