The Indian Removal Act of 1830, signed by President Andrew Jackson, mandated the relocation of Native American tribes from east of the Mississippi River to the west, leading to significant suffering, including the deaths of thousands during the forced marches known as the 'Trail of Tears.' The act aimed to provide land for white settlers at the expense of Native American health and well-being, resulting in long-lasting adverse effects on Indigenous communities. Overall, around 46,000 Native Americans were removed from their ancestral lands, further perpetuating the cycle of violence and trauma within these populations.