This document discusses the concepts of Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM) and pilotage. It defines ADM as a systematic approach for pilots to determine the best course of action given a set of circumstances. The document outlines the basic steps of pilotage as navigating using landmarks on charts. It explains how ADM and pilotage are intertwined in flight planning by considering factors like the pilot, aircraft, environment and external pressures. Some operational pitfalls related to proper application of ADM during flight are also listed.

1. Jesse Hallenbeck, CFI

2. Goals To walk away with… A refreshed memory Some new tools in the toolbox To reflect on past experiences, and ideas gained from those experiences To be a safer pilot!

3. Overview ADM Why!? Concept Use Pilotage Definition and Concept Basic Process Practical Use

4. Overview (continued) Putting the pieces together How are ADM and Pilotage intertwined? What principals of ADM are involved when planning a flight? What are some operation pitfalls that relate to ADM? Resources to use in Flight Planning

5. ADM Defined Definition (AC 60-22) “… a systematic approach to the mental process used by aircraft pilots to consistently determine the best course of action in response to a given set of circumstances” Steps for good decision making are Identifying personal attitudes hazardous to safe flight Learning behavior modification techniques Learning how to recognize and cope with stress Developing risk assessment skills Using all resources in a multi-crew situation Evaluating the effectiveness of ones ADM skills

7. Why ADM?! 80%

8. ADM Concept Provides a structured framework to decision making Helps to both reduce and manage risk by helping the pilot first recognize the risk In short: It is what a pilot intends to do based on the latest information he or she has.

9. Use Everything Flight planning Operation of the aircraft Emergency situations Etc.

10. Pilotage Navigation by reference to landmarks or other easily identifiable checkpoints It is the most common form of navigation and is often used in conjunction with other forms of navigation

11. Basic Process First and Foremost you have correct and current charts Unfold and lay out your charts, giving yourself lots of room to work Allows you to get the big picture of your overall trip Give consideration to the many different factors that can affect your route of flight Terrain Airspace Checkpoints Etc. How does this relate to the concepts of ADM???

12. Basic Process (Continued) Plot your initial course and refine it as necessary Use a plotter to measure your course in nautical miles ENSURE you are using the correct scale! Your goal is to fly the course your drew on the chart Requires you to constantly maintain your situational awareness Use wind correction as needed to maintain your selected course

13. Practical Use One of the oldest forms of navigation Used during the earliest days of aviation Easiest to use You, Your map, and the World Often times the most enjoyable to use You get to enjoy the view!

14. An example…

15. Putting the pieces together ADM often focuses on four main factors when talking abut flight planning P – P ilot A – A ircraft V – En v ironment E – E xternal Factors

16. The Pilot The one factor you have most control over: YOU! Are you fit for the flight? Eat? Sleep? Etc Affects on flight planning/pilotage?

17. The Aircraft Is the aircraft Suitable for the flight being conducted? Weight limits Structural limitations Equipment installed (instruments and the like) More importantly, are YOU suitable to the airplane? Are you thoroughly familiar with the AFM/POH? Do you have the emergency procedures memorized? V Speeds? Affects on flight planning/pilotage?

18. The Environment Offers the most variables of the four factors Weather Terrain Airport Airspace Night vs. Day Visual Illusions Affects on flight planning/pilotage?

19. External Pressures Anything external to the flight itself that places more pressure on you to complete the flight Friend waiting for you Big event where you are going “ Get-there-itus” and/or ego Eager to please, even with a reduction in safety Affects on flight planning/pilotage?

20. Remember to DECIDE… D – Detect E - Estimate C - Choose I - Identify D - Do E - Evaluate

21. Operational Pitfalls Scud Running Get-There-Itis Continuing VFR into IMC Loss of SA Flying outside the Envelope

22. Resources Google Earth http://earth.google.com Sky Vector http://skyvector.com Air-Nav http://www.airnav.com FAA.gov http://www.faa.gov AIM http://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/ATpubs/AIM/

23. Questions?