Acute pharyngitis
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This document discusses various infectious causes of pharyngitis (sore throat), including viruses like Epstein-Barr virus, measles, and fungal infections like candidiasis. It focuses in detail on group A streptococcus bacteria as a common cause of strep throat and notes physical exam findings and complications. Diphtheria caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae is also discussed.
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Acute and chronic pharyngitis
This document summarizes acute and chronic pharyngitis. It discusses the anatomy of the pharynx and describes acute pharyngitis as usually being viral or bacterial in origin. The clinical features, investigations, and treatment of acute pharyngitis are outlined. Complications are also discussed. Acute tonsillitis is described separately. Chronic pharyngitis and its causes, symptoms, signs, and treatment are briefly covered. Specific conditions like peritonsillar abscess, diphtheria, and retropharyngeal abscess are also summarized.
Emergencies in ENT
This document provides information on various ear, nose, throat and head and neck conditions commonly seen in emergency departments. It discusses the presentation, investigations, management and criteria for admission of nasal fractures, epistaxis, post-tonsillectomy bleeding, ear emergencies, head and neck infections, and ingested foreign bodies. Procedures for examining and removing foreign bodies from the throat are also outlined. The document serves as a guide for evaluating and treating ENT emergencies.
ACUTE & CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS
1. Rhinosinusitis is inflammation of the nose and paranasal sinuses that can be acute or chronic. Acute sinusitis lasts less than 4 weeks while chronic lasts over 12 weeks.
2. Common causes include viral, bacterial, and fungal infections. Bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae often cause acute bacterial rhinosinusitis.
3. Symptoms depend on the involved sinus but may include nasal congestion, facial pain, headache, and fever. Diagnosis involves medical history, exam, and imaging tests like x-ray or CT scan of the sinuses.
Common ENT emergencies
Common ENT emergencies include foreign bodies, trauma, and complications of infections in the ear, nose, and throat. Foreign bodies in the ear can cause discomfort and infection if not removed. Epistaxis (nosebleeds) may be caused by trauma, dry air, or medical issues and are typically managed first by applying pressure and then treatments like cauterization if needed. Infections of the sinuses can lead to orbital or intracranial complications requiring intravenous antibiotics or surgery. Deep neck infections like peritonsillar abscesses or Ludwig's angina require needle aspiration, drainage, or tracheostomy. Airway obstruction emergencies are treated by securing the airway through maneuvers like Heimlich
Tonsillitis
The tonsils are collections of lymphatic tissue located in the throat. They include the palatine tonsils located in the lateral walls of the throat. The tonsils have a medial epithelial surface with crypts and a lateral fibrous capsule. They receive blood supply from facial and lingual arteries and drain into deep cervical lymph nodes. Acute tonsillitis is usually a viral infection causing sore throat while chronic tonsillitis results from recurrent infections. Complications include peritonsillar abscess. Treatment involves pain relief, antibiotics for acute infections, and tonsillectomy for recurrent cases.
Rhino sinusitis I
Rhinosinusitis is inflammation of the nose and paranasal sinuses that is classified as acute or chronic based on duration of symptoms. Acute rhinosinusitis lasts less than 12 weeks and is usually viral in origin, while chronic rhinosinusitis lasts over 12 weeks with ongoing symptoms. Chronic rhinosinusitis can be further classified based on the presence of nasal polyps and type of inflammation present. Type 2 inflammation involving cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 is associated with treatment failure, asthma, and higher rates of polyp formation. The sinus mucosa acts as an immune barrier, and type 2 inflammation can cause barrier weakness and failure, predisposing to recurrence of rhinosinusitis
Pharyngitis
The document discusses pharyngitis, including that it is a common condition with many unanswered questions about its causes and treatment, and describes the symptoms, signs, and management of both acute and chronic forms of pharyngitis which can be caused by viral, bacterial, and other infectious agents and environmental irritants.
Acute and chronic pharyngitis
This document provides information about acute and chronic pharyngitis. It discusses the anatomy of the pharynx and causes of acute pharyngitis such as viral and bacterial infections. Clinical features of acute pharyngitis are described along with investigations and treatment options. Complications are outlined. Acute tonsillitis is also discussed including types, symptoms, signs, and treatment. Chronic pharyngitis and conditions such as peritonsillar abscess, diphtheria, and retropharyngeal abscess are summarized as well.
