Acute rheumatic fever
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Acute rheumatic fever is an immunological response that most commonly affects children between 5-15 years of age from poorer socioeconomic backgrounds. It occurs as a result of an untreated streptococcal throat infection, where antibodies formed against the bacteria can cross-react with human heart tissues. Common symptoms include fever, migratory joint pains, and carditis which can lead to valve damage. Treatment involves antibiotics, activity restriction, and long-term preventative antibiotics to avoid recurrent bouts of the disease and worsening heart conditions.
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Advanced pathoRespond to Stacy and Sonia 1 day agoStacy A.docx
A 16-year-old boy presented to the clinic with symptoms of strep throat including a sore throat for 3 days. On examination, he exhibited signs of strep throat including tonsil swelling and exudate. A rapid strep test was positive, confirming strep throat. He was prescribed penicillin but had an anaphylactic reaction. This type of severe allergic reaction is caused by IgE antibodies produced in response to environmental allergens like penicillin, which is a fungus. While he had no known drug allergies, he likely had a previous sensitization to penicillin that caused the anaphylactic reaction upon administration.
Advanced pathoRespond to Stacy and Sonia 1 day agoStacy A.docx
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Wk 1 Discussion
COLLAPSE
Top of Form
Wk1 Discussion 6501
The 16-year-old boy in the discussion scenario presented to the clinic with specific complaints that are common in Strep Throat infection. He complained of a sore throat for 3 days. He denied recent cold, influenza, ear infections, or allergies. Redness, +3 tonsil edema, positive anterior and posterior cervical adenopathy, low-grade temperature, and pharyngeal exudate were noted by the practitioner on the exam. A diagnosis of Strep Throat was confirmed by a positive rapid strep throat culture. Penicillin was prescribed.
Strep Throat is not a genetic disorder, but an infectious one caused by A. Streptococcus bacteria. It is not gender-specific. Strep throat most commonly occurs during the late winter or early spring months as a direct result of people being grouped closely together indoors allowing it to spread easily via direct contact (American Academy of Family Physicians, 2016).
The patient’s symptomology and positive culture confirm that he was infected by A. Streptococcus bacteria. His body’s response to A. Streptococcus bacteria is the body’s initial inflammatory response to this bacteria; redness, swelling, heat, and pain (Kahn Academy, 2010). The patient’s anaphylactic response to penicillin was mediated by ‘IgE antibodies that are produced by the immune system in response to an environmental allergen’ (Justiz-Vaillant & Zito, 2019). These allergens include pollens, animal dander, dust mites or fungi (Justiz-Vaillant & Zito, 2019). The patient’s anaphylactic response to penicillin, a fungus, was unknown prior to its administration.
When a bacterial infection occurs, the body releases mast cells that are activated by chemokines to attack the infection (Kahn Academy, 2010). Histamine is released causing vasodilation (Kahn Academy, 2010). Endothelial cells are pushed apart and capillaries become larger and dilated, causing swelling to occur (Kahn Academy, 2010). The capillary walls become more porous allowing more cells to pass through them (Kahn Academy, 2010). Neutrophils act as the first responders and are attracted to the chemokines (Kahn Academy, 2010). They roll along the endothelial wall, squeezing through to eat up bacteria and damaged cells (Kahn Academy, 2010). Specific action via B and T cells are also activated to attack and destroy the bacteria (Kahn Academy, 2010).
The patient's anaphylactic response, Type I hypersensitivity reaction, to IgE antibodies is produced by the ‘immune system in response to environmental allergens’ (Justiz-Vaillant & Zito, 2019). If left untreated, it can result in a life-threatening or irreversible injury that includes death (Justiz-Vaillant & Zito, 2019). While the patient did not have a known allergy and it was disclosed that he had none, Type I hypersensitivity reactions occur after a previous sensitization (Justiz-Vaillant & Zito, 2019). In a Type I hypersensitivit ...
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Strep Throat is not a genetic disorder, but an infectious one caused by A. Streptococcus bacteria. It is not gender-specific. Strep throat most commonly occurs during the late winter or early spring months as a direct result of people being grouped closely together indoors allowing it to spread easily via direct contact (American Academy of Family Physicians, 2016).
The patient’s symptomology and positive culture confirm that he was infected by A. Streptococcus bacteria. His body’s response to A. Streptococcus bacteria is the body’s initial inflammatory response to this bacteria; redness, swelling, heat, and pain (Kahn Academy, 2010). The patient’s anaphylactic response to penicillin was mediated by ‘IgE antibodies that are produced by the immune system in response to an environmental allergen’ (Justiz-Vaillant & Zito, 2019). These allergens include pollens, animal dander, dust mites or fungi (Justiz-Vaillant & Zito, 2019). The patient’s anaphylactic response to penicillin, a fungus, was unknown prior to its administration.
When a bacterial infection occurs, the body releases mast cells that are activated by chemokines to attack the infection (Kahn Academy, 2010). Histamine is released causing vasodilation (Kahn Academy, 2010). Endothelial cells are pushed apart and capillaries become larger and dilated, causing swelling to occur (Kahn Academy, 2010). The capillary walls become more porous allowing more cells to pass through them (Kahn Academy, 2010). Neutrophils act as the first responders and are attracted to the chemokines (Kahn Academy, 2010). They roll along the endothelial wall, squeezing through to eat up bacteria and damaged cells (Kahn Academy, 2010). Specific action via B and T cells are also activated to attack and destroy the bacteria (Kahn Academy, 2010).
