This document discusses adverb phrases and clauses of reason. It explains that adverb clauses of reason provide information about why an action occurs and usually begin with words like "because" or "since". These clauses can be changed into adverb phrases by removing the subject and changing the verb to the present participle. The document also discusses using "having" plus the past participle when the verb in the adverb clause is perfect or past tense. It provides examples to demonstrate these concepts.

1. W H Y D I D T H A T H A P P E N ?
Adverb Phrases of Reason

2. Adverb clauses of reason
 Adverb clauses of reason give information about why an
action occurs.
 They usually begin with a word such as because or
since.
Example: Because it wanted to lick the bottom of
the can, the dog got his head stuck.
 You can usually change an adverb clause to an adverb
phrase by removing the subject and changing the verb to
the present participle (verb + -ing)
Example: Wanting to lick the
bottom of the can, the dog got his
head stuck.

3. Try these: take out the subject and change the
verb to verb + -ing
 Since it wanted to fly, the sheep climbed up to
the roof.
 Because she hoped to not become hamburger,
Moo-moo the cow pretended she was a car.
 Because he desired to seem more frightening,
Lucky showed his scariest face.

4. Since it wanted to fly, the sheep climbed up
to the roof.
Wanting to fly, the sheep
climbed up to the roof.

5. Because she hoped to not become hamburger,
Moo-moo the cow pretended she was a car.
Hoping to not become hamburger,
Moo-moo the cow pretended
she was a car.

6. Because he desired to seem more
frightening, Lucky showed his scariest face.
Desiring to seem more frightening,
Lucky showed his scariest face.

7. Adverb clauses with perfect verbs
Having shaved off his fur,
Taylor Lautner was able to
star in the Twilight movies.
 If the verb in the adverb clause is perfect (verb + have/
had / has), use having + the past participle of the verb
(eat – ate – eaten, etc.)
 Example: Because he had shaved off his fur, Taylor
Lautner was able to star in the Twilight movies.

8. You try: use Having + the past participle
 Because he had been told he looked too young, Tony
decided to grow a moustache.
 Since he had nowhere to run, the giraffe tried a
different method of escape.
 Because he had never eaten snake before, Thomas
decided to try some.

9. Because he had been told he looked too young,
Tony decided to grow a moustache.
Having been told he looked too young, Tony
decided to grow a moustache.

10. Since he had nowhere to run, the giraffe tried a
different method of escape.
Having nowhere to run, the giraffe tried a
different method of escape.

11. Because he had never eaten snake before,
Thomas decided to try some.
Having never eaten snake before,
Thomas decided to try some.