Active power managment in "green" ports
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The document discusses power management innovations for ports to make them more sustainable. It describes how energy use in harbors is significant and renewable energy sources and new technologies like microgrids, smart grids, and multi-agent systems can provide solutions. Specifically, it discusses how cold ironing and multi-agent systems may be effective ways for harbors to reduce emissions and better manage power.
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Active power managment in "green" ports
- 1. M.E. Doudounakis, F.D. Kanellos Technical University of Crete
- 2. Introduction to harbor’s power management, Current developments in green ports idea, Power system innovations, Future prospects and directions, Conclusions. 6/10/2015 ECONSHIP 2015 European Conferece on Shipping Intermodalism & Ports, 24-27 June 2015, Chios, Greece. 2
- 3. Energy use in harbors is immense RES exploitation in harbors is in its infancy Microgrids, smart grids & decentralized control, provide solutions to harbor power systems. Cold ironing, is an efficient way to the ‘green harbor, MAS is an efficient method for power management. 6/10/2015 ECONSHIP 2015 European Conferece on Shipping Intermodalism & Ports, 24-27 June 2015, Chios, Greece. 3
- 4. 20-20-20 agenda MARPOL 1973/1978 MARPOL Annex VI Power generation at ports, from RES Electricity supply and consumption, deserves consideration 6/10/2015 ECONSHIP 2015 European Conferece on Shipping Intermodalism & Ports, 24-27 June 2015, Chios, Greece. 4
- 5. Research in power management is at the incunabula. Relative Research Projects 1. E-harbors 2. Green Efforts 3. Eficont 4. Climeport International Organizations Large Ports 6/10/2015 ECONSHIP 2015 European Conferece on Shipping Intermodalism & Ports, 24-27 June 2015, Chios, Greece. 5
- 6. The e-harbor’s results: RES result in an energy cost reduction of around 15%. Flexibility is the key to profit Lack of awareness of the value of flexibility. Existing regulatory and fiscal regimes are not helpful. 6/10/2015 ECONSHIP 2015 European Conferece on Shipping Intermodalism & Ports, 24-27 June 2015, Chios, Greece. 6
- 7. Green Efforts results: Port and Terminal Landscape, Calculate carbon footprint, Model for terminal energy, Virtual Terminal. Eficont’s conclusions: Eliminate Diesel machinery, Use electrical RMG, Use RES, Reduce emissions. 6/10/2015 ECONSHIP 2015 European Conferece on Shipping Intermodalism & Ports, 24-27 June 2015, Chios, Greece. 7
- 8. WG159 WG150 Projects: 1. Carbon Foot Print, 2. On-shore Power Supply, 1. Environmental Ship Index. 6/10/2015 ECONSHIP 2015 European Conferece on Shipping Intermodalism & Ports, 24-27 June 2015, Chios, Greece. 8
- 9. More than half ports are in energy efficiency programs. • 1 out of 5 ports produces power from RES • 1 out of 3 ports measures carbon footprint • Half of the ports reduces carbon footprint Need to develop a sustainable marine transportation system. 2020 DON’s targets: 50% of shore-based energy from alternative sources 50% of DON energy consumption from alternative sources. 6/10/2015 ECONSHIP 2015 European Conferece on Shipping Intermodalism & Ports, 24-27 June 2015, Chios, Greece. 9
- 10. Rotterdam, aims to be the most sustainable port by 2030: 1. Agreements about the modal shift, 2. Demands on emissions, 3. Use of bio fuels in transport, 4. Develop small scale LNG, 5. Use environmental zoning. 6/10/2015 ECONSHIP 2015 European Conferece on Shipping Intermodalism & Ports, 24-27 June 2015, Chios, Greece. 10
- 11. Energy challenges: An integrated energy management plan On-site generation with renewable resources, Green port guidelines: Reduce energy consumption and GHG emissions, Manage the use of energy Energy from RES Use less greenhouse intensive fuels. 6/10/2015 ECONSHIP 2015 European Conferece on Shipping Intermodalism & Ports, 24-27 June 2015, Chios, Greece. 11
- 12. Interconnection of small, modular generation to low voltage distribution systems. Microgrids can be: connected to the network islanded. 6/10/2015 ECONSHIP 2015 European Conferece on Shipping Intermodalism & Ports, 24-27 June 2015, Chios, Greece. 12 Smart Grid is the overall picture of the future electric networks. Smart Grid, exploit: distributed intelligent devices, communication network, advanced software, power electronics.