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- Passive and active immunity from natural and artificial sources
- Types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, toxoid, and conjugate
- Details on specific vaccines like BCG, polio, diphtheria, hepatitis B, pneumococcal, rotavirus, and measles
- Schedules, efficacy, advantages, side effects and contraindications of different vaccines
- The importance of vaccination programs in reducing disease prevalence globally
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This document provides information on acute rheumatic fever. It defines rheumatic fever as an autoimmune condition that can occur weeks after a streptococcal throat infection. It affects children aged 5-15 and can cause arthritis, carditis, chorea, erythema marginatum, and subcutaneous nodules. Carditis is the most serious manifestation, often resulting in long term rheumatic heart disease. The document reviews the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis according to the revised Jones criteria, and long term sequelae including rheumatic heart disease.
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The document describes a case study of a 12-year-old male patient presenting with weakness, inability to stand or hold his neck, cough, difficult breathing, and abnormal behavior. He has a history of substance abuse through glue sniffing and works at a puncture repair shop. On examination, he appears wasted and has low blood pressure and signs of lower respiratory tract infection with consolidation in his right lung. Investigations show pneumonia, medical renal disease, hypokalemia, and undernutrition. He is diagnosed with child labor and neglect with substance abuse, severe pneumonia, glomerulonephritis, hypokalemia, and undernutrition.
Child health & environment
This document discusses environmental hazards and their impact on child health. It begins with a brief history of increasing awareness and study of this topic from the 1950s onwards. It then defines environment and classifies different types of environmental factors. Several areas of environmental concern for children are outlined, including physical, chemical and biological hazards. Key reasons for children's increased vulnerability to environmental toxins are explained, such as unique exposures, developing physiology, longevity and lack of political power. Specific examples of environmental risks like water contamination and indoor hazards are also examined. The document emphasizes that children's health is significantly impacted by environmental factors.
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This document discusses various behavioral problems in children, including habit problems, eating problems, personality problems, anti-social problems, sleep problems, speech problems, and scholastic problems. Specific problems covered in more depth include thumb sucking, breath holding spells, pica, and infantile colic. For each problem, the document discusses definition, etiology, clinical features, management, and related topics. The goal is to provide information on identifying and addressing common behavioral issues in pediatric patients.
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Acute rheumatic fever is an immunological response that most commonly affects children between 5-15 years of age from poorer socioeconomic backgrounds. It occurs as a result of an untreated streptococcal throat infection, where antibodies formed against the bacteria can mistakenly attack heart muscles and valves. Common symptoms include fever, migratory joint pains, and potential heart complications such as congestive heart failure or new heart murmurs. Treatment focuses on activity limitations, a heart-healthy diet, antibiotics to prevent future throat infections, and potentially long-term preventative antibiotics or corticosteroids to manage symptoms like chorea.
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Acute rheumatic fever
- 1. Acute Rheumatic Fever Dr. M. S. Prasad 29/04/2015 1
- 2. Acute Rheumatic Fever • Occurs in 5 – 15 years of age-group. • More common in children from poor socio- economic background. • Most likely an immunological response resulting in damage to the heart by antibodies. 29/04/2015 2
- 3. Aetiology Untreated streptococcal sore-throat Latent Period (10 d – several weeks) Production of antibody during latent period Antigen-Antibody Reaction Rheumatic Fever 29/04/2015 3
- 4. 29/04/2015 4
- 5. Aetiology Group-A beta haemolytic streptococcus Infection of the throat Antibody production against streptococcal antigen Damage to Heart 29/04/2015 5
- 6. Etiology • A history of preceding sore-throat. • > 50% children with rheumatic fever do not have a definite history of sore-throat. • The antibodies formed against streptococcal antigens have the capacity of react with human connective tissue especially the cardiac muscles. 29/04/2015 6
- 7. Aetiology Antigen-Antibody Reaction Connective Tissue 1. Arthritis 2. Fever etc. Heart Muscles 1. Carditis 2. Damage to valves. 29/04/2015 7
- 8. Incidence • ARF following URI = 0.5 – 3%. • RHD: 25-50% of all cardiac admissions in India. • Middle East, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Africa and South America. • 20 million new cases every year. 29/04/2015 8
- 9. Sore-Throat Appropriate Antibiotics Worldwide decline of Rheumatic Fever 29/04/2015 9
- 10. Sex • Female: –Chorea, –Tight Mitral Stenosis (MS). • Male –Aortic Regurgitation (AR). 29/04/2015 10
- 12. Most common: Fever, Migratory Joint Pains Another subset: Fever Tachycardia Tachypnea Palpitation Carditis: CHF New murmur Pericarditis. 29/04/2015 12
- 13. 29/04/2015 13
- 14. 29/04/2015 14
- 15. 29/04/2015 15
- 16. Treatment • Activity, • Diet, • Penicillin • Suppressive Therapy 29/04/2015 16
- 17. Management of Chorea • Self-limiting. • Haloperidol, • Complete physical and mental rest. • Adequate sedation. • Corticosteroid. 29/04/2015 17
- 18. Long Term Prevention • Benzathine Penicillin, • Penicillin-V • Azithromycin. • Erythromycin. 29/04/2015 18