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Acute and chronic pharyngitis
This document summarizes acute and chronic pharyngitis. It discusses the anatomy of the pharynx and describes acute pharyngitis as usually being viral or bacterial in origin. The clinical features, investigations, and treatment of acute pharyngitis are outlined. Complications are also discussed. Acute tonsillitis is described separately. Chronic pharyngitis and its causes, symptoms, signs, and treatment are briefly covered. Specific conditions like peritonsillar abscess, diphtheria, and retropharyngeal abscess are also summarized.
Emergencies in ENT
This document provides information on various ear, nose, throat and head and neck conditions commonly seen in emergency departments. It discusses the presentation, investigations, management and criteria for admission of nasal fractures, epistaxis, post-tonsillectomy bleeding, ear emergencies, head and neck infections, and ingested foreign bodies. Procedures for examining and removing foreign bodies from the throat are also outlined. The document serves as a guide for evaluating and treating ENT emergencies.
ACUTE & CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS
1. Rhinosinusitis is inflammation of the nose and paranasal sinuses that can be acute or chronic. Acute sinusitis lasts less than 4 weeks while chronic lasts over 12 weeks.
2. Common causes include viral, bacterial, and fungal infections. Bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae often cause acute bacterial rhinosinusitis.
3. Symptoms depend on the involved sinus but may include nasal congestion, facial pain, headache, and fever. Diagnosis involves medical history, exam, and imaging tests like x-ray or CT scan of the sinuses.
Common ENT emergencies
Common ENT emergencies include foreign bodies, trauma, and complications of infections in the ear, nose, and throat. Foreign bodies in the ear can cause discomfort and infection if not removed. Epistaxis (nosebleeds) may be caused by trauma, dry air, or medical issues and are typically managed first by applying pressure and then treatments like cauterization if needed. Infections of the sinuses can lead to orbital or intracranial complications requiring intravenous antibiotics or surgery. Deep neck infections like peritonsillar abscesses or Ludwig's angina require needle aspiration, drainage, or tracheostomy. Airway obstruction emergencies are treated by securing the airway through maneuvers like Heimlich
Tonsillitis
The tonsils are collections of lymphatic tissue located in the throat. They include the palatine tonsils located in the lateral walls of the throat. The tonsils have a medial epithelial surface with crypts and a lateral fibrous capsule. They receive blood supply from facial and lingual arteries and drain into deep cervical lymph nodes. Acute tonsillitis is usually a viral infection causing sore throat while chronic tonsillitis results from recurrent infections. Complications include peritonsillar abscess. Treatment involves pain relief, antibiotics for acute infections, and tonsillectomy for recurrent cases.
Rhino sinusitis I
Rhinosinusitis is inflammation of the nose and paranasal sinuses that is classified as acute or chronic based on duration of symptoms. Acute rhinosinusitis lasts less than 12 weeks and is usually viral in origin, while chronic rhinosinusitis lasts over 12 weeks with ongoing symptoms. Chronic rhinosinusitis can be further classified based on the presence of nasal polyps and type of inflammation present. Type 2 inflammation involving cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 is associated with treatment failure, asthma, and higher rates of polyp formation. The sinus mucosa acts as an immune barrier, and type 2 inflammation can cause barrier weakness and failure, predisposing to recurrence of rhinosinusitis
Pharyngitis
The document discusses pharyngitis, including that it is a common condition with many unanswered questions about its causes and treatment, and describes the symptoms, signs, and management of both acute and chronic forms of pharyngitis which can be caused by viral, bacterial, and other infectious agents and environmental irritants.
Acute and chronic pharyngitis
This document provides information about acute and chronic pharyngitis. It discusses the anatomy of the pharynx and causes of acute pharyngitis such as viral and bacterial infections. Clinical features of acute pharyngitis are described along with investigations and treatment options. Complications are outlined. Acute tonsillitis is also discussed including types, symptoms, signs, and treatment. Chronic pharyngitis and conditions such as peritonsillar abscess, diphtheria, and retropharyngeal abscess are summarized as well.
