This document outlines procedures for administering medications to patients with respiratory issues, including sputum collection and examination, metered-dose inhalers (MDIs), and nebulization therapy. It describes how to properly collect sputum samples, the use of MDIs to deliver bronchodilators and other drugs to the lungs, and nebulization which uses a compressor to deliver medications as an aerosol mist. The document discusses indications, contraindications, equipment, potential effects, and the nurse's role when administering nebulization therapy to patients.
asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that causes airway hyper responsiveness, mucosal edema and mucous production. this inflammation ultimately leads to recurrent episodes of asthma symptoms. asthma can occur at any age. please read this ppt and get knowledge. stay tune.
Inspiratory Muscle Training or Respiratory Muscle Training or Ventilatory Muscle Training. IMT is the physiotherapy technique, with the help of different breathing exercises.
Nebulization- Application for ceramic filter and reverse osmosis membrane for...sunilkumarvss395
Advocating for positive change, participating in volunteerism, and challenging your negative thoughts are things that can make the world a better place. Try protesting injustices, recycle, and spread informative news that will motivate people to do better in the world
asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that causes airway hyper responsiveness, mucosal edema and mucous production. this inflammation ultimately leads to recurrent episodes of asthma symptoms. asthma can occur at any age. please read this ppt and get knowledge. stay tune.
Inspiratory Muscle Training or Respiratory Muscle Training or Ventilatory Muscle Training. IMT is the physiotherapy technique, with the help of different breathing exercises.
Nebulization- Application for ceramic filter and reverse osmosis membrane for...sunilkumarvss395
Advocating for positive change, participating in volunteerism, and challenging your negative thoughts are things that can make the world a better place. Try protesting injustices, recycle, and spread informative news that will motivate people to do better in the world
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
Explore our infographic on 'Essential Metrics for Palliative Care Management' which highlights key performance indicators crucial for enhancing the quality and efficiency of palliative care services.
This visual guide breaks down important metrics across four categories: Patient-Centered Metrics, Care Efficiency Metrics, Quality of Life Metrics, and Staff Metrics. Each section is designed to help healthcare professionals monitor and improve care delivery for patients facing serious illnesses. Understand how to implement these metrics in your palliative care practices for better outcomes and higher satisfaction levels.
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
Health Education on prevention of hypertensionRadhika kulvi
Hypertension is a chronic condition of concern due to its role in the causation of coronary heart diseases. Hypertension is a worldwide epidemic and important risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke and renal diseases. Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels and is sufficient to maintain tissue perfusion during activity and rest. Hypertension is sustained elevation of BP. In adults, HTN exists when systolic blood pressure is equal to or greater than 140mmHg or diastolic BP is equal to or greater than 90mmHg. The
Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
Join us as we delve into the crucial realm of quality reporting for MSSP (Medicare Shared Savings Program) Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs).
In this session, we will explore how a robust quality management solution can empower your organization to meet regulatory requirements and improve processes for MIPS reporting and internal quality programs. Learn how our MeasureAble application enables compliance and fosters continuous improvement.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
3. COLLECTION OF SPUTUM
1. EARLY MORNING, DEEP COUGH SAMPLE IS PREFERRED
2. SAMPLES SHOULD BE IMMEDIATELY TRANSPORTED TO LABORATORY
THE SPUTUM SAMPLE IS OBTAINED BY HAVING THE PATIENT:
(1) RINSE THE MOUTH WITH WATER TO MINIMIZE CONTAMINATION BY NORMAL
ORAL flORA
(2) BREATHE DEEPLY SEVERAL TIMES
(3) COUGH DEEPLY
(4) EXPECTORATE THE RAISED SPUTUM INTO A STERILE CONTAINER.
4. INVASIVE PROCEDURES USED TO COLLECT
SPECIMENS
SPUTUM MAY BE OBTAINED BY :
• NASOTRACHEAL OR OROTRACHEAL SUCTIONING WITH A SPUTUM TRAP OR BY
fiBEROPTIC BRONCHOSCOPY
• BRONCHOSCOPY FOR PATIENTS WITH ACUTE SEVERE INFECTION, PATIENTS
WITH CHRONIC OR REFRACTORY INFECTION, OR IMMUNOCOMPROMISED
PATIENTS WHEN A DIAGNOSIS CANNOT BE MADE FROM AN EXPECTORATED OR
INDUCED SPECIMEN.
5. METERED-DOSE INHALER (MDI)
• A DEVICE THAT DELIVERS A SPECIFIC AMOUNT OF MEDICATION TO
THE LUNGS, IN THE FORM OF A SHORT BURST OF AEROSOLIZED
MEDICINE THAT IS USUALLY SELF-ADMINISTERED BY THE PATIENT VIA
INHALATION.
• IT IS THE MOST COMMONLY USED DELIVERY SYSTEM FOR TREATING
ASTHMA, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) AND
OTHER RESPIRATORY DISEASES.
• THE MEDICATION IN A METERED DOSE INHALER IS MOST COMMONLY A
BRONCHODILATOR, CORTICOSTEROID OR A COMBINATION OF BOTH
FOR THE TREATMENT OF ASTHMAAND COPD.
6.
7. NEBULIZATION THERAPY
DEFINITION
• IS THE PROCESS OF MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION VIA
INHALATION. IT UTILIZES A NEBULIZER WHICH TRANSPORTS
MEDICATIONS TO THE LUNGS BY MEANS OF MIST INHALATION.
