This study examined adolescents' explanations for why young people may become involved in paramilitary activities. 74 Protestant and Catholic adolescents along the Northern Ireland/Irish border completed an essay explaining possible motivations. Their responses reflected a diversity of perspectives and were analyzed using grounded theory. Four categories of explanations emerged: social identification explanations, family and socialization explanations, developmental explanations, and pathological explanations. Many respondents also offered personal judgments about paramilitary involvement. This study provides insight into how youth understand political violence in conflict-affected areas.
Causal Analysis on TerrorismThe conventional definition of terro.docxcravennichole326
Causal Analysis on Terrorism
The conventional definition of terrorism portrays it as the use of violence in order to pursue political interests (Sandler, 2013). The awareness of terrorism increased along with the realization that human beings have the tendency of using violence to influence politics in order to suit their psychological, emotional, and physical needs. Likewise, terrorism has increased along with the understanding that governments can be forced to agree to the demands of specific groups. Arguably, the September 9/11 attack on the United States caught the attention of many people (Sandler, 2013). The successful attack on the most powerful nation revealed the extent of people’s vulnerability.
Consequently, many studies which attempted to explain the causes of terrorism in the contemporary society emerged. In the past, scholars placed much emphasis on low-level education, few economic opportunities, and poverty as the primary facilitators of terrorism. However, terrorism has not reduced despite the implementation of interventions which focused on redressing such factors (Sandler, 2013). It means that there is still a gap in the information regarding the cause of terrorism regardless of the studies. Therefore, this paper seeks to examine terrorism as a response to political conditions while proving that low-level education, poverty, and religious and cultural differences are not the primary causes of the problem.Discussion
A study conducted by Enders and Hoover (2012) to determine the relationship between poverty and terrorism forms a part of the basis underpinning this discussion. The study methodology involved the analysis of information entailing the extent of domestic and international terrorism. It also involved the estimation of models which could predict a nonlinear relationship between poverty and terrorism (Enders & Hoover, 2012). The study determined that poverty can cause terrorism, but not to the extent to which it has been exaggerated by the media and some scholars. In fact, poverty can only significantly influence domestic terrorism. The study also established that the difference in population characteristics and political freedom can facilitate terrorism relatively more compared to poverty and lack of economic opportunities (Enders & Hoover, 2012). Comment by Author: Transition between these sentences to show you are adding on a fact that helps to support the points you are making about false causes.
In a different discussion, Cinar in conjunction with Epoka University (2010) reviewed several literature sources and determined that it is misleading to perceive terrorism as a response to inadequate education or lack of thereof. Likewise, the difference in ideological roots, religious, and cultural diversity are not the predominant causes of terrorism. In the past, terrorists used religion to find acceptable justification for their acts. Otherwise, religion cannot influence people to form a particular political opinion ...
Why did some social movement organization (SMO) families receive extensive media
coverage? In this article, we elaborate and appraise four core arguments in the literature
on movements and their consequences: disruption, resource mobilization, political
partisanship, and whether a movement benefits from an enforced policy. Our fuzzy-set
qualitative comparative analyses (fsQCA) draw on new, unique data from the New York
Times across the twentieth century on more than 1,200 SMOs and 34 SMO families. At
the SMO family level, coverage correlates highly with common measures of the size and
disruptive activity of movements, with the labor and African American civil rights
movements receiving the most coverage. Addressing why some movement families
experienced daily coverage, fsQCA indicates that disruption, resource mobilization, and
an enforced policy are jointly sufficient; partisanship, the standard form of “political
opportunity,” is not part of the solution. Our results support the main perspectives, while
also suggesting that movement scholars may need to reexamine their ideas of favorable
political contexts.
Causal Analysis on TerrorismThe conventional definition of terro.docxcravennichole326
Causal Analysis on Terrorism
The conventional definition of terrorism portrays it as the use of violence in order to pursue political interests (Sandler, 2013). The awareness of terrorism increased along with the realization that human beings have the tendency of using violence to influence politics in order to suit their psychological, emotional, and physical needs. Likewise, terrorism has increased along with the understanding that governments can be forced to agree to the demands of specific groups. Arguably, the September 9/11 attack on the United States caught the attention of many people (Sandler, 2013). The successful attack on the most powerful nation revealed the extent of people’s vulnerability.