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This document discusses epistaxis (nosebleeds), including:
1. Epistaxis is bleeding from the nasal cavity and can occur in all age groups, though it is most common in children and young adults. The nasal cavity has a rich blood supply making it prone to bleeding.
2. Common causes of anterior epistaxis include local trauma, inflammation, infections, and physiological factors like climate. Systemic causes include hypertension, liver/kidney disease, and coagulation disorders.
3. Treatment begins with first aid and locating the bleeding site. Definitive treatments include chemical or electrocautery, vasoconstrictor sprays, and anterior nasal packing. Refractory epist
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1. Mastoiditis, otitis externa, perichondritis, and haematoma in the ears section.
2. Epistaxis and sinusitis/meningitis/CSF rhinorrhoea in the nose section.
3. Peritonsillar abscess, epiglottitis, retropharyngeal abscesses, Ludwigs angina, laryngomalacia, and angiooedema in the throat section.
4. Emergency management of laryngectomy/tracheostomy patients, parotitis, and facial cellulitis referral guidelines in the head and neck
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Acute tonsillitis is an inflammation of the tonsils caused by viral or bacterial infection. The document describes the causes, symptoms, signs, diagnosis, complications and treatment of acute tonsillitis. The main symptoms are sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and fever. Upon examination, the tonsils are red, swollen and may have white spots filling the crypts. Diagnosis involves medical history, examination, and potential tests like a complete blood count or rapid antigen testing. Complications can include peritonsillar abscess, cervical abscess, or rare conditions like rheumatic fever. Treatment focuses on rest, analgesics, antibiotics, and possibly tonsillectomy for recurring cases.
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Up to 60% of the general population experiences epistaxis in their lifetime. Epistaxis can be classified as anterior or posterior depending on the bleeding source. Anterior bleeds are more common and often self-limiting, while posterior bleeds can cause significant hemorrhage and require prompt medical attention. Treatment involves identifying the bleeding site, applying pressure, cauterization or nasal packing to achieve hemostasis. Persistent or severe bleeding may require hospitalization, endoscopic surgery, or angiographic embolization.
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This document discusses the management of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs). It defines URTIs and lists common symptoms. It notes that children typically have 5 URTIs per year while adults have 2-3. Acute rhinitis and acute otitis media are among the most common reasons for doctor visits, especially in children under 15. Viral infections generally only require symptomatic treatment while bacterial infections may require antibiotics in addition to symptom relief. Differentiating between viral and bacterial causes can be challenging but is important for appropriate antibiotic use. The document provides guidance on managing specific URTIs like acute pharyngitis, acute sinusitis, and acute otitis media.
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This document discusses pharyngitis (inflammation of the pharynx). It notes that the most common infectious causes are streptococcus and various viruses. It then covers the etiology, symptoms, physical exam findings, complications, diagnosis and treatment of both viral and bacterial (specifically streptococcal) pharyngitis. Key points include that viral pharyngitis is usually self-limiting and only requires supportive care, while bacterial pharyngitis often requires antibiotics to prevent complications like rheumatic fever. Rapid strep tests and throat cultures can help diagnose the cause. Laryngitis, an inflammation of the larynx, is also briefly discussed.
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This document discusses various types of pharyngitis (inflammation of the throat). It begins by describing acute pharyngitis, which can be caused by viruses, bacteria like Streptococcus, or fungi. Common symptoms include sore throat, fever, and difficulty swallowing. Diagnosis involves throat swab cultures. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and using antibiotics for bacterial infections. The document then discusses specific viral causes as well as fungal and other rare causes. It also covers chronic pharyngitis, atrophic pharyngitis, and keratosis pharyngitis - all representing different chronic inflammatory conditions of the throat.
