This document discusses adverse drug reactions and events. It defines adverse drug reactions as unintended responses to drugs that occur at therapeutic doses. Adverse drug events may or may not be caused by the drug. Factors that increase risk of adverse reactions include polypharmacy, aging, pregnancy, and immunosuppression. Reactions are classified based on severity from minor to lethal. Type A reactions are predictable and dose-dependent while Type B reactions involve immune responses and are unpredictable. Preventing adverse reactions involves appropriate use of drugs and monitoring for new symptoms after starting treatment.
General introduction about the autocoids like Function of Autocoids and it's classification and Introduction about the Ecosanoids, Histamine part having introduction, Properties, Mode of Action, Adverse Effect, Biosynthesis and metabolism all in a simple manner with related questions.
Histamine, meaning ‘tissue amine’ (histos—tissue) is almost ubiquitously present in animal tissues and in certain plants, e.g. stinging nettle. Its pharmacology was studied in detail by Dale in the beginning of the 20th century when close parallelism was noted between its actions and the manifestations of certain allergic reactions. It was implicated as a mediator of hypersensitivity phenomena and tissue injury reactions. It is now known to play important physiological roles.
Neurohumoral transmission in CNS-
The term neurohumoral transmission designates the transfer of a nerve impulse from a presynaptic to a postsynaptic neuron by means of a humoral agent e.g. a biogenic amine, an amino acid or a peptide.
General introduction about the autocoids like Function of Autocoids and it's classification and Introduction about the Ecosanoids, Histamine part having introduction, Properties, Mode of Action, Adverse Effect, Biosynthesis and metabolism all in a simple manner with related questions.
Histamine, meaning ‘tissue amine’ (histos—tissue) is almost ubiquitously present in animal tissues and in certain plants, e.g. stinging nettle. Its pharmacology was studied in detail by Dale in the beginning of the 20th century when close parallelism was noted between its actions and the manifestations of certain allergic reactions. It was implicated as a mediator of hypersensitivity phenomena and tissue injury reactions. It is now known to play important physiological roles.
Neurohumoral transmission in CNS-
The term neurohumoral transmission designates the transfer of a nerve impulse from a presynaptic to a postsynaptic neuron by means of a humoral agent e.g. a biogenic amine, an amino acid or a peptide.
Expt. 5 Bioassay of oxytocin using rat uterine horn by interpolation methodVISHALJADHAV100
Objective
Principle
Requirements
Experimental specifications (conditions)
Preparation of oxytocin standard solution
Preparation of De Jalon solution (PSS)
Procedure
Kymograph recording of contractions
Observation table
Graphical presentation of DRC
Calculation
Result and interpretation
Expt. 6 Study of effect of drugs on gastrointestinal motilityVISHALJADHAV100
Objective
Principle
Requirements
Preparation of Tyrode solution
Procedure
Kymograph recording of contractions
Observation table
Result and Interpretation
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurologic disorder that causes the brain to shrink (atrophy) and brain cells to die. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia — a continuous decline in thinking, behavioral and social skills that affects a person's ability to function independently.
Expt. 5 Bioassay of oxytocin using rat uterine horn by interpolation methodVISHALJADHAV100
Objective
Principle
Requirements
Experimental specifications (conditions)
Preparation of oxytocin standard solution
Preparation of De Jalon solution (PSS)
Procedure
Kymograph recording of contractions
Observation table
Graphical presentation of DRC
Calculation
Result and interpretation
Expt. 6 Study of effect of drugs on gastrointestinal motilityVISHALJADHAV100
Objective
Principle
Requirements
Preparation of Tyrode solution
Procedure
Kymograph recording of contractions
Observation table
Result and Interpretation
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurologic disorder that causes the brain to shrink (atrophy) and brain cells to die. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia — a continuous decline in thinking, behavioral and social skills that affects a person's ability to function independently.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
2. ADVERSE DRUG REACTION
Any response to a drug that is noxious and
unintended and occurs at doses used in man for
prophylaxis,diagnosis or therapy
3. ADVERSE DRUG EVENT (ADE)
Any untoward occurrence that may present during
treatment with a medicine
But
Does not necessarily have a causal relationship
with the treatment
4. • Incidence of ADR
– Polypharmacy
– Elderly
– Children
– Patient with multiple diseases
– Pregnancy
– Malnourished
– Immunosuppression
– Drug Abusers and addicts
5. GRADING OF SEVERITY OF ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS :
Minor : No therapy, antidote or prolongation of
hospitalization is required.
Moderate: Requires change in drug therapy, specific
treatment or prolongs hospital stay.
Severe: Potentially life-threatening, causes permanent
damage or requires intensive medical treatment.
Lethal : Directly or indirectly contributes to death of
patient.