Consequently, many studies which attempted to explain the causes of terrorism in the contemporary society emerged. In the past, scholars placed much emphasis on low-level education, few economic opportunities, and poverty as the primary facilitators of terrorism. However, terrorism has not reduced despite the implementation of interventions which focused on redressing such factors (Sandler, 2013). It means that there is still a gap in the information regarding the cause of terrorism regardless of the studies. Therefore, this paper seeks to examine terrorism as a response to political conditions while proving that low-level education, poverty, and religious and cultural differences are not the primary causes of the problem.Discussion
A study conducted by Enders and Hoover (2012) to determine the relationship between poverty and terrorism forms a part of the basis underpinning this discussion. The study methodology involved the analysis of information entailing the extent of domestic and international terrorism. It also involved the estimation of models which could predict a nonlinear relationship between poverty and terrorism (Enders & Hoover, 2012). The study determined that poverty can cause terrorism, but not to the extent to which it has been exaggerated by the media and some scholars. In fact, poverty can only significantly influence domestic terrorism. The study also established that the difference in population characteristics and political freedom can facilitate terrorism relatively more compared to poverty and lack of economic opportunities (Enders & Hoover, 2012). Comment by Author: Transition between these sentences to show you are adding on a fact that helps to support the points you are making about false causes.
In a different discussion, Cinar in conjunction with Epoka University (2010) reviewed several literature sources and determined that it is misleading to perceive terrorism as a response to inadequate education or lack of thereof. Likewise, the difference in ideological roots, religious, and cultural diversity are not the predominant causes of terrorism. In the past, terrorists used religion to find acceptable justification for their acts. Otherwise, religion cannot influence people to form a particular political opinion ...
Why did some social movement organization (SMO) families receive extensive media
coverage? In this article, we elaborate and appraise four core arguments in the literature
on movements and their consequences: disruption, resource mobilization, political
partisanship, and whether a movement benefits from an enforced policy. Our fuzzy-set
qualitative comparative analyses (fsQCA) draw on new, unique data from the New York
Times across the twentieth century on more than 1,200 SMOs and 34 SMO families. At
the SMO family level, coverage correlates highly with common measures of the size and
disruptive activity of movements, with the labor and African American civil rights
movements receiving the most coverage. Addressing why some movement families
experienced daily coverage, fsQCA indicates that disruption, resource mobilization, and
an enforced policy are jointly sufficient; partisanship, the standard form of “political
opportunity,” is not part of the solution. Our results support the main perspectives, while
also suggesting that movement scholars may need to reexamine their ideas of favorable
political contexts.
Upsurge of Money Ritual among Youths in Nigeria and National SecurityYogeshIJTSRD
This study examines the threat of money ritual among youths in Nigeria, a subject that has received little or no sufficient academic attention and it socio political and national under pinning have largely been ignored in state responses. The apparent downward trend in socio economic greediness and quest for material possession, have led to increase in the number of youth using fetish practices to come to term with prevailing socio economic demands. The focus of this paper therefore is to critically analyze the upsurge of money ritual among youths in Nigeria. Pivoting the theoretical framework of the study on Robert .K. Merton’s anomie strain theory, to the effect that “Innovation†in which goals are pursued but legitimate means is eliminated, and illegitimate means is created and used. The paper concludes that money ritual is a threat to national security and therefore, recommends among others, provision of employment opportunities to jobless youth, effective policies to combat the scourge of poverty, address the widening gap of inequality, and reward core value of honesty and hard work review of security architects. Saka-Olokungboye, N | Fapetu, O. V | Agbi Nelson | Ologun, C. A "Upsurge of Money Ritual among Youths in Nigeria and National Security" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38664.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/sociology/38664/upsurge-of-money-ritual-among-youths-in-nigeria-and-national-security/sakaolokungboye-n
Argumentative Essay On The Death Penalty.pdfRosa Williams
Death Penalty Argumentative Essay - Free Essay Example. ⚡ Arguments against death penalty essay. Against the Death Penalty .... Gratis Death Penalty Argumentative Essay. Argumentative Essay About Death Penalty – Telegraph. Argumentative Essay. Death Penalty / Essays / ID: 462589.