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Acute pharyngitis is an inflammation of the pharyngeal mucosa and submucosa mostly involving the lymphoid tissue. It is usually caused by viruses or bacteria. Symptoms include fever, headache, sore throat, and pain when swallowing. Examination shows redness and swelling of the throat. Chronic pharyngitis is a diffuse inflammation of the pharyngeal mucosa and tissue that can be caused by repeated acute infections, local irritants, or systemic diseases. Symptoms are variable but include a sore throat. Examination reveals potential redness, swelling, or thinning of the mucosa. Treatment focuses on the cause, local soothing measures, and targeting hypertrophic tissues. Chronic ph
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This document discusses foreign bodies in the air passages. It notes that foreign bodies can lodge in the larynx, trachea, or bronchi depending on their size and shape. Children commonly aspirate foreign bodies during play. Symptoms depend on the location of the foreign body and include cough, wheezing, difficulty breathing. Diagnosis involves history, x-rays, fluoroscopy, and endoscopy. Management involves removing laryngeal foreign bodies with maneuvers like Heimlich or surgery. Tracheal and bronchial foreign bodies require bronchoscopy for removal. Removal devices include forceps, baskets, and balloon catheters.
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This document provides an overview of common ENT emergencies and casualties that general practitioners may encounter. It discusses acute airway obstruction, otology issues like otitis externa and media, rhinologic emergencies including epistaxis, and various head and neck problems such as tonsillitis, peritonsillar abscess, and foreign bodies. Management strategies are outlined for these conditions. The document concludes with asking for feedback on the educational lecture via text message.
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This document discusses epistaxis (nosebleeds), including:
- The blood supply and common bleeding sites in the nose, especially Little's area.
- Causes of epistaxis including local factors like trauma, infections, and tumors as well as general factors like hypertension.
- Differences between anterior and posterior nosebleeds.
- Management approaches like first aid, cauterization, nasal packing, and ligation of arteries in severe cases.
- Measures like bed rest, monitoring, antibiotics, and treating underlying causes are also important.
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This document summarizes various laryngeal inflammations including acute and chronic laryngitis. It describes the etiology, clinical features, investigations, and treatment for conditions like acute laryngitis, acute epiglottitis, acute laryngotracheobronchitis (croup), chronic laryngitis, Reinke's edema, and tuberculosis of the larynx. Key signs and findings are emphasized for differentiating these conditions. Management involves supportive care, medications, steroids, antibiotics, intubation or tracheostomy as needed based on the specific condition.
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This document provides a summary of viral and bacterial disease research available on the CDC website, listing common viral diseases such as AIDS, common cold, Ebola, hepatitis A, influenza, and rabies on page 440, and common bacterial diseases such as anthrax, bubonic plague, cholera, dental cavities, Lyme disease, tuberculosis, and typhus on page 447. It then prompts the user to select a disease and answer questions about whether it is viral or bacterial, a description of the sickness, how it is transmitted or caused, any treatments, and fun facts.
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This document discusses epistaxis (nosebleeds), including:
1. Epistaxis is bleeding from the nasal cavity and can occur in all age groups, though it is most common in children and young adults. The nasal cavity has a rich blood supply making it prone to bleeding.
2. Common causes of anterior epistaxis include local trauma, inflammation, infections, and physiological factors like climate. Systemic causes include hypertension, liver/kidney disease, and coagulation disorders.
3. Treatment begins with first aid and locating the bleeding site. Definitive treatments include chemical or electrocautery, vasoconstrictor sprays, and anterior nasal packing. Refractory epist
ENT emergencies
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1. Mastoiditis, otitis externa, perichondritis, and haematoma in the ears section.
2. Epistaxis and sinusitis/meningitis/CSF rhinorrhoea in the nose section.
3. Peritonsillar abscess, epiglottitis, retropharyngeal abscesses, Ludwigs angina, laryngomalacia, and angiooedema in the throat section.
4. Emergency management of laryngectomy/tracheostomy patients, parotitis, and facial cellulitis referral guidelines in the head and neck
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Here I am going to describe the ethmoidal and antrochoanal polyps in details.
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Acute tonsillitis is an inflammation of the tonsils caused by viral or bacterial infection. The document describes the causes, symptoms, signs, diagnosis, complications and treatment of acute tonsillitis. The main symptoms are sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and fever. Upon examination, the tonsils are red, swollen and may have white spots filling the crypts. Diagnosis involves medical history, examination, and potential tests like a complete blood count or rapid antigen testing. Complications can include peritonsillar abscess, cervical abscess, or rare conditions like rheumatic fever. Treatment focuses on rest, analgesics, antibiotics, and possibly tonsillectomy for recurring cases.