- 13. Control architectures Two possible control architectures: Centralized Approach TDecentralized Approach. 6/10/2015 ECONSHIP 2015 European 13
- 14. Smart load management match load demand with power production, Electricity cost can be reduced by shifting consumption of ports, A large amount of flexible electric loads are present at large ports. Temporal management of power consumption Hierarchical, decentralized intelligent control architectures and MAS 6/10/2015 ECONSHIP 2015 European Conferece on Shipping Intermodalism & Ports, 24-27 June 2015, Chios, Greece. 14
- 15. Port areas could adjust their demand in electrical power or potential local generation. Large scale power management can be practically achieved only with energy storage exploitation. Flow batteries, Electric cars, Electrolysis. 6/10/2015 ECONSHIP 2015 European Conferece on Shipping Intermodalism & Ports, 24-27 June 2015, Chios, Greece. 15
- 16. Refrigerated warehouses Reefers Container vessels. Cranes Retrofitting existing lighting with LED, will decrease energy consumption. LED lighting retrofits would be cost-effective for the Ports. The return of invest time is 6,5 years. 6/10/2015 ECONSHIP 2015 European Conferece on Shipping Intermodalism & Ports, 24-27 June 2015, Chios, Greece. 16
- 17. Cold ironing, eliminates ships’ need to run their auxiliary engines at berth by providing electricity directly from onshore sources. EU recommendation 2006/336/EC highlights shore connection technology as the optimal solution in terms of both cost savings and pollution control. 6/10/2015 ECONSHIP 2015 European Conferece on Shipping Intermodalism & Ports, 24-27 June 2015, Chios, Greece. 17
- 18. Need for prediction Distributed Control with MAS exploitation Active load Management 6/10/2015 ECONSHIP 2015 European Conferece on Shipping Intermodalism & Ports, 24-27 June 2015, Chios, Greece. 18
- 19. Forecasting of the port load, Forecasting RES power production, Energy demand in a harbor is stochastic, Real time power management will be related with the electricity price as well its forecast for few hours ahead. 6/10/2015 ECONSHIP 2015 European Conferece on Shipping Intermodalism & Ports, 24-27 June 2015, Chios, Greece. 19
- 20. Decentralized control structure. The overall optimization problem is decomposed into smaller sub-problems that individual controllers could solve cooperatively. An intelligent agent is assigned to each controller and all agents together compose a MAS. 6/10/2015 ECONSHIP 2015 European Conferece on Shipping Intermodalism & Ports, 24-27 June 2015, Chios, Greece. 20
- 21. AN is based on: interconnection among networks, local control areas (cells), and ancillary services. ADN is introduced recently since the distribution network becomes active with DER and RES units. MAS-based ADN, is a more specific application of the AN with the support of MAS technology. 6/10/2015 ECONSHIP 2015 European Conferece on Shipping Intermodalism & Ports, 24-27 June 2015, Chios, Greece. 21
- 22. Active Power Management can lead to greener ports. MAS could be an effective solution in ports. Cold ironing can be an effective solution in ports. RES exploitation can lead to more green harbors. A full LCCA should be carried out in ports. 6/10/2015 ECONSHIP 2015 European Conferece on Shipping Intermodalism & Ports, 24-27 June 2015, Chios, Greece. 22
Editor's Notes
- Ladies and Gentleman, I am Manolis Doudounakis from Technical University of Crete and I will present the research work “Active Power Management in “Green” Ports” , ***,under the supervision of Lecturer Fotis Kanellos.
- The Structure of the Presentation is: 1. Introduction to harbor's power management 2. Current developments in green ports idea, 3. Power system innovations, 4. Future prospects and directions, 5. Conclusions.
- Harbor power management Harbor areas are nodal points of the international transport network. Energy use in harbors is immense but their energy efficiency is low and renewable energy sources (RES) exploitation is still in its infancy. Many ports have great opportunity of producing power from RES. Innovative technologies and power system topologies, such as Microgrids, smart grids & decentralized control, can provide promising solutions to harbor power systems. Cold ironing in conjunction with the innovations in power systems allowing high penetration of RES, form the most efficient roadmap to the ‘green harbor’ target. There is a need for efficient real-time Power Management. An efficient method for real time power management at harbors is multi agent systems (MAS).