Essay On Non Violence. Violence Essay Essay on Violence for Students and Chi...Lisa Phon
The power of non violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written .... Youth Violence Essay | Essay on Youth Violence for Students and .... Nonviolence. 6 Papers on Research in Preventing Violence Against Women and Children .... Calaméo - Domestic Violence Essay: Free Tips on How to Create a Paper. Essays on domestic violence. Short Essay On Non Violence. Violence Essay | Essay on Violence for Students and Children in English .... Domestic Violence Argumentative Essay - PHDessay.com. Non Violence Essay in English WIKILIV. Essay on Non-Violence [ Concept, Features & Importance ]. Here is your free sample essay on Non Violence. Essay on Non Violence. Essay on Non Violence in Hindi. Non violence essay topics - studyclix.web.fc2.com. Essay on nonviolence and truth. write essay with the "promoting a culture of non violence" - Brainly.ph. The Essay Contest To End Violence Against Women | PDF | Violence .... Domestic Violence Essay | Essay on Domestic Violence for Students and .... What are the Possible Causes and Signs of Domestic Violence - Free .... Argumentative Essay On Domestic Violence - Domestic violence essay .... Gandhi's Concept of Non-Violence in International Relations .... School essay: Non violence essay. Domestic Violence Essay - Legal and Non-Legal Response | Legal Studies .... The Problem of Domestic Violence Essay Example | Topics and Well .... N
In this Microsoft word file you can have a complete file of what is terrorism what are its various types and what are its impacts and also can have recommendations off how to control it and in last there are also a brief conclusion about the complete document
1Developmental Predictors of Violent Extremist Attitud.docxdrennanmicah
1
Developmental Predictors of Violent Extremist Attitudes – A test of General Strain
Theory*
Amy Nivette
Griffith University
Manuel Eisner
University of Cambridge
Denis Ribeaud
ETH Zurich
2
ABSTRACT
Objectives: This study examines the influence of collective strain on support for violent
extremism among an ethnically and religiously mixed sample of Swiss adolescents. This
study explores two claims derived from General Strain Theory: (1) exposure to collective
strain is associated with higher support for violent extremism and (2) the effect of
collective strain is conditional on perceptions of moral and legal constraints.
Methods: This study examines the effects of collective strain using data from two waves
of the Zurich Project on the Social Development of Children and Youth. This study uses
ordinary least squares procedures to regress violent extremist attitudes at age 17 on strain,
moral and legal constraints, and control variables measured at ages 15-17. Conditional
effects were examined using an interaction term for collective strain and moral
disengagement and legal cynicism, respectively.
Results: The results show that vicarious collective strain does not have a direct effect on
violent extremist attitudes once other variables are controlled. However, the degree to
which individuals neutralize moral and legal constraints amplifies the impact of collective
strain on violent extremist attitudes.
Conclusions: This study shows that those who already espouse justifications for violence
and rule-breaking are more vulnerable to extremist violent pathways, particularly when
exposed to conditions of collective social and economic strife, conflict, and repression.
3
Research on violent extremism has produced a wide array of risk factors in psychological,
social, and political domains (Bhui, Warfa, and Jones 2014; Borum 2011a, 2011b;
Dalgaard-Nielsen 2010; Gill, Horgan, and Deckert 2014; LaFree and Ackerman 2009;
McGilloway, Ghosh, and Bhui 2015). These include psychological characteristics (e.g. low
self-control), social context features (e.g. alienation) and political processes (e.g. exclusion
from politics). LaFree and Ackerman (2009) argue that part of the difficulty in
synthesizing information on extremist violence is due to the breadth of attitudinal,
behavioral, and group-based outcomes examined under one conceptual umbrella. In
addition, studies differ in their analytical approach, including for instance analyses of risk
factors using survey samples and individual interviews (Doosje, Loseman, and van den
Bos 2013; Goli and Rezaei 2010; Pauwels and De Waele 2014), or retrospective life
history analyses of known terrorists (Gill et al. 2014). As a result of this diversity in
theoretical domains, outcomes, and analytical approaches, empirical findings on the
causes and correlates of violent extremist beliefs and behaviors are unders.