6. CLASSIFICATIONS OF ADR
• A (Augmented)
• B (Bizarre)
• C (Continuous)
• D (Delayed)
• E (Ending Use)
• F (Failure of Efficacy)
Broadly
Type- A (Predictable)- Based on pharmacological properties
Type- B (Non-predictable) – Based on Immunological response
and genetic makeup of person
7. TYPE A- AUGMENTED
• These are based on the pharmacological
properties of the drug .Predictable.
• They are common and account for 75% of
ADRs
• Dose related and preventable mostly
reversible.
Predictable
8. • TYPE A Adverse drug reactions
SIDE EFFECTS SECONDARY TOXIC EFFECTS
EFFECTS
9. SIDE EFFECTS
Unwanted often unavoidable pharmacodynamic
effects that occur at therapeutic doses.
Not serious.
Predicted from pharmacological profile of drug.
Reduction in dose –ameliorates symptoms
10. Side effects
• May be based on same action as therapeutic
effect.
• Eg:Atropine used in pre anaesthetic
medication for its antisecretory action.
produces dryness of mouth as side effect.
• Promethazine produces sedation –unrelated
to its antiallergic reaction.
• Estrogen cause nausea –unrelated to
antiovulatory action.
11. Effect may be therapeutic in one context but side
effect in another.
Codeine used for cough produces constipation as
side effect ,latter is its therapeutic effect in
travellers diarrhoea.
Serendipity:
Early sulphonamides used as antibacterial :
hypoglycemia and acidosis as side effects-
development of hypoglycemic sulphonylureas
and carbonic anhydrase inhibitor.
12. SECONDARY EFFECTS
• Indirect consequences of a primary action of the
drug.
• E.g. corticosteroids weaken host defence
mechanisms so that latent tuberculosis gets
activated.
13. TOXIC EFFECTS
• Over dose or prolonged use.
• The effects are predictable and dose related.
• The CNS, CVS, kidney, liver, lung, skin and bone
marrow are most commonly involved in drug
toxicity.
14. • Toxicity resulting from extension of therapeutic
effect:
• Coma by barbiturates
• Bleeding due to heparin
• Morphine-respiratory depression in overdosage
• Imipramine overdosage –cardiac arrhythmia
• Streptomycin- vestibular damage on prolonged use
15. TOXICITY TO ORGAN SYSTEMS
• Hepatotoxicity-ATT drugs
• Nephrotoxicity-
analgesics,aminoglycosides,cisplatin
• Ototoxicity-aminoglycoside, furosemide
• Cardiovascular system-digoxin,doxorubicin
16. TYPE B- BIZZARE OR UNPREDICTABLE
Unrelated to the primary pharmacological effects of
drug.
• Develop on the basis of:
– Immunological reaction on a drug (Allergy)
– Genetic predisposition (Idiosyncratic reactions)
Un-predictable
17. IDIOSYNCRASY
• It is genetically determined abnormal reactivity to
a chemical.
• Reaction is restricted to individuals with particular
genotype.
Example :
• Chloramphenicol produces nondose-related
serious aplastic anaemia.
• Barbiturates cause excitement and mental confusion
in some individuals.
Un-Predictable
18. DRUG ALLERGY
• It is also called drug hypersensitivity.
• It is an immunologically mediated reaction.
• unrelated to the pharmacodynamic profile of the drug.
• It generally occur even with much smaller doses and
have a different time course of onset and duration.
Un-Predictable
19. TYPES OF ALLERGIC REACTIONS
A) HUMORAL
1. Type I/ anaphylactic reactions.
2. Type-II / cytolytic reactions.
3. Type-Ill / retarded or Arthus reactions.
B) CELL MEDIATED
Type-IV (delayed hypersensitivity) reactions.
20.
21.
22. Treatment of drug allergy
• Offending drug immediately stopped.
• Inject adrenaline 0.5 mg(0.5 ml of 1 in 1000) solution
for adult i.m.
• H1 antihistaminic (10-20 mg )i.m.
• Intravenous glucocorticoid (200 mg) in severe cases.
Glucocorticoids are only drugs for type 2,3,4 reactions.
Penicillin,sulphonamides,cephalosporins are some
drugs causing allergic reactions.
23. TYPE C – CHRONIC (CONTINOUS) USE
• They are mostly associated with cumulative-long
term exposure
Example:-
Analgesic (NSAID)– interstitial nephritis, papillary
sclerosis, necrosis.
Cushing syndrome
Predictable
24. TYPE D – DELAYED
Occur long after stopping treatment.
Eg:leukemia following treatment of hodgkins lymphoma
Teratogenic effects
Predictable
25. TYPE E – END OF USE
Due to sudden discontinuation of a drug after prolonged use.
– Example – sudden withdrawal of long term therapy with
-blockers can induce rebound tachycardia and
hypertension
Predictable
26. INTOLERANCE
• It is the appearance of characteristic toxic
effects of a drug in an individual at therapeutic
doses.
