This document contains 5 programs written in PL/SQL. Each program accepts user input, performs conditional logic based on the input, and outputs a result to the screen using dbms_output.put_line. The programs check if a year is a leap year, calculate the cost of an apple box based on weight, and determine if a user is a child, major, or adult based on their age.

1. Name - Shubham Pathania
Class - MCA (LEET)
UID - 19MCA8125
Subject - ADBMS (CAT-762)
Group - 4th
Submitted to Submitted by
Sandeep Kaur Shubham Pathania

2. INDEX
Sr No. Contents Page
no.
1 Compare and Contrast multi database system
with centralized system
1-2
2 Explain various factors that affect the selection
of DBMS software.
2-3
3 Check if a given a year is a leap year. The
condition is:-
Year should be (divisible by 4 and not divisible by
100) or (divisible by 4 and divisible by 400.)
Display the output on the screen using
dbms_output.put_line. The year should be input
by the user.
4
4 Ask the user to enter the weight of an apple
box. If the
weight is >= 10 kg, rate =Rs. 5/kg
weight is < 10 kg, rate = Rs. 7/kg
Calculate the cost of the apple box. Display the
output on the screen using
dbms_output.put_line
5
5 Program should accept the age of the user.
Depending upon the following conditions it
should output:-
age <18 years? Child?
Age >= 18 years and <21 years? Major?
Age >= 21years? Adult?
6

3. 1. Compare and Contrast multi database system with centralized system?
Ans There are many aspect that let us make a comparison between centralized
and distributed DBMS:
 Database management system is any software that manages and
controls the storage, the organization, security, retrieval and integral of
data in a specific database, whereas DDBMS consist of a single database
that is divided into many fragments. Each fragment is integrated on one
or more computer and controlled by independent database (DBMS).
 In centralized DBMS the data is distributed across the network
computers, and the data is stored on many sites and under the
management responsibility of DDBMS. But in the DBMS data is stored
and controlled in a central site.
 Both of DDBMS and centralized DBMS provide the access to database
using the same interface, but for this function centralized DBMS faces
less complication than DDBMS.
 For distributing data over network we can use replication or
fragmentation. The objective of replication and fragmentation is to make
a transparency of this allocation to make the details of implementation
hidden on users. In centralized DBMS is not need to make
transparencies.
 In DDBMS design we can find three issues which are not in centralized
DBMS design.
 Consequently, centralized DBMS is less sophisticated than DDBMS
because it not supports the organizational structure of today’s widely
distributed enterprises, and DDBMS more reactive and reliable.
Difference -
Centralized DBMS Distributed DBMS
Data is stored only on one site Data is stored on different sites
Data stored in single computer can be
used by multiple users
Data is stored over different sites
which are connected with each
other.
If centralized system fails, then the
entire system is halted.
If one of the system fails, then user
can access the data from other sites.

4. Centralized DBMS Distributed DBMS
Centralized DBMS is less reliable and
reactive
Distributed DBMS is more reliable
and reactive
Centralized DBMS is less
sophisticated
Distributed DBMS is more
sophisticated
Presence of a global clock Lack of a global clock
One single central unit Concurrency of components
2. Explain various factors that affect the selection of DBMS software.
Ans Data Model For a long time, the relational concept was dominant,
however recently NoSQL databases have again become more successful.
Relational vs. NoSQL is based on your individual needs and their main
advantage is the data structure itself.
To decide on which model works best for you, you should ask yourself: Do you
have a data structure which you can easily reflect in a relational model or do
you need to work with unstructured data? How do you retrieve and work with
the data? For example, analysis of hierarchical data in sequential files is faster
in a NoSQL database then in a relational one. Since relational databases have a
long history, you find a lot of commercial RDBMS (relational DBMS), whereas
NoSQL databases are often available as open source.
2. Data Consistency
Nowadays, collecting data is not a big effort any more. But, keeping the data
consistent becomes even more important as more sources feed into the
database. Therefore, consistency rules are very important and the ability to
define these should be considered when choosing a new DBMS.
3. Data Security For most companies, data availability is a key business success
factor and should be guaranteed at all times. The ability to backup and restore
the databases is essential and needs to be possible with your chosen DBMS. IT
Administrators should setup a framework and a management plan for data
security and ensure as little downtime as possible.
4. Data Protection Access protection and encryption should allow protection
of personal data. Every DBMS provide different methods of protect the data
through encryption, but the possibility to define routines and access rights is
different for every system. The method of data protection depends on the

5. structure of data and should be carefully considered during the evaluation
process of a DBMS.
5. Multi Access and Integration Setting up a DBMS, running it and extending it
for future growth, requires enough flexibility to allow integration into the given
IT infrastructure. Furthermore, the DBMS needs to allow concurrent accesses
by multiple users. Synchronization and integration with other tools are
essential for smooth workflows.
6. Efficiency When we talk about the efficiency of DBMS, we usually mean the
response time. You will find on premise and cloud solutions available on the
market. Depending on your own IT infrastructure, a cloud based solution can
have certain disadvantages, as you rely on network services and latencies of
network providers. On the other side, cloud computing can provide more and
better resources compared to your on premise infrastructure, as efficiency is
also related to scalability. Make sure your DBMS of choice can scale to your
needs.
7. Usability Different user groups will be working with the DBMS. There are the
administrators, IT and Database admins, application integrators and data
consumers. All these different roles need an easily understandable query
language and intuitive UI to use the DBMS system efficiently. The easier it is for
the user to work with the DBMS, the lower the cost will be for people.
8. Implementation and Service Costs The modifiability and availability of
support and documentation needs to be taken into consideration as part of the
implementation and Total Cost of Ownership (TCO). Development needs must
always be included, as Database Management Systems need to be shaped to
the individual company’s need. A clear overview of these needs and costs will
help to choose the right tool. Vendor or community support as well as
comprehensive documentation will save you time and money.
3. Check if a given a year is a leap year. The condition is:-
Year should be (divisible by 4 and not divisible by 100) or (divisible by 4 and
divisible by 400.) Display the output on the screen using
dbms_output.put_line. The year should be input by the user.
Ans DECLARE
year NUMBER: = 1600;
BEGIN
IF MOD (year, 4) =0

6. AND
MOD (year, 100)!=0
OR
MOD (year, 400) =0 THEN
dbms_output.Put_line(year
|| ' is a leap year ');
ELSE
dbms_output.Put_line(year
|| ' is not a leap year.');
END IF;
END;
4. Ask the user to enter the weight of an apple box. If the
weight is >= 10 kg, rate =Rs. 5/kg
weight is < 10 kg, rate = Rs. 7/kg
Calculate the cost of the apple box. Display the output on the screen using
dbms_output.put_line
Ans DECLARE
weight number:=&apple_weight;
rate number;
BEGIN
IF (weight>=10) THEN
rate:=5;
ELSE
rate:=7;
END IF;
dbms_output.put_line('TOTAL WEIGHT'||weight||'TOTAL COST
'||(weight*rate));
END;
/

7. 5. Program should accept the age of the user. Depending upon the following
conditions it should output:-
age <18 years? Child?
Age >= 18 years and <21 years? Major?
Age >= 21years? Adult?
Display the output on the screen using dbms_output.put_line
Ans DECLARE
age number:=&user_age;
USER varchar(20);
BEGIN
IF (age<18) THEN
USER:='child';
elsif (age>18) AND (age<21) THEN
USER:='major';
ELSE
USER:='adult';
END IF;
dbms_output.put_line('user is '||USER);
END;
/