29
I.
II.
Youth exclusion, violence, conflict and fragile
states
Report prepared for DFID‟s Equity and Rights
Team
Final report: 30th April 2009
Lyndsay McLean Hilker
Erika Fraser
Social Development Direct Youth exclusion, violence, conflict and fragile states Pg 1
Youth exclusion, violence, conflict and fragile states: 30/04/09
Contents
Executive summary …………………………………………………………………………. 3
1.0 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………… 8
1.1 Background …………………………………………………………………………. 8
1.2 Objectives and scope ………………………………………………………………. 8
1.3 Methodology …………………………………………………………………………. 8
2.0 Key concepts ……………………………………………………………………………. 9
2.1 Understanding the complexity of ―Youth‖ ………………………………………… 9
2.2 The multiple dimensions of exclusion …………………………………………….. 9
2.3 Conflict, fragility and different forms of violence ………………………………... 10
3.0 Youth exclusion and violence: The issues and evidence ………………………. 12
3.1 Overview ……………………………………………………………………………... 12
3.2 Theories of youth engagement in violence ………………………………………. 13
3.3 Structural factors underlying youth exclusion and violence ……………………. 19
3.3.1 Demography: the significance of the ―youth bulge‖ ……………………. 19
3.3.2 Un- and underemployment: lack of livelihood opportunities …………... 22
3.3.3 Education and skills: insufficient, unequal and inappropriate? ………. 23
3.3.4 Voice and accountability: poor governance and weak political
participation …………………………………………………………………
24
3.3.5 Gender inequalities and socialisation ……………………………………. 26
3.3.6 A legacy of past violence …………………………………………………. 28
3.4 Proximate factors and mobilisation into violence ………………………………... 29
3.4.1 Recruitment, coercion and indoctrination ……………………………….. 30
3.4.2 Identity politics and ideology ……………………………………………… 31
3.4.3 Leadership and organisational dynamics ……………………………….. 32
3.4.4 Trigger events ……………………………………………………………… 32
3.5 Resilience: Why some youth don‘t get involved in violence …………………… 33
3.5.1 Migration as a safety valve? ……………………………………………… 33
3.5.2 Social capital ……………………………………………………………….. 34
Social Development Direct Youth exclusion, violence, conflict and fragile states Pg 2
4.0 Policies and programmes to address youth exclusion and violence ………... 37
4.1 Policies and approaches to youth and conflict ………………………………….. 37
4.2 Programmes to address youth exclusion and violence ………………………… 40
4.2.1 Key programming options ………………………………………………… 41
4.2.2 Lessons learned …………………………………………………………… 43
4.3 Implications for DFID ……………………………………………………………….. 44
4.3.1 Opportunities and entry points …………………………………………… 45
4.3.2 Challenges …………………………………………………………………. 46
5.0 Conclusions and recommendations ……………………………………………….. 47
Annexes (separate document)
Annex A: Terms of Reference
Annex B: Bibliography
Annex C: List of key informants
Annex D: Table: Countries with/.
World War I: Propaganda Essay Example | StudyHippo.com. Stunning World War 2 Propaganda Essay ~ Thatsnotus. 008 World War Propaganda Essay Ww2causes ~ Thatsnotus.
PAPERPSYCHIATRY AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCESSamuel J. Leist.docxkarlhennesey
PAPER
PSYCHIATRY AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
Samuel J. Leistedt,1,2,3,4 M.D., Ph.D.