- Green Ports Ports, are one of the engines of the economies. Port cities, have to realize the ambitious 20-20-20 agenda. The main IMO directive concerning the protection of the marine environment is the International Convention MARPOL 1973/1978. The European Union’s strategy for reducing and regulating air emissions from ships is based on MARPOL Annex VI. Many ports, are suitable for the development of electric power generation from RES. Ports deserve special consideration in terms of electricity supply planning and consumption.
- Current status A study of the literature concluded that the research in active power management in harbors is still at the incunabula. The Relative Research Projects in Europe are: • E-harbors • Green Efforts • Eficont • Climeport We will, also, talk about International Organizations and Large Ports policy.
- Project “E-harbors” In the research project “E-harbors”, eight partners from five countries around the North Sea, the main results are summarized next: Local exploitation of RES can result in an energy cost reduction of around 15% in both large and small harbors. Flexibility is the key for large harbors to profit from local green power generation while their potential to increase flexibility and deliver smart energy varies. Electric cars, cranes and reefers are considered as crucial components of future port smart energy systems. There is a lack of awareness of the economic value of flexibility. Organizations are yet reluctant to act even when they are aware of the potential benefits of exploiting flexibility. Existing regulatory and fiscal regimes are not helpful. Present tariff structures in the energy sector do not reward the exploitation of flexibility.
- Projects “Green Efforts” - “Eficont” & “Climeport” The main results of Green Efforts project are: A Port and Terminal Knowledge Landscape, A Carbon footprint calculation method for port and terminal domains A Simulation model for terminal energy consumption and supply A Virtual Green EFFORTS Terminal The main conclusions of the project EFICONT are summarized next : • Elimination of Diesel noisy and pollutant machinery, • Use of electrical RMGs (cranes etc.) • Use of renewable energies • Reduction of CO2 emissions The European project CLIMEPORT concluded that The expected savings was considered between 2% and 8% for both economic and Greenhouse Gas emissions with the use of Renewable Energies and Cold Ironing.
- International Organizations (PIANC – WPCI) The World Association for Waterbome Transport Infrastructure (PIANC), in 2014, started the working group WG159, which is a record about the feasibility of installing RES, at ports. PIANC working group WG150, at the end of 2013, published the guide: “Sustainable Ports: A Guidance for Port Authorities”. World Ports Climate Initiative (WPCI) has initiated the following relevant projects: • Carbon Foot Print, • On-shore Power Supply, • Environmental Ship Index.
- Europe – U.S.A. In Europe, due to the efforts of European Sea Ports Organization (ESPO): • More than half of the ports are in energy efficiency increase programs. • 1 out of 5 ports produces power from RES • 1 out of 3 ports measures or estimates its carbon footprint • Half of the ports take measures to reduce their carbon footprint Also, in U.S.A., The Association of Electrical Equipment and Medical Imaging Manufactures (NEMA), introduced the need to create a roadmap to address the actions for developing a sustainable marine transportation system. Also, In U.S.A., the Department of the Navy (DON) has established ambitious energy goals, regarding energy efficient, the "Green Fleet“, by 2020: • production at least 50% of shore-based energy requirements from alternative sources and • supply the 50% of total DON energy consumption from alternative sources.
- Port of Rotterdam In 2030, Rotterdam, aims to be the most sustainable port and industrial area in the world and the quality of life in the surrounding areas will have improved demonstrably. This will be done, by: 1. Make agreements about the modal shift with new and existing terminals, 2. Make demands on emissions of trucks, trains, barges and sea going vessels, 3. Stimulate the use of bio fuels in transport, 4. Develop small scale LNG and offer LNG as bunkering fuel, 5. Use environmental zoning to reduce the footprint of transport and increase the use of quayside electricity for barges and ferry ships.
- Ports of Los Angeles & Sydney Port Corporation The ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach face significant energy challenges that impact competitiveness, national security, job creation and environmental goals. These challenges can be effectively addressed by developing and implementing an integrated energy management plan. On-site generation with renewable resources, such as solar and wind, is a visible statement with environmental benefits. Sydney Port Corporation, created the green port guidelines and an accompanying checklist. In the energy sector, focus is placed on four key directions: • Reduction of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. • Management of the use of energy to minimize consumption. • Production of energy from RES and • Use less greenhouse intensive fuels, in particular limit diesel use.