• It indicates a low threshold of the individual to
the action of a drug
• Example:- Only few doses of carbamazepine
may cause ataxia in some people.
Triflupromazine-muscular dystonia.
Un-Predictable
27. PHOTOSENSITIVITY
It is a cutaneous reaction resulting from drug induced
sensitization of the skin to UV radiation.
The reactions are of two types:
a) Photo-toxic :- (T-S)
a) Drug or its metabolite Accumulates in the skin,
b) absorbs light and undergoes a Photochemical reaction
followed by
c) Photobiological reaction resulting in
d) Tissue damage (sunburn-like),
a) i.e. erythema, edema, blistering , hyper pigmentation, desquamation.
The shorter wave lengths (290-320 nm, UVB) are responsible
28. • Drugs causing acute photo toxic reaction are
tetracycline.This reaction more common than
photoallergic reaction.
Drugs causing chronic and low grade sensitisation are
nalidixic acid, sulponamides,amiodarone.
29. (b) Photo-allergic: (A-L)
Drug or its metabolites induce a cell mediated immune
response which on exposure to
Light of longer wave lengths (320-400 nm, UV -A)
Produces a papular or eczematous contact dermatitis like
picture.
Drugs involved are sulfonamides, sulfonylureas, griseofulvin,
chloroquine, chlorpromazine
30. DRUG DEPENDENCE
Physical dependence It is an altered physiological state
produced by repeated administration of a drug which
necessitates the continued presence of the drug to maintain
physiological equilibrium.
• Discontinuation of the drug results in a characteristic
withdrawal (abstinence) syndrome.
opioids, barbiturates alcohol and benzodiazepines
31. • Psychological dependance
When individual believes optimal state of well
being is achieved only through actions of drug.
Psychological dependance varies from desire to
craving.
Opioids and cocaine are strong
reinforcers.Benzodiazepines are weak
reinforcers.
32. • Drug abuse :
Refers to use of a drug by self medication in a manner and
amount that deviates from the approved medical and social
patterns in a given culture at a given time.
Two patterns of drug abuse:
Continuous use: opioids,alcohol,sedatives.
Occasional use:
cocaines,amphetamines,cannabis,solvents(inhalation)
• Drug addiction
It is a pattern of compulsive drug use characterized by
overwhelming involvement with the use of a drug.
Procuring the drug and using it takes precedence over other
activities.eg: amphetamines,cocaine,cannabis,LSD
33. • Drug habituation
It denotes less intensive involvement with the drug,
so that its withdrawal produces only mild
discomfort.
• Consumption of tea, coffee, tobacco, social drinking
are regarded habituating, physical dependence is
absent
34. TERATOGENICITY
• Drug to cause foetal abnormalities when administered to the pregnant
mother.
• Drugs can affect the foetus at 3 stages-
(i) Fertilization and implantation-conception to
17 days-failure of pregnancy which often goes unnoticed.
(ii) Organogenesis-18 to 55 days of gestation most vulnerable period,
deformities are produced.
(iii) Growth and development-56 days onwards
developmental and functional abnormalities
can occur,
e.g. ACE inhibitors , Thalidomide(seal like limbs)
, Warfarin, Barbiturates
35.
36.
37. • Type of malformation depends on drug as well
as stage at which exposure to teratogen
occured.
• Frequency as well as drug induced
malformations reduced by folate therapy
during pregnancy.
38. MUTAGENICITY AND CARCINOGENICITY
• Cause genetic defects and cancer respectively.
• Oxidation of drug-reactive intermediates which affect genes
and may cause structural changes in the chromosomes.
• Covalent interaction with DNA –modify it to induce mutations
,manifest as heritable defects in next generation.
• Even without interacting directly with DNA, certain
chemicals can promote malignant change in genetically
damaged cells, resulting in carcinogenesis.
• Examples- anticancer drugs, radioisotopes, estrogens, tobacco
39. DRUG INDUCED DISEASES
• These are also called iatrogenic (physician induced)
diseases, and are functional disturbances (disease)
caused by drugs .
• Hepatitis by isoniazid and Rifampicin
• Peptic ulcer by salicylates and corticosteroids
• Parkinsonism by phenothiazines and other
antipsychotics.
40. PHARMACOVIGILANCE
The 'science and activities relating to the detection,
assessment, understanding and prevention of
adverse effects or any other drug related
problems’
The Uppsala Monitoring Centre (Sweden) is the
international collaborating centre.
41. PREVENTION OF ADVERSE EFFECTS TO DRUGS
• Avoid inappropriate use of drugs .
• Appropriate drug administration (Rational Therapeutics)
– Dose
– Dosage form
– Duration
– Route
– Frequency
– Technique
• Ask for previous history of drug reactions and allergies
• Always suspect ADR when new symptom arises after
initiation of treatment. ( No new drug for new symptom).
• Ask for laboratory findings like serum creatinine etc.