On the Radicalization Process
ABSTRACT: This study aimed to provide an in-depth description of the radicalization process, which is a very important step in terrorist
activities. The author proposes a translational analysis that is first based on the author’s experience in the psychological evaluation of terrorist
behavior and second on an exhaustive review of the current literature. The search terms “terrorism,” “radicalization,” “social psychology,” and
“psychopathology” were used to identify relevant studies in the following databases: Scopus, Medline, PubCentral, and Science Direct. Because
of its importance, understanding radicalization process should be one of the priorities of behavioral scientists. International studies should be
performed with a focus on several aspects, such as radicalization risk factors, brainwashing, the role of the media, and finally, in de-radicaliza-
tion programs.
KEYWORDS: forensic science, radicalization, social psychology, social networks, terrorism, intelligence gathering
The radicalization of young men and women by terrorist
organizations has become an overwhelming problem in the world
(1–4). Recently, Mohammed Merah and the Kouachi Brothers in
France and Mehdi Nemmouche in Belgium appear to have been
motivated by a complex mix of politics and faith, and their com-
munications illustrate the tactics used to try to recruit other young
Europeans and Americans to their cause (1–4). Recently, two 21-
year-old men from Birmingham, England were charged with trav-
eling to Syria to carry out acts of terrorism. Even more recently,
in January of 2014, two 15-year-old boys from France left Tou-
louse to join the fighting in Syria. The possibility of French citi-
zens returning from Syria as hardened jihadists is the “biggest
threat that the country faces in the coming years,” said Manuel
Valls, the interior minister (3–5). He added that France and Eur-
ope risk being “overwhelmed” by the phenomenon. Mr. Valls
estimated that 700 French nationals have either travelled to Syria,
have travelled to Syria and returned to France, or are currently en
route. Some 21 French nationals have been killed. Shiraz Maher,
a senior research fellow at the International Centre for the Study
of Radicalization at King’s College London, estimated recently
that up to 50 British fighters have already returned home (2–5).
A few months ago, Richard Walton, the head of Scotland Yard’s
counter-terrorism command, said there were already indications
that Britons were returning from Syria with orders to carry out
attacks, with the Metropolitan Police carrying out a “huge num-
ber of operations” to protect the public (2–5).
As introduced in the above examples, this study deals with
the radicalization process in terrorist activities. In fact, in light of
these facts, and in order to optimally counter terrorists, it is
imperative to have a clear understanding of ...
The relationship between university students’ perceptions ofRula alsawalqa
By conducting a set of quantitative surveys, this study aimed to detecting the correlation between Jordanian
University students’ perceptions of terrorism and a variety of demographic variables. The results revealed that
the majority of students viewed terrorism as the most heinous crime, and is never justified, and that terrorists
are hard-core criminals, separatist groups that want to weaken the unity of the country. Therefore, they should
be treated as traitors and punished as they pose a threat to national interest, and the safety and security of
citizens. While a few of student indicated that there are some terrorist activities’ as a repercussion of repressed
needs and the demands of society, it should however be managed and the violations committed by states
against their nationals be confronted with the aim of eliminating injustices to vulnerable citizens. Most
students believe that poverty and material deprivation are of the most prominent causes of terrorism. They
also stress the necessity of providing food security and optimal life for citizens to limit the spread of the
phenomenon of terrorism and achieve societal solidarity to save human lives and stability of communities.
Furthermore, the results confirmed that there are no academic specializations, age, sex, academic level, and
monthly income statistically significant differences in perceptions of the terrorism among university students.