• A NEBULIZER IS A SMALL DEVICE THAT CAN CONVERT A DRUG
FROM A SOLUTION INTO AN AEROSOL FORM BY MEANS OF A
COMPRESSOR/COMPRESSED GAS SOURCE.
• NEBULIZATION CREATES A MIST OF DRUG PARTICLES THAT CAN
BE INHALED VIA A FACE MASK OR MOUTHPIECE SOOTHING THE
INFLAMED AIRWAYS
• BRONCHODILATORS ARE THE MOST COMMON NEBULIZED DRUGS
BUT MANY OTHERS CAN BE NEBULIZED, INCLUDING STEROIDS
AND ANTIBIOTICS.
•
8. NEBULIZATION THERAPY
PURPOSE
• TO ADD MOISTURE TO OXYGEN DELIVERY
SYSTEM
• TO HYRDATE THICK SPUTUM AND PREVENT
MUCUS PLUGGING
• TO ADMINISTER VARIOUS DRUGS TO THE
AIRWAYS
9. MEDICATIONS ADMINISTERED
VIA NEBULIZER
• BRONCHODILATORS (FOR EXAMPLE, SALBUTAMOL),
• ANTICHOLINERGICS (FOR EXAMPLE, IPRATROPIUM BROMIDE),
• CORTICOSTEROIDS (FOR EXAMPLE, BECLOMETASONE)
• NORMAL SALINE.
10. INDICATION OF NEBULIZATION
NEBULIZATION THERAPY IS USED TO DELIVER MEDICATIONS ALONG THE
RESPIRATORY TRACT AND IS INDICATED TO VARIOUS RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS
AND DISEASES SUCH AS:
• BRONCHOSPASMS
• CHEST TIGHTNESS
• EXCESSIVE AND THICK MUCUS SECRETIONS
• RESPIRATORY CONGESTIONS
• PNEUMONIA
• ATELECTASIS
• ASTHMA
11. CONTRAINDICATIONS
IN SOME CASES, NEBULIZATION IS RESTRICTED OR AVOIDED DUE TO POSSIBLE
UNTOWARD RESULTS OR RATHER DECREASED EFFECTIVENESS SUCH AS:
• PATIENTS WITH UNSTABLE AND INCREASED BLOOD PRESSURE
• INDIVIDUALS WITH CARDIAC IRRITABILITY (MAY RESULT TO DYSRHYTHMIAS)
• PERSONS WITH INCREASED PULSES
• UNCONSCIOUS PATIENTS (INHALATION MAY BE DONE VIA MASK BUT THE
THERAPEUTIC EFFECT MAY BE SIGNIFICANTLY LOW)
12. EQUIPMENT
• NEBULIZER AND NEBULIZER CONNECTING TUBES
• COMPRESSOR OXYGEN TANK
• MOUTHPIECE/MASK
• RESPIRATORY MEDICATION TO BE ADMINISTERED
• NORMAL SALINE SOLUTION
13. POSSIBLE EFFECTS AND REACTIONS AFTER
NEBULIZATION THERAPY
• PALPITATIONS
• TREMORS
• TACHYCARDIA
• HEADACHE
• NAUSEA
• BRONCHOSPASMS (TOO MUCH VENTILATION MAY RESULT OR EXACERBATE
BRONCHOSPASMS)
14. CAUTION
• PATIENTS WITH COPD SHOULD HAVE NEBULIZERS DRIVEN BY AIR (BMA/RPSGB,
2007).
• PATIENTS WITH ACUTE ASTHMA SHOULD HAVE NEBULIZERS DRIVEN BY OXYGEN
(USUALLY 6-8L/MIN
• IF A PATIENT WITH GLAUCOMA IS TO RECEIVE AN ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUG SUCH
AS IPRATROPIUM BROMIDE, A MOUTHPIECE IS PREFERRED AS THIS REDUCES THE
LEAKAGE OF NEBULISED SOLUTION INTO THE EYES (PORTER-JONES, 2000).
• COMPRESSORS SHOULD BE SERVICED ON A REGULAR BASIS ACCORDING TO
LOCAL POLICY.
• LOCAL INFECTION CONTROL PROCEDURES SHOULD BE FOLLOWED TO MINIMIZE
THE RISK OF CROSS INFECTION.
•
15. NURSE’S ROLES
1. CLOSELY MONITOR ALL CLIENTS RECEIVING
BRONCHODILATORS FOR SIGNS OF INCREASED HEART RATE,
NERVOUS AGITATION AND RESTLESSNESS
2. PATIENT TEACHING
• PROPER WAY OF DOING THE THERAPY TO FACILITATE
EFFECTIVE RESULTS AND PREVENT COMPLICATIONS
(DEMONSTRATION IS VERY USEFUL
• EMPHASIZE COMPLIANCE TO THERAPY
• REPORT UNTOWARD SYMPTOMS IMMEDIATELY FOR
APPOSITE INTERVENTION.
16. REFERENCES
• KOZIER & ERBS FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING. EIGHTH ED.
• CRAVEN & HIRNLE. FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING. HUMAN HEALTH AND
FUNCTION. LIPPINCOTT & WILLIAMS. FOURTH ED.
• NURSING CRIB