- In recent years major breakthroughs are taking place in electrical power systems and are radically changing their nature. Α microgrid is a group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources (DER) within clearly defined electrical boundaries that acts as a single controllable entity with respect to the grid capable of operating in both grid-connected and ‘islanded’ mode. Microgrids, are a good option for integrating different types of DGs, storage systems and different kinds of loads. Microgrids is a possible solution for increasing penetration of DER in low voltage distribution networks. Smart Grid is the overall picture of the future electric networks utilizing new concepts such as MicroGrid, Virtual Power Plants, distributed control etc. Technologies implemented in a smart grid, exploit: • distributed intelligent devices, • communication network, • advanced simulation software, and • power electronic applications
- Control architectures Two possible control architectures may exist. The main issue is where the decision is taken. 1. The Centralized Approach suggests that a Central Processing Unit collects all the measurement and decides next actions. 2. The Decentralized Approach suggests that advanced controllers are installed in each node forming an distributed control system.
- Smart load management Smart load management focuses on matching load demand with power production while achieving certain objectives. Electricity cost can be reduced by shifting consumption of ports with installed RES into the sunshine or windy hours. A large amount of flexible electric loads are present at large ports. Temporal management of power consumption. Hierarchical, decentralized intelligent control architectures and MAS is an appealing choice to solve complex optimization problems of such type.
- Energy storage and flexible loads in ports Big energy consumers like port areas could adjust their demand in electrical power or potential local generation. Large scale power management can be practically achieved only with energy storage exploitation. Large scale power management can be practically achieved only with energy storage exploitation. Flow batteries are nowadays a challenging technology for large scale energy storage. Flow batteries are nowadays a challenging technology for large scale energy storage. Electric cars, use electricity from batteries that can be recharged via a connection with the electricity grid. Electrolysis can be used in ports as a flexible load to take up surplus energy while providing a further opportunity for energy storage.
- Flexible loads & Lighting retrofitting • Refrigerated warehouses (cold storages) for storing frozen or cooled food are widely found at the commercial harbours. • . Reefers stay in the ports only a short time on their way to their final destination, but continuously draw electricity to maintain temperature-sensitive cargo. • Container vessels might also benefit from the above concept. • Cranes constitute significant energy consumption in ports. The retrofitting of existing high-mast lighting with LED fixtures, will result in reducing the demand from lighting will decrease energy consumption. A recent study, for the ports of Los Angeles suggests that LED lighting retrofits would be cost-effective for the Ports. Also, in Europe, concluded that, the replacement of the high mast lights at a port with LED the return of invest time was 6,5 years.
- Cold Ironing Cold ironing (shore connection technology), eliminates ships’ need to run their auxiliary engines at berth by providing electricity directly from onshore sources. EU recommendation 2006/336/EC highlights shore connection technology as the optimal solution in terms of both cost savings and pollution control.
- FUTURE PERSPECTIVES On the way to achieve the goal of “green” ports several technical problems and adverse phenomena have to be faced via different courses of actions completely different than those currently used, such as: 1. Need for prediction 2. Distributed Control with MAS exploitation 3. Active load Management
- Need for Prediction Two of the most crucial technical challenges are the forecasting of the port load and RES power production. The energy demand in a harbour is stochastic while the electric energy consumption is increased when cold ironing is used. In future it is expected that the real time power management will be strongly related with the actual electricity price as well its forecast for few hours ahead in order to optimize the energy storage.
- Distributed Control with MAS exploitation The distributed nature of port power systems and the challenge of solving a highly multi-objective dynamic optimization problem, suggest the adoption of a decentralized control structure. With this approach the overall optimization problem is decomposed into smaller sub-problems that individual controllers could solve cooperatively. An intelligent agent is assigned to each controller and all agents together compose a MAS. More specifically, this system can be treated as a collection of autonomous and intelligent agents that adapt to events occurring in their environment. The agents can cooperate or even compete as antagonistic players of a game until they reach to a satisfactory result (equilibrium).
- Active load Management A vision of Active Networks (ANs) has been proposed as facilitators for DG. The term of Active distribution networks (ADN) is introduced recently since the distribution network becomes active with DER and RES units influencing power flows. MAS-based ADN, is a more specific application of the AN with the support of MAS technology. MAS can be used for managing autonomous control actions and coordination.
- The main Conclusions are: Active Power Management Systems can lead to greener, sustainable ports with the use of current innovative technologies currently applies to electric power systems. MAS could be an effective solution for optimal real-time power management in ports. Cold ironing can be an effective solution for electric power management and drastic GHG emissions abatement in ports. Smart cold ironing could give even better results. RES exploitation combined with MAS and energy storage technologies can lead to more green and sustainable harbours. The decision of applying smart and renewable energy technologies in ports should be based on a full LCCA.