Upsurge of Money Ritual among Youths in Nigeria and National SecurityYogeshIJTSRD
This study examines the threat of money ritual among youths in Nigeria, a subject that has received little or no sufficient academic attention and it socio political and national under pinning have largely been ignored in state responses. The apparent downward trend in socio economic greediness and quest for material possession, have led to increase in the number of youth using fetish practices to come to term with prevailing socio economic demands. The focus of this paper therefore is to critically analyze the upsurge of money ritual among youths in Nigeria. Pivoting the theoretical framework of the study on Robert .K. Merton’s anomie strain theory, to the effect that “Innovation†in which goals are pursued but legitimate means is eliminated, and illegitimate means is created and used. The paper concludes that money ritual is a threat to national security and therefore, recommends among others, provision of employment opportunities to jobless youth, effective policies to combat the scourge of poverty, address the widening gap of inequality, and reward core value of honesty and hard work review of security architects. Saka-Olokungboye, N | Fapetu, O. V | Agbi Nelson | Ologun, C. A "Upsurge of Money Ritual among Youths in Nigeria and National Security" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38664.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/sociology/38664/upsurge-of-money-ritual-among-youths-in-nigeria-and-national-security/sakaolokungboye-n
Argumentative Essay On The Death Penalty.pdfRosa Williams
Death Penalty Argumentative Essay - Free Essay Example. ⚡ Arguments against death penalty essay. Against the Death Penalty .... Gratis Death Penalty Argumentative Essay. Argumentative Essay About Death Penalty – Telegraph. Argumentative Essay. Death Penalty / Essays / ID: 462589.
Essay On Non Violence. Violence Essay Essay on Violence for Students and Chi...Lisa Phon
The power of non violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written .... Youth Violence Essay | Essay on Youth Violence for Students and .... Nonviolence. 6 Papers on Research in Preventing Violence Against Women and Children .... Calaméo - Domestic Violence Essay: Free Tips on How to Create a Paper. Essays on domestic violence. Short Essay On Non Violence. Violence Essay | Essay on Violence for Students and Children in English .... Domestic Violence Argumentative Essay - PHDessay.com. Non Violence Essay in English WIKILIV. Essay on Non-Violence [ Concept, Features & Importance ]. Here is your free sample essay on Non Violence. Essay on Non Violence. Essay on Non Violence in Hindi. Non violence essay topics - studyclix.web.fc2.com. Essay on nonviolence and truth. write essay with the "promoting a culture of non violence" - Brainly.ph. The Essay Contest To End Violence Against Women | PDF | Violence .... Domestic Violence Essay | Essay on Domestic Violence for Students and .... What are the Possible Causes and Signs of Domestic Violence - Free .... Argumentative Essay On Domestic Violence - Domestic violence essay .... Gandhi's Concept of Non-Violence in International Relations .... School essay: Non violence essay. Domestic Violence Essay - Legal and Non-Legal Response | Legal Studies .... The Problem of Domestic Violence Essay Example | Topics and Well .... N
In this Microsoft word file you can have a complete file of what is terrorism what are its various types and what are its impacts and also can have recommendations off how to control it and in last there are also a brief conclusion about the complete document
1Developmental Predictors of Violent Extremist Attitud.docxdrennanmicah
1
Developmental Predictors of Violent Extremist Attitudes – A test of General Strain
Theory*
Amy Nivette
Griffith University
Manuel Eisner
University of Cambridge
Denis Ribeaud
ETH Zurich
2
ABSTRACT
Objectives: This study examines the influence of collective strain on support for violent
extremism among an ethnically and religiously mixed sample of Swiss adolescents. This
study explores two claims derived from General Strain Theory: (1) exposure to collective
strain is associated with higher support for violent extremism and (2) the effect of
collective strain is conditional on perceptions of moral and legal constraints.
Methods: This study examines the effects of collective strain using data from two waves
of the Zurich Project on the Social Development of Children and Youth. This study uses
ordinary least squares procedures to regress violent extremist attitudes at age 17 on strain,
moral and legal constraints, and control variables measured at ages 15-17. Conditional
effects were examined using an interaction term for collective strain and moral
disengagement and legal cynicism, respectively.
Results: The results show that vicarious collective strain does not have a direct effect on
violent extremist attitudes once other variables are controlled. However, the degree to
which individuals neutralize moral and legal constraints amplifies the impact of collective
strain on violent extremist attitudes.
Conclusions: This study shows that those who already espouse justifications for violence
and rule-breaking are more vulnerable to extremist violent pathways, particularly when
exposed to conditions of collective social and economic strife, conflict, and repression.
