8. Non-specialists’ assumptions about science
• Misconceptions
– Research is a linear process
of discovery
– Research produces clear
results
– Research produces
consistent results
– All research is conducted the
same way (i.e., the researcher or
discipline doesn’t come into it)
– Researchers know more than
everyone else about a topic http://ed.fnal.gov/projects/scientists/in
dex.html
9. Actual epistemology of science
• Some philosophical assumptions
– Determinism
– Empiricism
– Skepticism
• Some methodological principles
– Observation
– Measurement
– Experimentation
• Some reasoning principles
– Parsimony
– Falsification
– Objectivity
10. News Reporting and science
• Reporting priorities
– Concrete, simple > opposite
– Time pressure, “Churnalism”
• Media triggers
– Relevance, currency
• Frames and metaphors
– Desire for narratives
20. “…more than a quarter of women feel embarrassed at having to pull out their reading
glasses in restaurants and supermarkets as they feel it’s a clear sign they are older, knocking
their confidence, and adding to their ‘invisibility’…”
http://goo.gl/HGn8Ly
24. Scientists say the funniest things
“Fukalite”
“Fucitol”
“Fuchsite”
“Fucol”
Escherichia coli K-12 substr. MG1655 Gene: “fucU”
25. “Men Who Have Sex With Men”
Winder (2006)
Mills et al. (2004). American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(2), 278-285.
Winder (2006). UNAIDS/06.25E
Mills et al. (2004)
26. Churnalism
From the media interview
“We have already distanced
ourselves from this claim as it is
an incorrect interpretation of
our data... we cannot say what
is the cause and what is the
effect”
From the Abstract
“a vegetarian diet is associated
with poorer health…Therefore,
public health programs are
needed in order reduce the
health risk due to nutritional
factors”
http://goo.gl/DkGk72
29. Media Triggers
120
100
80
60
40
20
Shanahan & Good (2000). Public Understanding of Science, 9, 285-295.
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
0
NY Times
Wash Post
NY
DC
48. Anti-vaccination arguments: 19th century
1878, National Anti-Argument Compulsory Vaccination Reporter
“…diptheria, erysipelas, and not unfrequently
abscesses...diarrhoae, bronchitis, convultions…”
“saturating the small-pox [vaccine] with carbolic
acid…a virulent poison [that] enters the blood”
“Epidemics still continue to break out…”
.
“The duration of protection be limited…can the
short-lived protection be expected to guard us?”
“Friends, this medical despotism is a hard,
materialistic, infidel thing…”
“insults every human being…despotism, injustice
and tyranny…”
Vaccines cause illnesses
Vaccines contain toxic
additives
Vaccines are ineffective
Vaccine immunity is
temporary
Vaccines are promulgated
solely for (others’) profit
State promotion of
vaccination is totalitarian
“…a substitute…for faithful obedience to the
sacred laws of health…”
A healthy lifestyle is better
than any vaccine
Wolfe, R.M., & Sharp, L. K. (2002). British Medical Journal, 325, 430-432.
http://goo.gl/sfnhdc
49. Anti-vaccination arguments: 21st century
2002, Argument various websites cited by Wolfe & Sharp
“The Orwellian spectable of monopolistic and
oligopolistic pharmaceutical manufacturers…”
State promotion of
vaccination is totalitarian
“manufacturers use the government to say ‘you
must buy my product and inject it into your
body’”
Vaccines are promulgated
solely for (others’) profit
“...significant amounts of highly toxic substances
such as mercury, aluminum, and formaldehyde.”
Vaccines contain toxic
additives
“personal hygiene & diet stop diseases, folks, not
injecting virulent genetic material into yr veins”
A healthy lifestyle is better
than any vaccine
“The vaccine requires multiple boosters
throughout life…”
Vaccine immunity is
temporary
“…studies have shown that vaccination has been
unreliable as a means of preventing disease”
Vaccines are ineffective
“…autism, hyperactivity, ADHD, dyslexia,
allergies, cancer, and other conditions…”
Vaccines cause illnesses
Wolfe, R.M., & Sharp, L. K. (2002). British Medical Journal, 325, 430-432.
http://goo.gl/sfnhdc