Epistaxis update management & Treatment from: AAFP, Uptodate 2017
Up to 60% of the general population experiences epistaxis in their lifetime. Epistaxis can be classified as anterior or posterior depending on the bleeding source. Anterior bleeds are more common and often self-limiting, while posterior bleeds can cause significant hemorrhage and require prompt medical attention. Treatment involves identifying the bleeding site, applying pressure, cauterization or nasal packing to achieve hemostasis. Persistent or severe bleeding may require hospitalization, endoscopic surgery, or angiographic embolization.
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This document discusses the management of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs). It defines URTIs and lists common symptoms. It notes that children typically have 5 URTIs per year while adults have 2-3. Acute rhinitis and acute otitis media are among the most common reasons for doctor visits, especially in children under 15. Viral infections generally only require symptomatic treatment while bacterial infections may require antibiotics in addition to symptom relief. Differentiating between viral and bacterial causes can be challenging but is important for appropriate antibiotic use. The document provides guidance on managing specific URTIs like acute pharyngitis, acute sinusitis, and acute otitis media.
Pharyngitis, laryngitis
This document discusses pharyngitis (inflammation of the pharynx). It notes that the most common infectious causes are streptococcus and various viruses. It then covers the etiology, symptoms, physical exam findings, complications, diagnosis and treatment of both viral and bacterial (specifically streptococcal) pharyngitis. Key points include that viral pharyngitis is usually self-limiting and only requires supportive care, while bacterial pharyngitis often requires antibiotics to prevent complications like rheumatic fever. Rapid strep tests and throat cultures can help diagnose the cause. Laryngitis, an inflammation of the larynx, is also briefly discussed.
Pharyngitis
This document discusses various types of pharyngitis (inflammation of the throat). It begins by describing acute pharyngitis, which can be caused by viruses, bacteria like Streptococcus, or fungi. Common symptoms include sore throat, fever, and difficulty swallowing. Diagnosis involves throat swab cultures. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and using antibiotics for bacterial infections. The document then discusses specific viral causes as well as fungal and other rare causes. It also covers chronic pharyngitis, atrophic pharyngitis, and keratosis pharyngitis - all representing different chronic inflammatory conditions of the throat.
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Acute pharyngitis is an inflammation of the pharyngeal mucosa and submucosa mostly involving the lymphoid tissue. It is usually caused by viruses or bacteria. Symptoms include fever, headache, sore throat, and pain when swallowing. Examination shows redness and swelling of the throat. Chronic pharyngitis is a diffuse inflammation of the pharyngeal mucosa and tissue that can be caused by repeated acute infections, local irritants, or systemic diseases. Symptoms are variable but include a sore throat. Examination reveals potential redness, swelling, or thinning of the mucosa. Treatment focuses on the cause, local soothing measures, and targeting hypertrophic tissues. Chronic ph
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This document discusses foreign bodies in the air passages. It notes that foreign bodies can lodge in the larynx, trachea, or bronchi depending on their size and shape. Children commonly aspirate foreign bodies during play. Symptoms depend on the location of the foreign body and include cough, wheezing, difficulty breathing. Diagnosis involves history, x-rays, fluoroscopy, and endoscopy. Management involves removing laryngeal foreign bodies with maneuvers like Heimlich or surgery. Tracheal and bronchial foreign bodies require bronchoscopy for removal. Removal devices include forceps, baskets, and balloon catheters.
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This document discusses foreign bodies in the aero-digestive tract. It notes that foreign body ingestion is common in children, psychiatric patients, and those in a coma. Common sites of lodgment are the esophagus and bronchi. Symptoms depend on the location but may include dysphagia, coughing, choking, and difficulty breathing. Investigations include x-rays, barium swallows, and endoscopy. Treatment involves observation, balloon extraction, rigid endoscopy using forceps, or thoracotomy for large or impacted objects. Proper investigation and endoscopy are important to avoid errors in diagnosing foreign bodies.