3
Research on violent extremism has produced a wide array of risk factors in psychological,
social, and political domains (Bhui, Warfa, and Jones 2014; Borum 2011a, 2011b;
Dalgaard-Nielsen 2010; Gill, Horgan, and Deckert 2014; LaFree and Ackerman 2009;
McGilloway, Ghosh, and Bhui 2015). These include psychological characteristics (e.g. low
self-control), social context features (e.g. alienation) and political processes (e.g. exclusion
from politics). LaFree and Ackerman (2009) argue that part of the difficulty in
synthesizing information on extremist violence is due to the breadth of attitudinal,
behavioral, and group-based outcomes examined under one conceptual umbrella. In
addition, studies differ in their analytical approach, including for instance analyses of risk
factors using survey samples and individual interviews (Doosje, Loseman, and van den
Bos 2013; Goli and Rezaei 2010; Pauwels and De Waele 2014), or retrospective life
history analyses of known terrorists (Gill et al. 2014). As a result of this diversity in
theoretical domains, outcomes, and analytical approaches, empirical findings on the
causes and correlates of violent extremist beliefs and behaviors are unders.
29
I.
II.
Youth exclusion, violence, conflict and fragile
states
Report prepared for DFID‟s Equity and Rights
Team
Final report: 30th April 2009
Lyndsay McLean Hilker
Erika Fraser
Social Development Direct Youth exclusion, violence, conflict and fragile states Pg 1
Youth exclusion, violence, conflict and fragile states: 30/04/09
Contents
Executive summary …………………………………………………………………………. 3
1.0 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………… 8
1.1 Background …………………………………………………………………………. 8
1.2 Objectives and scope ………………………………………………………………. 8
1.3 Methodology …………………………………………………………………………. 8
2.0 Key concepts ……………………………………………………………………………. 9
2.1 Understanding the complexity of ―Youth‖ ………………………………………… 9
2.2 The multiple dimensions of exclusion …………………………………………….. 9
2.3 Conflict, fragility and different forms of violence ………………………………... 10
3.0 Youth exclusion and violence: The issues and evidence ………………………. 12
3.1 Overview ……………………………………………………………………………... 12
3.2 Theories of youth engagement in violence ………………………………………. 13
3.3 Structural factors underlying youth exclusion and violence ……………………. 19
3.3.1 Demography: the significance of the ―youth bulge‖ ……………………. 19
3.3.2 Un- and underemployment: lack of livelihood opportunities …………... 22
3.3.3 Education and skills: insufficient, unequal and inappropriate? ………. 23
3.3.4 Voice and accountability: poor governance and weak political
participation …………………………………………………………………
24
3.3.5 Gender inequalities and socialisation ……………………………………. 26
3.3.6 A legacy of past violence …………………………………………………. 28
3.4 Proximate factors and mobilisation into violence ………………………………... 29
3.4.1 Recruitment, coercion and indoctrination ……………………………….. 30
3.4.2 Identity politics and ideology ……………………………………………… 31
3.4.3 Leadership and organisational dynamics ……………………………….. 32
3.4.4 Trigger events ……………………………………………………………… 32
3.5 Resilience: Why some youth don‘t get involved in violence …………………… 33
3.5.1 Migration as a safety valve? ……………………………………………… 33
3.5.2 Social capital ……………………………………………………………….. 34
Social Development Direct Youth exclusion, violence, conflict and fragile states Pg 2
4.0 Policies and programmes to address youth exclusion and violence ………... 37
4.1 Policies and approaches to youth and conflict ………………………………….. 37
4.2 Programmes to address youth exclusion and violence ………………………… 40
4.2.1 Key programming options ………………………………………………… 41
4.2.2 Lessons learned …………………………………………………………… 43
4.3 Implications for DFID ……………………………………………………………….. 44
4.3.1 Opportunities and entry points …………………………………………… 45
4.3.2 Challenges …………………………………………………………………. 46
5.0 Conclusions and recommendations ……………………………………………….. 47
Annexes (separate document)
Annex A: Terms of Reference
Annex B: Bibliography
Annex C: List of key informants
Annex D: Table: Countries with/.