Complications of otitis media
This document discusses various complications that can arise from otitis media infections, including both intracranial and extracranial complications. It classifies complications into two broad groups: intracranial complications such as extradural abscess, subdural abscess, brain abscess, meningitis, sigmoid sinus thrombosis, and otic hydrocephalus; and extracranial complications including mastoiditis, otitis externa, facial nerve palsy, petrositis, labyrinthitis, internal jugular vein thrombosis, and adhesive otitis media. It provides details on symptoms, causes, and treatments for several of these complications.
Nonallergic rhinitis
The document discusses nonallergic rhinitis (NAR), also known as nonallergic rhinitis. It begins by classifying NAR and its subtypes. It then discusses the mechanisms of NAR, which can be inflammatory or neurogenic in nature. The inflammatory type includes NAR with eosinophils (NARES) and other inflammatory cell types. The neurogenic type includes vasomotor rhinitis. Triggers of NAR include environmental factors, foods, drugs, hormones, and occupational exposures. Diagnosis involves ruling out allergy through skin or blood tests and examining nasal cytology. Treatment focuses on reducing triggers and inflammation.
Common ENT casualties / emergencies and management strategies
This document provides an overview of common ENT emergencies and casualties that general practitioners may encounter. It discusses acute airway obstruction, otology issues like otitis externa and media, rhinologic emergencies including epistaxis, and various head and neck problems such as tonsillitis, peritonsillar abscess, and foreign bodies. Management strategies are outlined for these conditions. The document concludes with asking for feedback on the educational lecture via text message.
Disease of middle ear,dr.s.s.bakshi,27.03.17
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Epistaxis
This document discusses epistaxis (nosebleeds), including:
- The blood supply and common bleeding sites in the nose, especially Little's area.
- Causes of epistaxis including local factors like trauma, infections, and tumors as well as general factors like hypertension.
- Differences between anterior and posterior nosebleeds.
- Management approaches like first aid, cauterization, nasal packing, and ligation of arteries in severe cases.
- Measures like bed rest, monitoring, antibiotics, and treating underlying causes are also important.
Acute and chronic laryngeal inflammations
This document summarizes various laryngeal inflammations including acute and chronic laryngitis. It describes the etiology, clinical features, investigations, and treatment for conditions like acute laryngitis, acute epiglottitis, acute laryngotracheobronchitis (croup), chronic laryngitis, Reinke's edema, and tuberculosis of the larynx. Key signs and findings are emphasized for differentiating these conditions. Management involves supportive care, medications, steroids, antibiotics, intubation or tracheostomy as needed based on the specific condition.
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Acute pharyngitis
- 1. ACUTE UPPER RESPIRATORY INF.
- 2. Pharyngitis
- 3. Pharyngitis
- 4. Pharyngitis
- 5. Pharyngitis
- 6. Pharyngitis
- 7. Pharyngitis
- 8. Evaluation
- 10. Infectious causes of pharyngitis
- 11. Viruses
- 12. Viruses
- 15. EBV
- 17. EBV
- 18. EBV petechiae
- 19. EBV
- 20. EBV
- 21. Treatment
- 22. EBV
- 23. Measles
- 24. Measles
- 25. Measles
- 26. Measles – Kopliks spots
- 27. Measles
- 28. Measles
- 30. Measles
- 31. Bacteria
- 32. Streptococci
- 34. Streptococcus
- 40. C. diphtheria
- 41. C. diphtheria
- 42. Diphtheria
- 43. Diphtheria
- 46. C. diphtheria
- 47. Diphtheria
- 49. C. diphtheria
- 50. C. Diphtheria
- 51. Other bacteria
- 53. Candida albicans
- 54. Candidiasis
- 55. Candidiasis
- 56. Candidiasis
- 57. Candidiasis
- 58. Candida
- 59. Candidiasis
- 60. T.B
- 61. Tuberculosis
- 62. T.B
- 63. T.B
Editor's Notes
- EBV petechiae
- Infectious mononucleosis
- Group A Streptococcus
- Extensive diphtheria results in massive LAD and edema of surrounding tissue Difficult to palpate descrete lymph nodes
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae on McLeod’s chocolate tellurite agar
- Arrangement is distinctive, cluster together to form what look like the leters L and V Have been described as Chinese letters.