World War I: Propaganda Essay Example | StudyHippo.com. Stunning World War 2 Propaganda Essay ~ Thatsnotus. 008 World War Propaganda Essay Ww2causes ~ Thatsnotus.
PAPERPSYCHIATRY AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCESSamuel J. Leist.docxkarlhennesey
PAPER
PSYCHIATRY AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
Samuel J. Leistedt,1,2,3,4 M.D., Ph.D.
On the Radicalization Process
ABSTRACT: This study aimed to provide an in-depth description of the radicalization process, which is a very important step in terrorist
activities. The author proposes a translational analysis that is first based on the author’s experience in the psychological evaluation of terrorist
behavior and second on an exhaustive review of the current literature. The search terms “terrorism,” “radicalization,” “social psychology,” and
“psychopathology” were used to identify relevant studies in the following databases: Scopus, Medline, PubCentral, and Science Direct. Because
of its importance, understanding radicalization process should be one of the priorities of behavioral scientists. International studies should be
performed with a focus on several aspects, such as radicalization risk factors, brainwashing, the role of the media, and finally, in de-radicaliza-
tion programs.
KEYWORDS: forensic science, radicalization, social psychology, social networks, terrorism, intelligence gathering
The radicalization of young men and women by terrorist
organizations has become an overwhelming problem in the world
(1–4). Recently, Mohammed Merah and the Kouachi Brothers in
France and Mehdi Nemmouche in Belgium appear to have been
motivated by a complex mix of politics and faith, and their com-
munications illustrate the tactics used to try to recruit other young
Europeans and Americans to their cause (1–4). Recently, two 21-
year-old men from Birmingham, England were charged with trav-
eling to Syria to carry out acts of terrorism. Even more recently,
in January of 2014, two 15-year-old boys from France left Tou-
louse to join the fighting in Syria. The possibility of French citi-
zens returning from Syria as hardened jihadists is the “biggest
threat that the country faces in the coming years,” said Manuel
Valls, the interior minister (3–5). He added that France and Eur-
ope risk being “overwhelmed” by the phenomenon. Mr. Valls
estimated that 700 French nationals have either travelled to Syria,
have travelled to Syria and returned to France, or are currently en
route. Some 21 French nationals have been killed. Shiraz Maher,
a senior research fellow at the International Centre for the Study
of Radicalization at King’s College London, estimated recently
that up to 50 British fighters have already returned home (2–5).
A few months ago, Richard Walton, the head of Scotland Yard’s
counter-terrorism command, said there were already indications
that Britons were returning from Syria with orders to carry out
attacks, with the Metropolitan Police carrying out a “huge num-
ber of operations” to protect the public (2–5).
As introduced in the above examples, this study deals with
the radicalization process in terrorist activities. In fact, in light of
these facts, and in order to optimally counter terrorists, it is
imperative to have a clear understanding of ...
The relationship between university students’ perceptions ofRula alsawalqa
By conducting a set of quantitative surveys, this study aimed to detecting the correlation between Jordanian
University students’ perceptions of terrorism and a variety of demographic variables. The results revealed that
the majority of students viewed terrorism as the most heinous crime, and is never justified, and that terrorists
are hard-core criminals, separatist groups that want to weaken the unity of the country. Therefore, they should
be treated as traitors and punished as they pose a threat to national interest, and the safety and security of
citizens. While a few of student indicated that there are some terrorist activities’ as a repercussion of repressed
needs and the demands of society, it should however be managed and the violations committed by states
against their nationals be confronted with the aim of eliminating injustices to vulnerable citizens. Most
students believe that poverty and material deprivation are of the most prominent causes of terrorism. They
also stress the necessity of providing food security and optimal life for citizens to limit the spread of the
phenomenon of terrorism and achieve societal solidarity to save human lives and stability of communities.
Furthermore, the results confirmed that there are no academic specializations, age, sex, academic level, and
monthly income statistically significant differences in perceptions of the terrorism among university students.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!